pleural empyema: the australian experience

37
Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience Sarath Ranganathan MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Australia

Upload: vanhuong

Post on 12-Dec-2016

223 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Sarath Ranganathan

MB ChB MRCP FRCPCH PhD

Department of Respiratory Medicine

Royal Children’s Hospital

Melbourne, Australia

Page 2: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience
Page 3: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne

Page 4: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Royal Children’s Hospital, Sydney(Don’t go to Sydney!)

Page 5: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Empyema = pus within

Page 6: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Overview

• Epidemiology

• Investigations

• Microbiology

• The treatment controversy:

The Fuss about Pus!

Page 7: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Secretion AbsorptionPleuralCirculation

• Pleural space contains 0.3 mL/kg of fluid

• Pleural fluid circulation- lymphatics deal with several 100 mLs of extra fluid/ 24 hrs

Page 8: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Secretion AbsorptionLung infection

Inflammation

Cytokines from mesothelial cells

Inflammatory cells

Vascular permeability

Bacterial invasion

Neutrophil migrationProcoagulant state

fibrinolysis

Fluid

Page 9: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Burden of empyema in Australia

Pneumonia admissions per million

Empyema admissions per million

Page 10: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Guidelines

• British Thoracic Society (2005): www.brit-thoracic.org.uk

• Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand (2011): www.thoracic.org.au

Page 11: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Investigation pathway to diagnosis

Signs of empyema: respiratory distress, prefers to lie on one side, scoliosis, decreased expansion, decreased vocal fremitus, stony dull to percussion, absent breath sounds, decreased vocal resonance, whispering petriloquy, mediastinal shift

Page 12: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Physical examination in empyema

Clinical sign Sensitivity

Specificity PPV NPVDecreased expansion 0.74 0.91 0.68 0.93Decreased tactile vocal fremitus 0.82 0.86 0.59 0.95Stony dullness 0.53-0.89 0.71 0.55 0.97Absent breath sounds 0.42-0.88 0.83-0.9 0.57 0.96

Adapted from Diaz‐Guzman and Budev. Cleveland Clinic J Med 2008;75:297‐303

Page 13: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Investigations

Page 14: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Investigations‐Ultrasound

• Differentiate pleural fluid from solid lung

• Estimates size and position

• Demonstrates loculations and debris

• Identify abscesses

• Marks spot for drain insertion

• Very user dependent

Page 15: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Septations seen on thoracic ultrasound

Page 16: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Pus and Septations seen during video assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS)

Page 17: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

No routine role for chest computed tomography

Page 18: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Blood Investigations

• ↑White cell count• ↑ CRP/ESR/procalcitonin

– Not good for differentiating viral/bacterial pneumonia

– Useful to monitor progress in empyema

• ↑ Platelets• Blood cultures‐minority will be positive• LDH

Page 19: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Pleural Fluid Investigations

• Microbiology– Culture– Stain for AFB– Molecular studies

• Cytology– ↑ lymphocytes in malignancy and TB

• Biochemistry‐ no data for LDH, pH

Page 20: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Australian Research Network in Empyema (ARNiE)

Page 21: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Bacteria identified from blood and pleural fluid investigations

Strachan et al. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:1839‐45

Page 22: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

S. Pneumoniae serotypesStrachan et al. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:1839‐45

Page 23: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

S. Pneumoniae serotypes in relation to age and vacination status

Strachan et al. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:1839‐45

Page 24: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Vaccine‐serotypes identified from pleural fluid in ARNiE compared with national surveillance data

Page 25: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Pleural fluid –immunochromatogenic assay

Page 26: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Utility of a bedside immunochromatographic testStrachan et al. Pediatr Pulmonol 2011;46:179‐83

PPV = 93%NPV = 84%

Page 27: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Aims of treatment

– Sterilise pleural cavity– Get rid of fluid– Return to normal activity– Return to normal lung function

– Expand the lung– Early discharge

Page 28: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Controversies in Management• Antibiotics 

• recurrent thoracocentesis– Shoseyov et al. Chest 2002;121:836

• chest tube drainage alone– Chan et al. J Paediatr Child Health 2000;36:375

• chest drain + fibrinolytics– Thomson et al. Thorax 2002;57:343

• Video assisted thoracoscopic surgery– Sonnappa et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;15:221‐7

• Open decortication

↑ Length of stay

Page 29: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Controversies in Management• Antibiotics 

• recurrent thoracocentesis– Shoseyov et al. Chest 2002;121:836

• chest tube drainage alone– Chan et al. J Paediatr Child Health 2000;36:375

• chest drain + fibrinolytics– Thomson et al. Thorax 2002;57:343

• Video assisted thoracoscopic surgery– Sonnappa et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;15:221‐7

• Open decortication

↑ Technical skills

Page 30: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Controversies in Management• Antibiotics 

• recurrent thoracocentesis– Shoseyov et al. Chest 2002;121:836

• chest tube drainage alone– Chan et al. J Paediatr Child Health 2000;36:375

• chest drain + fibrinolytics– Thomson et al. Thorax 2002;57:343

• Video assisted thoracoscopic surgery– Sonnappa et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;15:221‐7

• Open decortication

↑ Cost

Page 31: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

VATS decortication

Page 32: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Pathway from diagnosis of empyema

Re-evaluate

Drain adequacyLung abscessBronchopleural fistulaNecrotising pneumoniaAtypical pneumoniaHost factorsWrong diagnosis

Page 33: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Choosing Fibrinolytics versus VATS

Choose Fibrinolytics if:

Technical competence in chest drain insertion available

Technical skill and experience in VATS unavailable

Child where anesthesia risk too high

Choose VATS if:

Technical competence and experience in VATS available

Don’t mind paying for increased costs!

Surgeons inserts chest drains under general anesthetic anyway

Septations and loculations advanced?

Page 34: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Inflammation in loculated and free‐flowing exudates

Chung et al. Chest 2005; 128:690‐697 

Page 35: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Conclusions from recent experience

• Empyema epidemiology is changing

• Molecular surveillance is important

• Extending vaccine coverage is indicated

• Management depends on local expertise

• Refer for specialist help sooner improves treatment outcomes

Page 36: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience

Acknowledgements

• Professor Adam Jaffe

• Ms. Roxanne Strachan

• ARNie

• Mr Michael Nightingale

Page 37: Pleural Empyema: the Australian Experience