Public Speaking

Public SpeakingChapters 1-51. Becoming a Public SpeakerWhy?

On the job

As a student

As an engaged citizenThe Roots of Public SpeakingGiving speeches is known as rhetoric, or oratory.

Born in Athens around 500 BCE

Athens was the first known democracy, making public speaking possible and acceptable.Aristotle and CiceroDivided the process of making a prepared speech into five parts:Invention-adapting information to the audienceArrangement-organizing the speech best suited to the audience and the topicStyle-the way the speaker uses language to express ideasMemory-practicing and knowing the speechDelivery-vocal and non verbal behavior usedLearning to Speak in PublicAre we born with a public speaking ability?Use our conversational skillsBe sure we are understood and that our meaning is clear

It is also like writing a compositionStrong introduction, clear thesis, supporting ideas and thoughtful conclusion. And research!Develop an Effective Oral StyleUse key words and phrasesRelate to the audienceRelate the content to yourself, tell why it is relevant to youBe organizedSpeak clearlyPronounce words and names correctlyPractice and PrepareIt helps A LOT

How do we practice?

Why do we prepare?

It shows respect for the audience

Be an Inclusive SpeakerHave the needs and interests of the audience in mind

Be audience centered

Consider other cultures

Develop a genuine connection with the audiencePublic Speaking is Interactive

It is? Why?

Speaker delivers a message with a specific purpose to an audience

Do audiences provide feedback? How?

Sender-receiver-feedbackand messageInteractiveWhats a channel?Noise?Shared meaning?Context?What is being audience centered?Speech purposethe goal2. Overview of a Speech

Look at figure 2.1, very important

Analyze the audienceWhy?Demographic information

Select a TopicHow do we select a topic?

One of interest to us or the audience?

Appropriate to the occasion?

Audience research in class

Purpose and ThesisPurpose is either to inform, to persuade, or mark a special occasion

Specific purpose is what you want the audience to learn or do as a result of your speech.

Thesis statement communicates in one sentence what the speech is about.Main PointsPrimary pieces of information about your topic

Main points are the areas of discussion for your presentation

Main points have sub-pointsGather Supporting MaterialsThis is research, information that clarifies and verifies your ideas.

Credible sourcesMain Parts of a SpeechIntroductionintroduce your topic and the speaker, catch attention of the audience, and alert audience to your thesis

BodyIncludes main points and sub points, all supporting the thesis

Conclusionrestates the thesis and summarizes the main pointsThe OutlineFramework of information for the presentation

An organizational tool

Uses main points and sub pointsPresentation Aids

Bring your presentation to life!

PowerPoint, objects, draw on the board

Practice

Practice often, at least six times Practice so you know the info, dont memorize the presentationNonverbal deliverySmile, be animated, make eye contact, use natural gesturesVocal delivery...no monotone, not too fast or too slow, loud enough, pronounce words correctly.

3. Managing Speech AnxietyAnxiety is normal!

Tell yourself you are excited, not afraid

Where does this anxiety come from?Lack of experienceFeeling we are the only oneBeing the center of attention

When does Anxiety Start?

Pre-preparation anxietycant get started

Preparation anxietyoverwhelmed by the process. How to manage this?

Pre-performance anxietythis is really happening!Performance anxietyin front of the classTips to Reduce AnxietyPractice and prepare

Prepare and practice

Practice and prepare

Expect to be successful!!!4. Ethical Public SpeakingWe need to be accountable Have the potential to influence or persuade othersEthos.ethics. Be a credible speaker.Know the subjectDisplay sound reasoning skillsBe honest and not manipulativeBe genuinely interested in the welfare of the listenersEthicsRespect the values of the audience, even if you dont share them.

First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees free speechrespect that right

What cant we say?EthicsDignityyou value the listenersIntegritythe speakers incorruptibilityTrustworthinesshonesty and dependabilityRespecttreating the audience members as unique human beings, no personal attacksResponsibilitybeing accountable for what you sayFairnessseeing all sides of an issueEthicsAvoid hate speechno stereotypes, ethnocentrism, or outright prejudiceEthics

Plagiarismpassing off another persons work as your own.

No copyinggive credit to your sources by citing them

Citing your sources

EthicsCopyright is legal ownership give to the creators of literary or artistic works. Need permission to use this info.

Public domain means anyone can use the image or information.

Fair use grants limited use of copyrighted material without permission.5. Listeners and SpeakersIs hearing listening?

Listening is not passive, it is a conscious act of receiving, comprehending, interpreting, evaluating and responding to messages.

What is selective listening?ListeningAs listeners we dont interrupt the speaker

Strive for an open exchange of ideas..dialogic communication. What is a dialog?

Feedback loopfor speakers and listeners

Active listeningfocused and purposefulListeningMinimize listening distractionsGuard against defensive listeningdeciding early on the speaker is wrong or you know better.Focus on the messageRealize there may be cultural barriers; accents, word choices, etc.