Famous Psychologist

Albert Bandura & Bobo Dolls • One of Bandura's more famous

experiments dealing with modeling is his study with Bobo dolls. In one particular experiment Bandura showed a video to children in which an adult beat up on a doll, called it names, etc. Bandura divided the children into three groups, and each group watched a video with a different ending. The first video showed the adult being rewarded for his behavior, the second video showed the adult being punished for his behavior, and the third video showed no consequences for the behavior. He then studied the differences between how male children and female children reacted to this video in regard to whether they imitated the observed behavior or not.

Bobo Results • The results show that males in all

cases imitated the viewed behavior more so than females. The results also show that the children who watched the video in which the person was rewarded for his actions duplicated the behaviors more so than when the person was punished or did not receive either a punishment or reward. This was consistent in both male and female children, supporting Bandura's argument that people learn from observing others.

Alfred Binet • In 1905, Alfred Binet

developed a test in which he had children do tasks such as follow commands, copy patterns, name objects, and put things in order or arrange them properly. He gave the test to Paris schoolchildren and created a standard based on his data.

Alfred Binet • For example, if 70 percent of 8-

year-olds could pass a particular test, then success on the test represented the 8-year-old level of intelligence. From Binet's work, the phrase "intelligence quotient," or "IQ," entered the vocabulary. The IQ is the ratio of "mental age" to chronological age, with 100 being average. So, an 8 year old who passes the 10 year-old's test would have an IQ of 10/8 x 100, or 125.

Sigmund Freud (Dreams)

• Freud’s belief that dreams are highly symbolic and are our unconscious wishes in disguise.

Sigmund Freud

• Freud thought the unconscious mind influence behavior. Freud believed that the human mind was composed of three elements: the id, the ego, and the superego.

Abraham Maslow

• Maslow saw human beings' needs arranged like a ladder. The most basic needs, at the bottom, are physical -- air, water, food, sex.

Abraham Maslow

• Then comes safety needs -- security, stability

Abraham Maslow

• Third level are psychological, or social needs -- for belonging, love, acceptance.

Abraham Maslow

• At the top of it all were the self-actualizing needs -- the need to fulfill oneself, to become all that one is capable of becoming

Abraham Maslow

Ivan Pavlov

• Pavlov used a metronome as the stimulus which he rang first, then fed the dogs. This pairing (metronome and food) would eventually establish the dog's response of salivating to the sound of the metronome.

Ivan Pavlov • After repeating this

procedure several times, Pavlov was able to remove the food and by only ringing the bell the dogs would salivate.

• Since the bell alone now produced the response (salivation), the association had been established.