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PRE-ASSESSMENT Brain Pre-Assessment 1. Which type of psychologist would most likely study the brain? a.Social-Cultural psychologist b.Neuroscientist c.Behaviorist d.Psychodynamic psychologist 2. What do we call a brain cell? a.Mitosis b.Nucleus c.Cell d.Neuron 3. What is an action potential? a.An electrical impulse that causes a brain cell to fire b.The ability to move c.The energy stored in a brain cell that is not moving d.When a director starts filming a movie 4. Which of the following neurotransmitters aids in movement? a. Serotonin b. GABA c. Acetylcholine d. Norepinephrine

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5. Which of the following states is associated with endorphins? a.A bad mood b.Uncontrollable movements c.Runners High d.Illegal drugs 6. Which division of the nervous system helps excite during competition? a.Central b.Somatic c.Sympathetic d.Parasympathetic 7. Which brain structure controls balance? a.Cerebellum b.Thalamus c.Medulla d.Frontal lobe 8. Which brain structure controls emotion? a.Parietal lobe b.Limbic System c.Brain stem d.Temporal lobe 9. A right-brained person would most likely be best at ______________. a.logically thinking through his next move b.explaining in words how he performed c.creating a new play for a game d.organizing people into teams 10. What does the endocrine system regulate? a.Emotions such fight or flight b.Rational thinking c.The ability to sense your surroundings d.Basic drives such as hunger and thirst

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Early Brain Psychology 1800s- German physician Franz Gall invented phrenology. He thought bumps on the skull could reveal mental abilities and character traits Today, neuroscientists study the effect of the brain on behavior.

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Neuron- a brain cell

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Dendrites Soma (Cell Body) Nucleus Axon Myelin Sheath Axon terminal

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Parts of the neuron Dendrites- receive messages from other cells Cell body (soma)- keeps the cell alive Axon- passes messages from the cell body to other cells Myelin sheath- fatty covering of the axon that speeds up the message Terminal branches- form junctions with other cells

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How neurons communicate The dendrites receive a message from another neuron If the dendrites receive enough yes signals, the neuron sends an action potential down the axon http://www.childrenshos pital.org/research/_neur on/index.html http://www.childrenshos pital.org/research/_neur on/index.html Definition: Action Potential: an electrical impulse sent by a neuron through the axon.

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How neurons communicate http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=90cj4NX87Y k&feature=related http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=90cj4NX87Y k&feature=related When the message reaches the terminal branches of the axon, they release a neurotransmitter into the synapse. The neurotransmitter attaches to the appropriate spots in the dendrites of the next neuron.

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Things to know about neurons All or nothing principle- a neuron either fires or does not, no partial response Threshold- the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

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Definitions: Neurotransmitter- chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gap to bind to receptor sites to continue the electrical impulse Synapse- the junction between the terminal branch of an axon and the dendrite of the receiving neuron Threshold- the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse (toilet bowl)

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Building an Edible Neuron 1. Twizzler Pull-Aparts- gently separate the pull a parts from the bottom, about halfway up (axon, axon branches, and axon buttons. 2.Tie each end into a knot (axon buttons) 3.Insert the end of a toothpick into the top end of the licorice. 4.Attach the peachy ring to the other end of the toothpick (cell body) 5.Insert a cherry round into the center of the peach ring (nucleus) 6.Insert toothpicks into the peachy ring around the outside perimeter. (Dendrites, sugar crystals are the receptor sites along the dendrites) 7. Attach the gummy worms by sticking them onto the end of the toothpicks 8. Wrap the fruit roll up around the axon (this is the myelin sheath- make sure that there are spaces (nodes of ranvier) between pieces of roll up.

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Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine- enable muscle action, learning and memory Dopamine- influences movement, attention, and emotion Serotonin- affects moods and drives Norepinephrine- controls alertness and arousal Glutamate- major excitatory (YES) GABA- major inhibitory (NO)

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2 Types of Neurotransmitters Excitatory- like pushing a neurons accelerator Inhibitory- like pushing its brake Each neurotransmitter has a specific shape and only fits in certain places in the dendrites.

