pse4ne1 - power system 101
TRANSCRIPT
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NATIONAL ELECTRIFICATION ADMINISTRATION
U. P. NATIONAL ENGINEERING CENTER
Training Course in
Power System Engineering for Non-Engineers
Competency Training and Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
U. P. NATIONAL ENGINEERING CENTER
U. P. NATIONAL ENGINEERING CENTER
Competency Training and Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Power System 101
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Course Outline
1. What is Electricity?
2. How is Electricity Produced?
3. How is Electricity Transported?
4. How is Electric Power Industry organized?
5. Electric Circuits – the language of electrical engineers
Power System 101
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National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
What is Electricity?Electricity is basically electrons flow.
Electrons carries energy (called electrical energy).
When electron flows to electrical appliances, the energy carried by electrons are converted to useful form of energy
Light
Mechanical Power
Heat
Pressure, and
Chemical Action
Appliances converts electrical
energy to useful form of energy
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National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
What Makes Electrons Move?
Voltage is the electromotive force (EMF) or the pressurewhich causes electrons to move. Voltage is measured in Volts
Electric Current is the rate at which electrons flow through a circuit (wires). The unit of measurement for Electric Current is Amperes.
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Water Pressure causes the flow of water
Water Flow = Current
Analogy of electricity and water
V I
What Makes Electrons Move?
Water Pressure = Voltage
Voltage causes the flow of current
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National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
What Makes Electrons Move?
Direct Current (DC) Voltage
Alternating Current (AC) Voltage
Types of Voltage Generated
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
What Makes Electrons Move?
FREQUENCY – the number of complete cycles
of alternating current in one
second (measured in Hertz, Hz)
1 Cycle
FREQUENCY OF ALTERNATING-CURRENT VOLTAGE
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National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
What Makes Electrons Move?
FREQUENCY OF AC VOLTAGE
N
S
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National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Phase b
Phase a
Phase c
Three Phase Generator
a b c
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
How is Electricity Produced?
Electricity is Produced by HEAT
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Electricity is
Produced by
CHEMICAL
ACTION
How is Electricity Produced?
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National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Electricity is
Produced by
LIGHT
Solar Cell
How is Electricity Produced?
Photovoltaic (PV) Effect
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Stand Alone PV System
PV LoadController
Battery
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Stand Alone Solar Home System
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Solar Battery Charging Station
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Solar-Powered Community Lighting
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Grid-Connected Solar Home System
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Solar Power Plant
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Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Electricity is Produced by MECHANICAL ACTION
AND MAGNETISM
Electro-magnet
How is Electricity Produced?
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National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Hydroelectric Power Plant
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Hydro Electric Power Plants
• Pondage (Dam) Hydro Electric Plant
• Run-of-River Hydro Electric Plant
• Pumped-Storage Hydro Electric Plant
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Pondage (Dam Type)Hydro Electric Power Plants
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Run-of-the RiverHydro Electric Power Plants
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Pumped-StorageHydro Electric Power Plants
Power Generation
Water Pumping
Upper Reservoir
Lower Reservoir
Kalayaan Pumped-Storage Power Plant
Caliraya Lake
Laguna Lake
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Thermal Power Plant
G
Boiler• Oil-Fired
Thermal Power Plant
• Coal-Fired
Thermal Power
Plant
Turbine
Thermal Power Plant
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National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Coal-Fired Power Plant
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Coal-Fired Power Plant
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
ACTIVEGEOTHERMAL
WELLSUNPRODUCTIVE
WELL
H I G H P R E S S U R E
F I S S U R E
F I S S U
R E
I M P E R M E A B L E R O C K
M A G M A T I C I N T R U S I O N
H E A T
H 2 0
S T E A
M
H E A T
TO TURBINE HEAT EXCHANGER
Source: PNOC-EDC
Geothermal Power Plant
Natural steam from earth
Mayon Volcano
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Source: PNOC-EDC
Geothermal Power Plant
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Geothermal Power Plant
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Southern Negros Geothermal
Production Field (Palinpinon)
Source: PNOC-EDC
Source: PNOC-EDC
Geothermal Power Plant
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National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Nuclear Power Plant
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U. P. National Engineering Center
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Nuclear Power Plant
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U. P. National Engineering Center
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Diesel Power Plant
Source: Vilspa
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Wind Power Plant
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U. P. National Engineering Center
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
PNOC-EDC Northern
Luzon Wind Power
Project
Wind Farm
Source: PNOC-EDC
Source: PNOC-EDC
Wind Power Plant
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National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Wind Power Plant
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U. P. National Engineering Center
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Biomass Power Plant
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National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Inside the Power Power Plant
Generating Unit
Generating Unit
Steam Turbine
Hydraulic Turbine
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National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
An interconnected network of overhead
lines, cables, power substations and associated devices whose primary purpose is to transport electricity from
the generating plants to the distribution
facilities.
