presentation fiswan
TRANSCRIPT
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Thermoregulation
Insulation
Metabolic heat
production/physiological
thermoregulation
Countercurrent heat
exchangeBehavior
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Physiological thermoregulation
Altering metabolic generation of heat to
regulate temperature
Ex: Metabolism increases to raise internal
body temperature in a colder environment
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Regulation of body temperature
Cold blooded
PoikilothermicPrincipal source of heat is
from the environment
warm blooded
Homeothermic
Principal source of heat is from their own
body through metabolic activity
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Countercurrent Heat Exchange Warm and cold blood flow in
opposite directions to regulatethe temperature (arteries and
veins)
Usually around the brain/headregion
Leatherback Turtle, Sea Gull
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Homeotherms and Poikilotherms
Vertebrates (birds,mammals,reptiles &
amphibians)
Tb = body temperature
Ta = environmental temperature
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Homeotherms
warm-blooded animals- birds &
mammals
Maintain constant Tb
Endothermic (metabolism is source
of body heat)
Normal Tb range is 35-42 degrees C
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Poikilotherms
cold blooded animals (reptiles,
amphibians, fish, insects, etc)
Tb fluctuates greatly Rely on environment for much of their
Tb (ectothermic vs endothermic)
Must warm up; act like a black box
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Muscle tissue & many other body functions & biochemicalMuscle tissue & many other body functions & biochemicalreactions work best at constant, warm temperature (aroundreactions work best at constant, warm temperature (around37C)37C)
PoikilothermsPoikilotherms: (fish, amphibians, modern reptiles) low ability: (fish, amphibians, modern reptiles) low abilityto control internal temperature,to control internal temperature, intint temp similar to ambienttemp similar to ambienttemp, can only be active in warm conditionstemp, can only be active in warm conditions
Control temperature by behaviour (e.g. basking, sheltering)Control temperature by behaviour (e.g. basking, sheltering) PoikilothermsPoikilotherms restricted to tropics, subtropics in generalrestricted to tropics, subtropics in general Only one genus of lizard north of theOnly one genus of lizard north of the PyreneesPyrenees in Europe (in Europe (LacertaLacerta))
ThermoregulationThermoregulationPoikilotherms & HomiothermsPoikilotherms & Homiotherms
Lacerta viviparaLacerta vivipara (Wall Lizard, UK)(Wall Lizard, UK)
baskingbasking
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HomiothermsHomiotherms: Maintenance of constant body temperature (some: Maintenance of constant body temperature (somedinosaurs, birds & mammals): heat derived from respiration reactiondinosaurs, birds & mammals): heat derived from respiration reaction
CH2O + O2 > CO2 + H2O + energy (can be stored as fat to burn later)
Efficient circulatory system and fourEfficient circulatory system and four--chambered heart. Enables warmedchambered heart. Enables warmedblood to travel to all tissues and maintain internal body temperature.blood to travel to all tissues and maintain internal body temperature.
Fur or feathers (modified scales) to prevent heat lossFur or feathers (modified scales) to prevent heat loss
AdvantageAdvantage: animal can be active day & night, in climates with severe: animal can be active day & night, in climates with severewinters (winters (poikilothermspoikilotherms restricted to tropics, subtropics in general)restricted to tropics, subtropics in general)
DisadvantageDisadvantage: heat energy must come from food: heat energy must come from food -- higher energy intakehigher energy intakerequired a small mammal is always only half an hour from deathrequired a small mammal is always only half an hour from death --endothermsendotherms need constant food supplyneed constant food supply
The high diversity (and lack of extinctions) in Aust lizards may be becauseThe high diversity (and lack of extinctions) in Aust lizards may be becausetheir lower energy requirements enable them to survive droughtstheir lower energy requirements enable them to survive droughts(prolonged periods with little food) more easily(prolonged periods with little food) more easily
ThermoregulationThermoregulationPoikilothermsPoikilotherms && EndothermsEndotherms
Thorny devil
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Thermoregulation of Mammalia
These animals belong to a group of amniotes
known as the synapsids.
An adaptive radiation of mammals followed theextinction of the dinosaurs. There are about
4,500 extant species.