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What are some problems that occur if there are too many neurotransmitters or too few? Schizophrenia Parkinsons Disease

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Endorphins Feel-good neurotransmitters- elevates moods Endogenous produced within morphine Released to help reduce pain Bound to receptors in areas linked with mood and pain sensations

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Journal #7 Explain a time when you or someone you know has felt the effects of endorphins. What was it like? How do you think endorphins help us in sports? How do endorphins help us feel better?

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Definition: Endorphins- (morphine within) natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure Blood-brain barrier- a fence that keeps unwanted substances from the brain

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Drugs Blood-brain barrier- a fence that keeps unwanted substances from the brain Drugs can either mimic or block the effects of neurotransmitters Mimic- brain may stop producing neurotransmitters Block- the signal doesnt make it

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Problems with Opiate Drug Use When flooded with opiate drugs like heroin and morphine, the brain may stop producing its own natural opiates- Result- when drug is withdrawn the brain may be deprived of any form of opiate until the brain resumes production of its natural opiates or it receives more artificial opiates. Problems with Opiate Drug Use When flooded with opiate drugs like heroin and morphine, the brain may stop producing its own natural opiates- Result- when drug is withdrawn the brain may be deprived of any form of opiate until the brain resumes production of its natural opiates or it receives more artificial opiates.

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Drugs Affect Communication at Synapse Agonists- similar enough to neurotransmitter to MIMIC its effects or BLOCK its reuptake. Antagonists- INHIBITS a neurotransmitters release or enough a like a natural neurotransmitter to occupy its receptor site and BLOCK its effect but not similar enough to stimulate the receptor. Drugs Affect Communication at Synapse Agonists- similar enough to neurotransmitter to MIMIC its effects or BLOCK its reuptake. Antagonists- INHIBITS a neurotransmitters release or enough a like a natural neurotransmitter to occupy its receptor site and BLOCK its effect but not similar enough to stimulate the receptor.

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The Nervous System Muscles Organs and glands Arousing Calming

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The Nervous System Muscles Organs and glands Arousing Calming Links CNS to bodys sense receptors, muscles, and glands Brain and Spinal cord Voluntary movements of skeletal muscles Controls glands and muscles of internal organs Arouses you for defensive action Conserves energy by slowing system down

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Types of Neurons Sensory- they sense the outside world Motor- they tell the body to move Interneurons- connect sensory and motor neurons

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Definitions Neural Networks- groups of neurons that work together to perform a function Reflexes- automatic, inborn responses to sensory input

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ALS- Lou Gehrigs Disease Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. As motor neurons degenerate they can no longer send impulses to the muscle fibers that normally result in muscle movement. When muscles no longer receive the messages from the motor neurons they begin to atrophy. Motor Neurons die and the ability of the brain to initiate and control muscles movements is lost.

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Multiple Sclerosis Myelin Sheath (insulates the axon and helps speed their impulses) Myelin Sheath degenerates Slowing of all communication to muscles Eventual loss of muscle control

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The Brain CEREBELLUM Posture, balance, and coordination Learned physical skills OCCIPITAL LOBE Processes and interprets info from eyes Controls sight visual cortex PARIETAL LOBE Data from skin Neurons process touch and sensation info (hot, cold, pain) Position of body in space FRONTAL LOBE Control planning, reasoning, movement, and some speech Emotions Limbic system TEMPORAL LOBE Hearing, speech perception, some memory Auditory center BRAIN STEM Oldest and most basic Breathing, heartrate, sleeping, walking, digestion, temperature, and elimination of waste CEREBRAL CORTEX Fabric of interconnected neural cells that for a thin surface layer over your lobes

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CEREBRAL CORTEX Fabric of interconnected neural cells that for a thin surface layer over your lobes Bodys ultimate control and information-processing center