Transmission System
• Operates at very high voltages
• Uses a loop configuration
• Also used to interconnect one EPS to anotherSource:Unknown
How is Electricity Transported?
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Power Transformer at High Voltage Substation
Transporting Electricity in Bulk
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Power = Voltage x Current
• Transporting bulk power (large amount of energy
in short time) will require large current. This
means bigger conductors.
• Transporting the same bulk power in higher
voltage will result in lower current. This means
smaller conductors.
Transporting Electricity in Bulk
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
STEP-UP TRANSFORMER
STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER
Transporting Electricity in Bulk
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Source: IEEE-USA
Transmission Lines
Transporting Electricity in Bulk
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National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Outdoor High Voltage Switchyard
Transporting Electricity in Bulk
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Loop Configuration
500KV
2X650MW
SCFTPP
LABRADOR
~~
KADAMPAT
SAN MANUEL
NEW
MCFTPP
BPPCBAUANG
LA
TRINIDAD
BINGA
SAN MANUEL
OLD
MEXICOSAN JOSE
HERMOSA
SUBIC
OLONGAPO
BOTOLAN
LOAD CENTER
2X300MW
500KV
500KV
230KV
230KV
230KV
Transmission System
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National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Philippine Transmission System
Three Transmission Grids:
Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
Transmission Voltages
Luzon: 230 and 500 kV
Visayas : 69, 138 and 230 kV
Mindanao : 69 and 138 kV
Luzon and Visayas Grids are interconnected via a 350 kV HVDC submarine cable
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Transmission System
Upgrade in 2005
Postponed for 2011
On-going
Upgrade 2006
Postponed to 2005
Postponed to 2006
TRANSCO Major Interconnection Projects
Source: TransCo
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National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Primary Distribution Lines (Main Feeder)
Substation
Transformer
Residential
Subtransmission Lines
Primary Distribution
Lines (Laterals)
Distribution
Transformer
Commercial Industrial
Misc Loads
Secondary Distribution Lines
Service
Drop
Distribution System
Distribution of Electricity
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National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Distribution System
The system of wires and associated facilities
that are owned by a franchised distribution utility.
