Production of Bio-electricity at Commercial

Scale for Sustainable Development

M RIZWANRoll No 2

PhD BotanyUniversity of Sargodha

CONTENTS

• Bioenergy production technologies• Research, development, demonstration and

deployment• Institutional and technical capacity development• Conclusions

.

Improving energy security and mitigating climate changes are among the most important bioenergy drivers in most countries. Therefore, the use of bioenergy systems is not a feature of only developing countries.

Among developed countries, Sweden and Finland are the two most remarkable examples of the modern bioenergy paradigm. Both countries have high energy consumption ratios and, most notably, are located in cold-temperate regions, with low levels of sunlight and thus low photosynthetic production. However, they have managed to sustainably produce significant quantities of bioenergy, achieving about 20% of their total energy requirements from biomass

.

Based on this point of view the production and use of bioethanol and biopower from sugarcane offers a real potential to start building a new energy reality, more sustainable, and which will make this agroindustry the lever for desirable social and economic transformations. The Brazilian experience in this field was accumulated over many decades. Therefore, Brazil can and must be a benchmark for other countries with similar conditions. They could undertake efficient bioenergy programs, applying the Brazilian example to their characteristics, potential, and markets.

The production of bioethanol from sugarcane, associated with the production of bioelectricity, food and biomaterials, presents attractive returns and constitutes the best alternative to use labor, land, water and sunlight in the production of biofuels.

BIOENERGY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES

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• Fuel wood• Charcoal• Agricultural waste• Wood pellets• Biogas• Bioethanol (equivalent of gasoline) • Biodiesel (equivalent of diesel), and • Bioelectricity

GENERAL ORGANISATION OF TECHNOLOGIES

Examples of Charcoal Fuel Technologies and Use

Litter Drying Heaping Cooking

Example of Agricultural Waste for Cooking

Examples of Wood Pellet Processing

.

Example of Biogas Production

Agro/Bioenergy Production Synergies

(FROM: biogas.ifas.ufl.edu)

(FROM: http://www.google.co.zm/imgres?imgurl=)

Electricity Production from Biogas

13Biogas bus(Sweden)

Biogas fridgeBiogas cookstove

Biogas generator(Alibaba)

Biogas lamp

Biogas motorbike(www.inforse.org)

Biogas truck

BIOGAS(One Stop Gas)

Biogas train(www.metaefficient.com)

Biogas car(oneighturbo.com)

Biogas Market

Examples of Bioethanol Feedstocks

+ Grass and Wood

ITEM SUGARCANE SWEET SORGHUM CASSAVA AGAVE Americana SUGAR BEET

Feedstock unit cost 0.381 0.384 0.15 – 0.47 0.512 0.15 to 0.29Yield, (Metric Tons/Ha) 110 20 - 100 12 - 40 80 60 to 80Yield, (Litres/Metric Ton), fresh roots.

80 45 170 125110

Yield, (Litres/Ha/Harvest) 8,800 900 – 4,500 2,000 - 6,000 3,600 - 12,000 4,800 – 10,000

Water Requirement, (mm/crop)1500 - 2500 450 to 700 400 - 750 500

600

Fertiliser Requirement, (Kg/Ha)300 basal & 250

kg urea

N 75-150P 30-60,

K 60-120.

NPK N20:P10:K10, 9 (50 kg) bags(if necessary)

150 – 350 Kg Urea(if necessary)

Gestation Period, (months) 12 - 14 4 – 4.3 12 - 16 60 - 72 5 - 6

Rotation Crops

Maize, sorghum, vegetables, legumes, rubber, oil palm, tropical

sugarbeet (Gokhale, 2010).

Corn, sorghum, vegetables, cassava

(Gokhale, 2010)

Examples of Immediate Revenue Diversification

Food, Feed, Fiber, Biogas,

Electricity, Fertilizer

Food, Feed, Fiber, Biogas, Electricity,

Fertilizer

Food, Feeds, Fiber, Biogas, Starch, Electricity,

Food, Feed, Fiber, Biogas, Electricity,

FertilizerBiogas, Electricity

RemarksCan be stored as

molasses.

Harvested and processed s within a month. Stored as

molasses.

10,000 – 15,000 plants per hectare, 80cm – 100cm spacing and rows. Can be processed from fresh roots or dry.

Extensive experience in Mexico, but also Australia and USA

recently.

Must process fresh roots

Bioethanol Feedstock Characteristics (Costs are for Zambia)

Bioethanol, bioelectricity and fertiliser

(FROM: http://www.sseassociation.org/Publications/feasibilitystudyofsweetsorghum.pdf)

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Liquefaction module

Fermentation module

Distillation module

Dehydration module

E.g. Mansego Modular Bioethanol Refinery

• Can be commissioned within 5 - 8 months.• No need for large start-up capital.• Can process multiple feedstocks.• Minimum 500,000 L/year (1,670 L/day) bioethanol.• Minimum 360,000 L/year (1,000 L/day) biodiesel.