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Brain Parts Frontal Lobe- thinking and reasoning Parietal Lobe- sensation and spatial thinking Temporal Lobe- hearing Occipital Lobe- sight Cerebellum- little brain, coordination and balance Brain Stem- automatic functions such as breathing

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Limbic System THALAMUS Receives info from all senses but smell and routes to the higher brain regions that deal with senses Takes messages from higher brain replies and directs to medulla and cerebellum HYPOTHALAMUS Controls drives such as eating, drinking, body temperature HIPPOCAMPUS Maintenance duties for the body Influence hunger, regulate thirst, body temperature, monitors blood chemistry Takes orders from other parts of the brain AMYGDALA Controls fear and emotion

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Limbic Parts Thalamus- sensory control switch Hypothalamus- drives (eating, sleeping, drinking) Hippocampus- memory Amygdala- emotion

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BRAINSTEM Medulla- heartbeat and breathing Reticular Formation- controls arousal Thalamus- sensory switchboard Medulla- heartbeat and breathing Reticular Formation- controls arousal Thalamus- sensory switchboard

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Journal #8 Choose something you like to do (i.e. reading, dancing, driving a car, playing a game, etc) 1.How are the nervous system and the brain engaged when you do this activity? 2.How does your body and brain work together to achieve desired results? 3.What can you do to improve at your activity based on what you now know?

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Association areas- connections In humans there is of the cerebral cortex uncommitted to sensory or muscular activity- What is going on in these areas?

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Neurons in the Association Areas integrate information They associate various sensory inputs with stored memories The MORE association area we have, the better we are at learning and thinking Neurons in the Association Areas integrate information They associate various sensory inputs with stored memories The MORE association area we have, the better we are at learning and thinking Frontal Lobe Association Area Judge Plan Process new memories Personality Parietal Lobe Association Area Mathematical Spatial reasoning Temporal Lobe Association Area Recognize faces

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Definitions Plasticity- the ability of the brain to change itself Unused areas get taken over and reengineered to do something new Corpus Callosum- the neural fibers that connect to the halves of the brain

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Hemispheres Left Right Right side Speech Rational Thinking Literal Comprehension Left side Emotion Creativity Subtle Inferences

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How the Body and Brain Relate to Each Other The body senses the outside word and relates that information to the brain The brain makes a decision about how to respond to the environment and sends the signal to the body The body responds to the brain

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Broca & Wernicke Areas BROCA AREA Controls muscles for speech Damage would cause a person to struggle to form words, but they could sing familiar songs with ease WERNICKE AREA Controls language comprehension such as understanding sounds Damage caused people to speak only meaningless words and unable to comprehend words

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Motor & Sensory Cortex Motor Cortex- (pink) Area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements Sends messages out to the body Sensory Cortex- (green) Runs parallel to motor cortex Receives information from the skin senses and movement of body parts

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Definitions Endocrine System- the bodys slow chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream Hypothalamus Pituitary gland all other glands (esp. adrenal glands)

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Journal #9 Of the following areas; brain/nervous system/limbic system/association areas/language areas/motor&sensory cortex /hemispheres -identify at least 2 that are predominant or you are strong in and WHY -identify at least 2 parts that you are weak in and WHY

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Part 1: Your group will have fifteen minutes to create an activity or scene using Play dough. Example: If you like basketball, you could create a basketball. Explain in one sentence what your creation is about.

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Part 2: 1.Get out a sheet of paper. Put your name at the top. 2.When I say rotate, you will go to the next table (moving clockwise) and analyze the creation there. 3.Read the description, then explain on your sheet of paper how at least THREE parts of the brain are involved in that activity. 4.For example: In basketball one would need to use the parietal lobe for spatial reasoning to know where the ball is on the court and where the other players are. One would also need to use the frontal lobe to plan his next move and his motor cortex to move up and down the court. Finally, one would need the amygdala to regulate his emotions during the game to stay focused despite the competition.