Evolution. Mammals are believed to have
evolved from mammal-like reptiles
(therapsids)
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Carnivores eat mostly fleshCarnivores eat mostly flesh
Insectivores eat insectsInsectivores eat insectsHigh energy, easy to digestHigh energy, easy to digest
Short, simple gutsShort, simple guts
Well developed canine teethWell developed canine teeth
Mammals are diverseMammals are diverse
Insectivore
www.earthlife.net/mammals/images/anatomy/teeth.jpg
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Insulation
Fur
Feathers
Blubber
Coloration
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Metabolic Activity Shivering
Panting
Evaporation of water
from respiration
and/or sweating
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Adaptations for Cold Conditions:
avoiding Hypothermia
Hibernation (also has physiological &behavioral aspects to it) Allow Tb to approach Ta
True hibernators: marmots, ground
squirrels, bats
Partial hibernators:
bears, hummingbirds
(at night)
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Cool it!
Rolling in mud
Taking a dip or standing in the water
Going underground or lying in the shade
Flying in high altitudes
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The Class Reptilia
The amniotic egg allowed for independence from water
for reproduction. The amniotic egg has a tough shell
and extra embryonic membranes. In addition
reptiles have waterproof skin (scales with keratin)and use thoracic breathing (unlike the buccal
breathing of amphibians); no cutaneous respiration
except for some turtles using moist surfaces of the
cloaca.
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THERMOREGULATION OF REPTIL
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Early line of evolution.Early line of evolution.
PoikilothermicPoikilothermic (restricted to(restricted to tropics,subtropicstropics,subtropics)) TurtlesTurtles -- marine (flippers)marine (flippers) TortoisesTortoises land (feet)land (feet) SkinSkin -- Protective armour:Protective armour:
dorsal shielddorsal shield carapacecarapaceventral shieldventral shield plastronplastron
..
ReptilReptil
TortoiseTurtles
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Crocodiles, caimans (crocodilians) and alligators.Crocodiles, caimans (crocodilians) and alligators.
Australia has two species of crocodile:Australia has two species of crocodile: CrocodylusCrocodylus johnstonijohnstoni
(freshwater) and(freshwater) and CrocodylusCrocodylus porosusporosus (saltwater(saltwater more dangerous,more dangerous,
larger).larger).
PoikilothermicPoikilothermic -- restricted to the tropicsrestricted to the tropics
SaltwaterSaltwater
FreshwaterFreshwater
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Thermoregulation of Aves
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Adaptations for Cold Conditions:
avoiding Hypothermia
On land, breeding season, bulls haul out on
Pribilof Islands,Alaska
y territorial defense= heat production
y in water, heat lost easily, not in air on land
ybreeding activities fall off once TA reaches
y54 degrees F.
y flippers- a thermal window
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Adaptations for Hot Conditions: avoiding
Hyperthermia
Birds
y
Pre-adapted for hot climates-high TB(4-5 F higher than mammals)
y Most birds are neither nocturnal norfossorial, so must meet the environment
head-on.
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Adaptations for Hot Conditions: avoiding
Hyperthermia
Structural adaptations:
yFur and feathers- same idea as hypothermia
except that you want to reduce air space
y Thermal windows: Bare places on skin-
mammals--face, feet, arm pits, belly
birdsgular pouch, feet, legs, face
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Thermoregulation
Behavioral traits
Physiological traits
Global warming andhabitat shifts
Fish gill arch showing interface
between blood and external
environment
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Adaptations forswimming
Adaptations for
dispersal
Movement and dispersal
Larval blue crab
Ekman spiral
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Amphibia
a. Amphibia produce the
heat and for the biggest
loss the heat with faster by
evaporation.
b. Adaptation behaviour
possibility amphibia formaintain the temperature
of the body.
a. Amphibia include in animal
poikiloterm land
b. The temperature of body
defi ited by by the balance
with condition of
enfironment temperature
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Order Anura
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Invertebrata
Have control of the temperature of body but
between the other adapt the temperatur of
body by physiology.
Some species have power heat internal and
the characteristic is endotermic.
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Apache cicada
Sonoran desertDicerooproctoa apache
Among the loudest insects on record Sings when TA 40oC in shade
Keeps cool by evaporative cooling from
fluid shed from dorsal pores Extravagant water loss for desert insect
made possible by xylem feeding