It is used to deliver electric energy to End-Users
within the franchise area;
It extends between Transmission System and End-User premises;
Distribution voltages in the Philippines
Primary : 4.16, 13.2/13.8, 23 or 34.5 kV
Secondary: 115/230 or 230 volts
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Distribution Substation
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Primary Distribution Lines
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Pole-Mounted Transformer
Pad-Mounted Transformer
Distribution Transformers
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL
INDUSTRIAL
Electricity Consumers
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
1212 44 88 1212 44 88 1212
100100
6060
2020
4040
8080
Per
cen
t of
Pea
k L
oad
Per
cen
t of
Pea
k L
oad
Load Profile
of Residential
Customer
Load Characteristics
OFF-PEAK
PEAK
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
1212 44 88 1212 44 88 1212
100100
6060
2020
4040
8080
Per
cen
t of
Pea
k L
oad
Per
cen
t of
Pea
k L
oad
Load Profile of
Commercial
Customer
Load Characteristics
OFF-PEAK
PEAK
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
1212 44 88 1212 44 88 1212
00
100100
6060
2020
4040
8080
Per
cen
t of
Pea
k L
oad
Per
cen
t of
Pea
k L
oad
Load Profile
of Industrial
Customer
Load Characteristics
OFF-PEAK
PEAK
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Demand Peak
Demand AverageFactor Load =
hrs
kWh Annual
Time
EnergyDemand Average
8760==
Demand Peak
kWh AnnualFactor Load
8760/=
Load Characteristics
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National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
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Load Characteristics
COINCIDENT PEAK
NON-COINCIDENT PEAK
• By Customer Class
• By Delivery Point
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National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
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The Electric Power System
Generation Power Plants
Transmission Transmission Substations
Transmission Lines
Distribution Power Substation
Primary Distribution Feeders
Distribution Transformers
Secondary Distribution Lines
Services
Distribution Transformer
Primary Distribution Feeder
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
The Electric Power System
Coal Plant
Hydro Plant
End
Users
End
Users
Small-Hydro
Wind Farm
Transmission
System
Distribution
System
Generation
System
(Embedded Generator)
62
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
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Va
Vbo
Vc
o
Ic
b
c
Iaa
Ib
Three-Phase Power System
Ground
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
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63
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
The First Electric Power System
Pearl Street Station built by Thomas
Edison in New York City in 1882.
Steam engine coupled to a 110-volt Direct Current (DC) generator
Underground cable system
All loads were incandescent bulbs
59 customers within an area 1.5 km in radius
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
How is the Electric Power Industry Organized?
Four Models of Electricity Structures
1. Model 1 – Monopoly
2. Model 2 – Purchasing Agency
3. Model 3 – Wholesale Competition
4. Model 4 – Retail Competition
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
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Model 1 - Monopoly
GeneratorGenerator
Wholesaler/
Transco
Wholesaler/
Transco
DUDU
ConsumerConsumer
a) Vertical Integration b) Separate retailer/distributor
GeneratorGenerator
Wholesaler/
Transco
Wholesaler/
Transco
DUDU
ConsumerConsumer
Energy
sales
Energy flows
in the same company
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National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
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Model 2– Purchasing Agency (Single Buyer Market)
IPPIPP
DUDU
Energy
sales
IPPIPP
ConsumerConsumerConsumer
(a) Integrated Version
Own
Gens.
Own
Gens.
Wholesale
Purchasing
AgentEnergy
flows in
same
company
IPPIPP
DUDU
ConsumerConsumer
IPPIPP
Wholesale
Purchasing
Agent
Wholesale
Purchasing
Agent
DUDU
ConsumerConsumer
DUDU
ConsumerConsumer
(b) Disaggregated Version
Own
Gens.
Own
Gens.
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National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
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Transmission System
Wholesale (Bilateral Contracts & Spot) Market
Model 3 – Wholesale Competition
IPPIPP
DUDU
ConsumerConsumer
IPPIPP IPPIPP
DUDU
Energy
sales
IPPIPP IPPIPP
Consumer
DUDU DUDU
ConsumerConsumer ConsumerConsumer