Modular Biorefineries and their Importance

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Bioethanol Market

Bioethanol bus

Bioethanol fridgeBioethanol cookstove

Flexi fuel generator

Bioethanol lantern

Flexi fuel motorbikeBioethanol truck

Eg. BIOETHANOLA One-Stop Fuel

Flexi fuel plane

Flexi fuel car

Examples of Biodiesel Feedstocks

Animal Fat, Waste Cooking Oil, Algae

and Wood+

ITEM SOY PALM JATROPHA MORINGA CASTOR SUN FLOWER

Feedstock unit cost, US$/Litre 0.429 0.426 0.459 0.290 0.562 0.698Yield, (Metric Tons /Ha) 3.5 15.8 6.0 3.0 1.0 2.0Yield, (Litres/Metric Ton) 196 230 300 400 489 398Yield, (Litres/Ha) 686 4,803 1,800 1,200 489 796

Water Requirement, mm 450 - 7003 – 5mm per day during

hot-dry season500 - 600 250 – 3000 500-600 600 -1000

Fertilizers Requirement, (Per Ha)250 Basal, 100

UreaN170-230, P70-90, K220-

310 per Year2.5 t Manure

Appropriate amount of manure, when and if necessary

N40,P40, K20200 Basal, 150

Urea.

Gestation Period, (months) 4.5 to 5 24 – 30 24 - 36 12 - 24 4 - 6 4.2 to 4.5

Examples of Immediate Revenue Diversification

Food, FeedFood, Electricity, Fodder, Building, Furniture

Feed, Biogas, Electricity, Fertilizer

Food, Feed, Biogas, Electricity, Fertilizer, Etc

Fertilizer, Biogas

Food, Feed, Biogas

Remarks

Currently experiencing high prices in the food market.

When efficient, ONE worker can harvest 10-hectare (Fact Foundation, 2010)

There is presently no “Cook Book” to give definite yields. Yields are currently location specific.

Among the world’s most useful plants.

A very important oil in high-tech industry as a lubricant.

Biodiesel Feedstock Characteristics (Costs are for Zambia)

Biodiesel Processing

Biomass for Electricity Generation in Biodiesel Processing

(SOURCE: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_bCNdcYdqloQ/S9jg4-iNsFI/AAAAAAAAAMA/E7jJT3RVEfQ/s1600/palmtree-biomass.jpg)

(SOURCE: http://www.mpoweruk.com/biofuels.htm)

Electricity Generation from Biomass

RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, DEMONSTRATION AND DEPLOYMENT

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Bioenergy Value Chain1.

PRELIMINARY

ACTIVITIES

2.

PRODUCTION

INFRASTRUCTURE

3.

FEEDSTOCK

PRODUCTION and

TRADE

4.

BIOFUELS

PROCESSING

5.

BIOFUELS TECHNICAL SERVICE

ACTIVITIESOTHER

SERVICES

Business Plans Sourcing funds Land acquisitions /

lease contracts Impact assessments Obtaining permits

and licences Securing markets Setting-up of

bioenergy industry governance

Technology assessments

Etc

Drilling boreholes Building dams and

canals Assessing soils Building access

roads and bridges Building houses and

offices Building processing

plants Etc,.

Land clearance Land preparations Nurseries Plantation

development Plantation

management Weed and pest

control Feedstock

harvesting Feedstock trading Etc.

Cassava peeling, chipping and drying

Seed cleaning and packaging

Oil extraction Molasses

production Processing and

refining of biofuels Byproducts

production.

Biofuels transportation Byproduct transportation Biofuels blending Biofuels transportation Engine conversion Importation of biofuels compliant

vehicles and appliances Manufacturing of inputs and processing

plants for the biofuels value chain Biofuels R&D Training in biofuels industry Biofuels quality control assessments Biofuels plant repair Development of appropriate cookstoves Etc.

Education Health Recreation Etc

Activities include identifying and addressing the challenges for sustainable bioenergy production through good industry governance, field trials, applied research, capacity building, modeling and analysis.

Feedstock for Wood, Charcoal and Pellets

EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH AREAS

• Fast-growing and water-efficient forest plants• Sustainable wood harvest• Efficient/cost-effective forest management• Incorruptible forestry governance and licensing

Feedstock Supply

Feedstock constitutes about 70% of final bioenergy product.

Providing biomass for conversion into biofuels represents an economic opportunity for communities across Africa.

This requires developing the technologies and systems needed to sustainably and economically deliver a broad range of biomass in formats that enable efficient use in biorefineries.

CONCLUSIONS

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Develping countries have resources (material and human), but lacks productive action.

Available technologies can be used to establish a vibrant bioenergy industry in these countries.

Bioenergy is (probably) the only industry that can benefit all on sustainable basis.

Economic empowerment from bioenergy industry, if well organised, can reduce conflicts and save the environment.

Thank you for your attention