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TRANSCRIPT
Power Transformers
Lesson #1
Power Transformers
Presented by: Ralph Fehr, Ph.D., P.E.
University of South Florida
Topics – Power Transformer
• Fundamental
• Design
Objectives
• Recall basic transformer fundamentals and applications
• Identify the major components of transformers
Transformer Costs• 69/13.09 kV, 20 MVA - $300,000• 69/13.09 kV, 50 MVA - $450,000
• 115/13.09 kV, 20 MVA - $325,000• 115/13.09 kV, 50 MVA - $425,000
• 230/13.09 kV, 50 MVA - $475,000
• 230/69 kV, 250 MVA - $1,600,000
Over 900 Power Transformers in PE – FL
Transformer Age
•Typical Transformer Failure Rates:– Generator Transformers: 2.5% +– HV Auto-Transformers: 1.5 – 2%– T&D Transformers: 1 – 1.5%– Others <1%
•Average Age of a Power Transformer Is 30 Years– Typical Life Of A Generator Transformer Is 18-24 Years– Typical Life Of A T&D Transformer Is 40-60 Years
Voltage ratio = V1/ V2 =n1/n2
Current ratio = I1/ I2 = n2/n1
Impedance ratio = Z1/ Z2 = (n1/n2)2
Basic Transformer Equations
Transformer - A 4-terminal device comprised of 2 or more magnetically coupled coils.
Transformer - Typically used to change the ratio of voltage to current (maintaining constant power) from a source to a load.
+
Vs
-
ZL
Z1 Z2
Primary Coil Secondary Coil
Transformer Fundamentals
Ideal transformer – Both primary and secondary coils couple the same flux, assume the polarities of the voltages and currents result in flux in the same direction, then the ratio of voltages can be described:
Ideal transformer – No power loss in the magnetic circuit or the coils, then the ratio of currents can be described:
nN
N
V
V
1
2
1
2
ˆ
ˆ
dt
dNv
dt
dNv
2211 and
2211 iviv nN
N
V
V
I
I
1
2
1
2
2
1
ˆ
ˆ
ˆ
ˆ
Transformer Fundamentals
Primary Secondary Load
Primary Secondary Load
Transformer - Step-up / Step-down
Step-up (VLOAD > VSOURCE)
Step-down (VLOAD < VSOURCE)
Transformer – Components
Turn ratio of the transformer = NP / NS
The voltage ratio is the same as the turns ratio:
VP / VS = NP / NS
VP = primary voltage, VS = secondary voltage
NP = number of turns of wire in the primary
NS = number of turns of wire in the secondary
Transformer - Voltage Ratio
Transformer - Components
Laminated Iron Core
Captures the electromagnetic field produced by the primary windings and induces (directs) this field to the secondary windings.
Cores were made of iron and now steel because this material carries and confines the magnetic flow better than air.
Transformer - Components
Two types of core designs
Core form - Windings surround the laminated core steel.
Shell form - Laminated steel core surrounds the windings.
CORE TYPE SHELL TYPE
Transformer - Components
Primary Winding
Provide the medium for flow of alternating current that produces the flux that magnetizes the core steel.
Secondary Winding
Provide the medium for flow of alternating current that is induced by the flux radiating from the magnetized core steel.
Windings were made of copper with oil paper insulation.
Core Design - Core Form
Core Form vs. Shell Form
• Core Form
– As needed insulation
• Special Designs for HV
– Cylindrical Design
• Good Short Circuit Strength
• Cannot Parallel Groups
– Continuous Windings
• Shell Form
– Insulation Laden
• Easy to Implement HV Design
– High Volts per Turn
• Heavy Core
• Less Copper
– Able to Parallel Groups
• Short Circuit Strength
– Labor Intensive
• High Cost
• In Comparing Designs With Equivalent Performance, The Shell Form Unit Weighs More, Thus Requiring More Material
In General, Shell Form Are More Suited For GSU And Core Form Are More Suited For Autotransformer Designs
The Majority Of Transformers Manufactured Today Are Core Form