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National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
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Energy
sales
Transmission System
Wholesale Market
Distribution SystemRetail Market
Model 4– Retail Competition
IPPIPP
RetailerRetailer
ConsumerConsumer
IPPIPP IPPIPP
RetailerRetailer
IPPIPP IPPIPP
Consumer
DU/
Retailer
DU/
Retailer
DU/
Retailer
DU/
Retailer
ConsumerConsumer ConsumerConsumer
RetailerRetailer
ConsumerConsumer
Di
re
ct
S
a
le
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National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
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TRANSITION REQUIREMENTS
MODEL 1
Monopoly
MODEL 1
Monopoly
MODEL 3
Wholesale Competition
MODEL 3
Wholesale Competition
MODEL 4
Retail Competition
MODEL 4
Retail Competition
Power
Purchase
Contracts
Power
Purchase
Contracts
Transmission
Network Access
& Markets
Distribution
Network Access
& Stranded
Costs
MODEL 2
Purchasing Agent
MODEL 2
Purchasing Agent
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
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The Philippine Electric Power Industry
1890 - Three arc lamps installed along main thoroughfare in Manila
1892 - La Electricista lighted Manila using a DC system
1895 - 1st Power Station was installed in Manila by La Electricista
1903 - MERALCO was granted a franchise to supply electricity to Manila
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Power System 101
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The Philippine Electric Power Industry
GEN TRANSMISSION
Industry Structure: Vertically Integrated
Electricity Market: Monopoly
DISTRIBUTION
End-UsersMERALCO (in the beginning)
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Power System 101
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1936 - NPC was established to develop hydro-electric generation and associated transmission system
1960 - Electrification Administration (EA) was created and total electrification was declared as a national policy
1969 - “Area Coverage” concept was legislated. EA was transformed to NEA to establish Electric Cooperatives
1972 - NPC was granted a monopoly in power generation and transmission and mandated to establish Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao Grids
The Philippine Electric Power Industry
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National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
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The Philippine Electric Power Industry
PD 40 (1972)
NPC
GEN
NPC
TRANSMISSION
Industry Structure: Separate Generation-Transmission and Distribution-Retailer
Electricity Market: Monopoly
Only NPC is responsible for planning, building and operating power
plants and for transmitting bulk power to Distributors and Directly
Connected Customers.
Distributors
Directly
Connected
Customers
Retail
Customers
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Power System 101
Power System Engineering
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1987 - government allowed private investors to participate in power generation
The Philippine Electric Power Industry
Generation
Distribution
Transmission60 - 70%
10 - 15%
15 - 20%
Cost of Capital in Electric Power Industry
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
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The Philippine Electric Power Industry
EO 215 (1987 )
Electricity Market: Central Purchasing Agent
NPC
GEN
NPC
TRANSMISSION
IPP
GEN
Distribution
Utilities
End-
Users
Planning & Operation: Centralized / NPC is Committed
The Problem: Open Access in Transmission
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Power System 101
Power System Engineering
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2001 - The Electric Power Industry Reform Act
The Philippine Electric Power Industry
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National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
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Each milestone has a context:
…Problems to Solve!
…Issues to Address!
The Philippine Electric Power Industry
78
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National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Transmission
SectorDistribution
SectorGeneration
Sector
Supply
Sector
Competitive Regulated CompetitiveRegulated
The Philippine Electric Power Industry according to EPIRA
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
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EPIRA Electricity Market
Competitive RegulatedRegulated Competitive
Bilateral Contracts
Spot Market
Wholesale Retail
80
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
