Hospital Practice Hospital Practice &&

Care of PatientCare of Patient

RAD 104RAD 104

Infection Control

• Nosocomial Infection Nosocomial Infection • Iatrogenic Infection Iatrogenic Infection • Chain of Infection Chain of Infection • AsepsisAsepsis• Medical AsepsisMedical Asepsis• Surgical AsepsisSurgical Asepsis• VectorVector• SterilizationSterilization

BacteriaBacteria

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Sizaes and shapes of bacteria

E. pyloriE. pyloriAnthraxAnthrax

SalmonellaSalmonella

Common sites of infection

sites of infection

Bacterial Growth CurveBacterial Growth Curve

Temperature and bacteriaTemperature and bacteria

ideal temperature range for maximum reproduction rates is between20° and 55° C

pH and bacteriapH and bacteria

ammonia (pH 12)

Osmotic pressure and Osmotic pressure and bacteriabacteria

Nutrients & growth Nutrients & growth elementselements

• Anaerobic

• Aerobic

Testing for Aerobic & AnaerobicTesting for Aerobic & Anaerobic

• 1: Obligate aerobic bacteria gather at the top of the test tube in order to absorb maximal amount of oxygen.

• 2: Obligate anaerobic bacteria gather at the bottom to avoid oxygen.

• 3: Facultative bacteria gather mostly at the top, since aerobic respiration is the most beneficial one; but as lack of oxygen does not hurt them, they can be found all along the test tube.

• 4: Microaerophiles gather at the upper part of the test tube but not at the top. They require oxygen but at a low concentration.

• 5: Aerotolerant

Spreading infectionSpreading infection

SharifaSharifa

BayanBayan MarwaMarwa

BatoolBatool

PatientPatientMarwaMarwa

SaraSaraMother of DalalMother of Dalal

JenanJenanMahdiMahdi

ZainabZainab

Future Husband of SaraFuture Husband of Sara

Ways of Spreading infectionWays of Spreading infection

1.1. direct contactdirect contact (from an infected person).

2.2. indirect contactindirect contact (touching infectious items).

3.3. carrier carrier (Vector, airborne, insect bite).

Ways of Ways of Spreading infectionSpreading infection

Ways of Ways of Spreading infectionSpreading infection

1. Wash Your Hands!2. Clean and Disinfect!3. Handle Food Safely

4. Get Immunized! 5. Keep area insect-free.

6. Keep the area well ventilated

Preventing the Spread of Infection:

PrinciplesPrinciples

Time Distance Time Distance Shielding Shielding

1. Reducing the number of organisms (microbial dilution) by:-a. Proper cleaning, wet-cloth dusting, linen handling, sanitation and hand washing techniques.b. Destruction of pathogens by using chemical (disinfectants) and physical sterilization (heat or Irradiation).

2. Stay home when you are ill, isolate the infection.3. Wear a clean uniform daily and remove it when you go home.4. Use fresh and well cooked food.5. Use purified and boiled water.6. Use proper and scientific drainage systems for excretions, e.g. urine, faeces, and other body discharges e.g. pus, blood and mucus, etc.7. Keep area insect-free. Do not provide an environment for them.8. Keep the area clean and well ventilated.

Preventing the Spread of Infection:

When to Wash Your HandsWhen to Wash Your HandsWhen your hands are dirtyWhen your hands are dirtyBefore you fix or eat foodBefore you fix or eat food Before and after treating a cut or woundBefore and after treating a cut or wound Before putting in or taking out contact lensesBefore putting in or taking out contact lenses After touching raw meats like chicken or beefAfter touching raw meats like chicken or beef After using the restroomAfter using the restroom After contact with blood, urine, stool, vomitAfter contact with blood, urine, stool, vomit After changing baby or adult diapersAfter changing baby or adult diapers After touching animals and petsAfter touching animals and pets After touching garbageAfter touching garbage

When to Use Alcohol Hand RubsWhen to Use Alcohol Hand Rubs • Anytime you are cleaning your hands when Anytime you are cleaning your hands when

they don’t look dirty they don’t look dirty

• Before and after you have contact with Before and after you have contact with someone who is sick someone who is sick

• After shaking or holding hands After shaking or holding hands

• After coughing, sneezing, or blowing your After coughing, sneezing, or blowing your nose nose

How to Use Alcohol Hand RubsHow to Use Alcohol Hand Rubs • Put the alcohol hand rub in the palm of one Put the alcohol hand rub in the palm of one

hand. hand.

• Rub your hands together. Rub your hands together.

• Clean all parts of your hands, fingers, Clean all parts of your hands, fingers, thumbs, nails, and wrists. thumbs, nails, and wrists.

• Rub your hands until they are dry. You know Rub your hands until they are dry. You know you’ve used enough of the hand rub if it you’ve used enough of the hand rub if it takes 25-30 seconds to dry on your hands. takes 25-30 seconds to dry on your hands.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KbsK6d8kcCwhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KbsK6d8kcCw

Respiratory HygieneRespiratory Hygiene Many diseases are spread by coughing and sneezing. When you Many diseases are spread by coughing and sneezing. When you cough or sneeze, germs can travel three feet or more. Using a cough or sneeze, germs can travel three feet or more. Using a tissue or your hand or arm to cover your mouth and nose when tissue or your hand or arm to cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing can help stop the spread of the flu, colds, coughing or sneezing can help stop the spread of the flu, colds, and other infectionsand other infections . .

Use a clean tissue to cover your mouth and nose when you Use a clean tissue to cover your mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze. Throw used tissues away and clean your cough or sneeze. Throw used tissues away and clean your hands right after you are donehands right after you are done . .

If you don’t have a tissue, cover your mouth and nose with the If you don’t have a tissue, cover your mouth and nose with the bend of your elbow or hands. If you use your hands, clean them bend of your elbow or hands. If you use your hands, clean them right awayright away . .

Try not to touch your eyes, nose, and mouth. Even when your Try not to touch your eyes, nose, and mouth. Even when your hands appear to be clean, germs are often spread this wayhands appear to be clean, germs are often spread this way . .

Avoid Close ContactAvoid Close Contact When you have an infection, try to stay at least three feet away When you have an infection, try to stay at least three feet away from other people. If you can, wear a mask over your nose and from other people. If you can, wear a mask over your nose and mouth if you are coughingmouth if you are coughing . .

Don’t shake hands or touch othersDon’t shake hands or touch others . .

Do not visit patients in the hospitalDo not visit patients in the hospital . .

Try to stay away from people who could get sick easily (e.g., Try to stay away from people who could get sick easily (e.g., babies, pregnant women, the elderly, and people with chronic babies, pregnant women, the elderly, and people with chronic health problems)health problems) . .

Proper cleaning, wet-cloth dusting, linen handling, sanitation

Hand washing techniques.Hand washing techniques.