The Wholesale Electricity Spot Market (WESM)
Market place for trading electricity as a commodity
A market clearing house that reflects the market-based value of electricity
Uses the concept of a “pool” where all electricity output from generators are centrally coordinated while allowing generators as well as consumers to compete to be scheduled and dispatched to meet the electricity demand in real time
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U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Based on Principles of Supply and Demand
Supply curve:
Each generator submits price / quantity offers
Market supply curve construct from aggregated individual offer functions
Demand curve:Either: consumers submit price/ quantity bids
Or: demand load is estimated
Price:Intersect of Supply and Demand curves
Participants earn “profit” when market price is more
favourable than their offer / bid
WESM Price Determination
82
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Demand
Supply
MWh
Php
Market Price
WESM Price Determination
Based on Principles of Supply and Demand
42
83
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Three generating companies
“A” with capacity of 300MW at “price” of P 1500
“B” with capacity of 300MW at “price” of P 1800
“C” with capacity of 500MW at “price” of P 2400
Fixed demand of 650 MWh in a given hour
A single injection/demand point (actual or notional)
WESM Price DeterminationSingle Market and Fixed Demand
84
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Demand
650MW
h
Demand
650
Market
MWh
PesosPrice Setting
Market Price
Supply
A300MWh at P
1500
1500A
300
BB
300MWh at P 1800
1800
600
C
500MWh at P
2400
2400 C
1100
WESM Price DeterminationSingle Market and Fixed Demand
43
85
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Generation: 300MWh
Generation: 300MWh
Generator A
DemandMarket
Offer: 300MWh at P 1500
650MWh
Generator B
Offer: 300MWh at P 1800
Generator C
Offer: 500MWh at P 2400
Generation: 50MWh
P 2400
Market Clearing Price = P 2400 = Price at Marginal Generator
WESM Price DeterminationSingle Market and Fixed Demand
86
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Two Node Transmission System
Transmission system between the “nodes”: Capacity of 100MW 1% marginal losses
Two generating companies at Node 1 “A” with capacity of 300MW at “price” of P 1500 “B” with capacity of 300MW at “price” of P 1800
One generating companies at Node 2 “C” with capacity of 500MW at “price” of P 2400
Fixed demand at Node 1 of 400 MWh in a given hour
Fixed demand at Node 2 of 250 MWh in a given hour
WESM Price Determination
44
87
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Demand400MWh
Demand250MWh
Demand
300MWh
Generation: 300MWh Generation: 100MWh Generation: 151MWh
Node 2Node 1 100MW line
losses of 1%
Generator A
Capacity:300MWh at P 1500
Generator B
Capacity:300MWh at P 1800
Generator C
Capacity:500MWh at P 2400
P 2400P 1800
Generation: 200MWh
Demand
99MWh
Nodal price difference = 600
Being:
Cost of losses = 24
Congestion cost = 576
Two Node Transmission SystemWESM Price Determination
88
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Demand-side BiddingAs before:
Three generating companies “A” with capacity of 300MW at “price” of P 1500
“B” with capacity of 300MW at “price” of P 1800
“C” with capacity of 500MW at “price” of P 2400
A single injection/demand point (actual or notional)
Modification:
Demand:
550MWh at P 75000 - effectively fixed demand
150MWh at P 2100 - dispatchable load that will only be
used if the price is below P2100 per MWh
WESM Price Determination
45
89
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
B
C
A
Market
300MWh at P 1500
300MWh at P 1800
500MWh at P 2400
Demand
550MW at P 75000
150MWh at P 2100
Supply
1500
1800
2400
A
B
C
MWh
Pesos
Price Setting
Demand75000
2100
550MWh at P 75000
150MWh at P2100
Market Price
WESM Price DeterminationDemand-side Bidding
90
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
550MWh at P 75000
150MWh at P 2100
Generation: nil
P 2100
Market Clearing Price = P 2100
Generator A
DemandMarket
Offer: 300MWh at P 1500
Generator B
Offer: 300MWh at P 1800
Generator C
Offer: 500MWh at P 2400
Generation: 300MWh
300MWh at P 75000
Generation: 300MWh
50MWh at P 2100
Generation: 250MWh
550MWh at P 75000
WESM Price DeterminationDemand-side Bidding
46
91
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Estimate
Demand
580
Supply1500
1800
2400
A
B
C
MWh
Pesos
Ex Ante Pricing with Ex Post Imbalance Settlement
Ex Post Market Price
650
Ex Ante Market Price
Actual
Demand
Ex ante Settlement
= 1800 x 580 = P 10440K
Ex post Imbalance
Settlement= 2400 x 70 =P 1680K
Total settlement = P 12120K
WESM Pricing and Settlement
92
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
WESM Spot Prices
UK
47
93
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Water Pressure causes the
flow of water=
Voltage
Water Flow = Current
Analogy
VI
R
Electric CircuitThe Language of Electrical Engineers
+
-
Resistance
RElectric Current
I
Electric Circuit
Voltage
V
94
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Voltage
Current =
Resistance
V = 100 volts
R = 1 Ohm
I = 100/1 = 100 A
V = 100 volts
R = 100,000 ohms
I = 0.001 A
Ohm’s Law
V = 100 volts
R = 0.0001 ohm
I = 1,000,000A
Electric Circuit
Resistance is the property of a material to oppose the flow of current measured in ohms (ΩΩΩΩ)
48
95
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Electric Circuit
+
-
Current
Flows
Closed Circuit
Switch is “ON”
+
-
No Current
Flow
Open Circuit
Switch is “OFF”
)∞≈ ( highvery is Air of Resistance
96
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Electric Circuit
+
-
Very Large
Current
Flow
Short Circuit
Very Small Resistance
)0 ( very small is conductor of Resistance ≈
49
97
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
RESISTANCE OF MATERIAL
Conductor is a material
that will allow current to flow (e.g. electric wires)
Insulator is a material
that will prevent current
to flow (e.g., rubber)
98
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
RESISTANCE OF CONDUCTOR
Good conductors are materials with low resistance (Copper and Aluminum)
Small conductor (cross-sectional area) has high resistance
Long conductor has high resistance
Power Loss = I2R
50
99
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Kirchoff’s Laws
Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
The Sum of all Voltages in a Circuit is equal to Zero
+
-IVsource
VLine
VLoad
+
+
-
-
Vsource VLine VLoad- - = 0 Vsource VLine VLoad= +
100
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Kirchoff’s Laws
Kirchoff’s Current Law
The sum of Currents entering a node is equal to the
ssum of all currents leaving the node
I1
I2
I3
I4
I1 = I2 + I3 + I4
51
101
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
POWER and ENERGY
When Electric Current Flows: Work is Done (Light or heat is produced)
Energy is the Work done (measured in watt-hours)
1 kilowatt-hour of electric energy = 1,000 watt-hours
Power is the rate at which Energy is generated, transported or consumed
(measured in watts, kilowatt, Megawatts)
102
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
POWER and ENERGY
Energy (kW-Hr)
Power (kW) =
Time (Hr)
Power of Electric Bulbs
Low Power
Fewer Electrons per hour High Power
More Electrons per hour
52
103
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
POWER and ENERGY
100 kW-Hrs
kW
20
1 2
10
543Hrs
kW
20
1 2
10
Hrs
50
30
40
100
kW
-Hrs
Rate of Consuming 100 kW-Hrs of Energy
5 Hrs vs. 2 Hrs
Which requires larger electrical equipment?
104
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
POWER
Active Power – Real Power Consumed (W, kW, MW)
Reactive Power – Power required by energy conversion equipment but not consumed (Var, kVar,
Mvar)
Apparent Power – Vectorial Sum of Active and
Reactive Power (VA, kVA, MVA)
53
105
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Power Flow
Active Power (kW)
Reactive Power (kVar)
106
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
POWER FACTOR
Active Power kW
θθθθ
Reactive Power
kVar
Apparent Power
kVA
Active Power
Power Factor =
Apparent Power
Measures the efficiency of utilization of power equipment
PF = Cosθθθθ???
Engineers Definition
54
107
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
POWER FACTOR
θθθθ
θθθθ
100 kW
80 kVar? kVA
PF = PF =
100 kW
40 kVar
? kVA
108
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Reactive and Apparent Power at different power factor for constant Active Power
100 KVA 111.11 KVA 125 KVA 142.86 KVA 166.67KVAPF = 1.00 PF = 0.90 PF = 0.80 PF = 0.70 PF = 0.60
100 KW
100 KW
100 KW
100 KW
100 KW
48.43KVAR
75KVAR
102KVAR
133.33KVAR
POWER FACTOR
55
109
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Active Power that can be supplied by the same equipment at different Power Factor
100 KVA 100 KVA 100 KVA 100 KVA 100 KVAPF =1.00 PF = 0.90 PF = 0.80 PF= 0.70 PF = 0.60
100KW
90KW
80KW
70KW
60KW
43.59KVAR 80
KVAR
71.41KVAR
60KVAR
POWER FACTOR
110
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers
Benefits of Capacitor Installations• Demand reduction• Energy reduction• Voltage improvement (Increase Revenue)
• Reduction of technical losses
POWER FACTOR
56
111
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
U. P. National Engineering Center
National Electrification Administration
Power System 101
Power System Engineering
for Non-Engineers