Plantagenets, part 2 and Crusades, part 2

Richard I “The Lion-Heart”• Eleanor gave him Aquitaine to

administer• 1189 - raised funds to go on 3rd

Crusade• On way back, captured by HRE Henry

VI • Richard alliance with Tancred of

Lecce• brother John failed to seize throne,

went to France to get help of King Philip Augustus

• Eleanor governed as regent• Richard was ransomed, returned and

recovered all territory lost to Philip Augustus

• 1199 – Richard died in a fight over treasure

King John and the Magna Carta• Richard alienated all his allies: nobles,

Philip Augustus of France, Pope Innocent III, Catholics, wife

• Innocent III excommunicated John and decreed that any English property would go to whoever seizes it first

• John strikes bargain with Pope• If Innocent withdraws excommunication

and property decree, all England will surrender to Papacy, Pope agreed but John did not change a thing

• Nobles gathered army at Runnymede• 1215 - John surrendered and signed the

The Great Charter• 1217 – reissued after the First Braon’s

War and renamed Magna Carta

Scotland and the Plantagenets• English denied Robert Bruce the

crown of Scotland, William Wallace protested and organized an army

• 1298 - Edward I (John’s grandson) defeated him at Falkirk

• 1305 – Wallace captured, disembowled and quartered

• Robert Bruce (grandson of the first one), crowned self king

• 1314 – Edward II led huge army to Bannockburn and lost to Bruce

• 1328 – English regents for Edward III signed Treaty of Northampton making Scotland free

The Second Crusade 1146-1148• Intermittent borders disputes kept

Muslim anger hot• Muslims heard stories of atrocities in

Jerusalem spread to Damascus• Latin governments undermanned• Zangi, prince of Mosul, retook Edessa in

1144• Crusade preached by St. Bernard of

Clairvaux• Bernard enlisted the French (Louis VII)

and Germans including Conrad III and young Frederick of Swabia (later Frederick Barbarossa)

• 1147 – left for Holy Land• Pillaging along the way

More Utter Failure• Emperor Manuel Comnenus tried to avoid

direct contact with French and German force• Germans met main Moslem army at Dorylaum

(Asia Minor), lost 90% of force• French received false news of German victory,

marched recklessly, decimated by starvation and raids

• At Attalia, Louis and nobles took ships to Antioch and left army in Attalia, later decimated

• Louis and Conrad reached Jerusalem with little to no army

• Attacked Damascus anyway combining with Baldwin III

• Camped outside Damascus, they heard armies were coming from Aleppo and Mosul

• Retreated to Antioch, Acre and Jerusalem• Kings went back in disgrace, suspicious of

Byzantines

Reconquista

• The only success of 2nd Crusade

• 1147 – Pope expanded crusade to Iberian peninsula to kick out Moors

• Siege of Lisbon - Crusaders from Britain helped King Alfonso I of Portugal take Lisbon

Saladin• Kurdish, Most legendary Muslim

military leader of all time• After 2nd Crusade, 40 years of

“peace”, Saladin united Egypt and Syria

• Reginald of Chatillon took a small army and tried to attack Mecca itself, ignited Saladin’s anger (1183)

• 1186 – Reginald attacked a caravan and kidnapped Saladin’s sister, Saladin infuriated

Saladin, cont.• 1187 – Battle at Hittin, Saladin

defeated Reginald and King Guy of Jerusalem

• True Cross was captured• Saladin took Acre without a fight• Took Jerusalem in 12 days• Freed all inhabitants by ransom,

donated his personal treasure to widows, kings and nobles let go, forced to vow not to fight again

• Jews allowed to return to Jerusalem, Dome of the Rock restored

• 1188 - Chose not to take Tyre, Antioch, Tripoli, he retired

Third Crusade, 1189-1192• News of fall of Jerusalem caused

it almost immediately• Frederick Barbarossa, Holy

Roman Emperor• 1190 - Richard I The Lion Heart of

England and Philip Augustus of France led the Normans, both took sea route

• Barbarossa drowned on way to Acre, Richard took Cyprus from Byzantines

• Richard and Philip met at Acre• 1191 - Took Acre in a few weeks• Richard let the civilians go home,

Christians were restored the True Cross, Philip Augustus went home

Richard I vs. Saladin• 1191 – stalemate at Arsuf• Conrad offered to become Saladin’s ally and take Acre

back for Muslims , Saladin refused• 1192 - Saladin offered peace agreement that included

half of Jerusalem• Richard marched within 12 miles of Jerusalem, Saladin

poisoned the wells• Richard retired to Acre but when Saladin took Jaffa, he

rejoined the fight• 1192 – retook Jaffa, Saladin came late with a much larger

force, seeing Richard fighting on foot, he sent him a horse

• Richard sued for peace• Saladin sent him fruit for his fever• Richard could keep all coastal cities he conquered• Muslims keep Jerusalem• Free travel for civilians of both sides• Pilgrims protected in Jerusalem• Both sides celebrated• Richard’s note, Saladin’s reply

The Fourth Crusade, 1202-1204• Pope Innocent III called for it, Fulk de

Neuilly preached• Philip Augustus and Richard decided not to

go• New strategy, conquer Egypt and then

approach Jerusalem from the south• Venetians were paid to take armies to Egypt• Armies gathered in Venice, not enough

money for the travel fee• Doge Dandolo forgave the remaining

balance IF the Crusaders took Zara, now held by Hungary (Christian) for Venice

• Innocent denounced the plan, but the Crusaders ignored him, took it in five days

• Venice plotted to attack Constantinople • 1195 – Isaac had been deposed by brother

Alexius III, Isaac’s son Young Alexius fled to Germany, then asked Doge Dandolo to restore him to throne of Constantinople

• In return, Crusaders get money, provisions, soldiers, AND Orthodox Church will submit to the Pope of Rome

Sack of Constantinople• The Pope had written a letter warning the army

not to attack Constantinople• The clergy kept the letter secret• Crusaders offered ultimatum, Alexius III refused,

Crusaders landed, Alexius III fled to Thrace• Greek nobles allowed the new Alexius to be

crowed Alexius IV, not knowing the terms of the Venetian deal

• A prince assassinated Alexius IV and took throne as Alexius V

• Crusaders laid siege, took the city in one month, Alexius V fled

• Pillaging• French became official language of

Constantinople• Carved up empire among Latin nobles• Venice took every major port• Greek clergy replaced by Latins• All services in Latin

Children’s Crusade and 5th Crusade• 1212 - Nicholas led 30,000 children from

Germany to Genoa• Stephen led 20,000 children from France to

Marseille, seven ships agreed to take them, five made it to Egypt

• Frederick II hanged the shipowners• Innocent III again appealed to council to

send a crusade• 1217 – Fifth Crusade left under Hungarian

King Andrew and landed in Egypt, took Damietta in one year

• Sultan Malik al-Kamil offered most of Jerusalem, liberation of prisoners and return of True Cross

• Christians demanded more and war resumed, reinforcements never came

• 8-year truce gave Christians little more than just True Cross

Sixth Crusade• 1228 - Led by Frederick II, HRE, who

was excommunicate for failing to reinforce last Crusade

• Christians in Palestine shunned him• He decided to sit down and talk with

al-Kamil• 1229 – Two rulers signed a treaty

giving Frederick Acre, Jaffa, Sidon, Nazareth, Bethlehem and all of Jerusalem except Dome of the Rock, 10-year truce, all prisoners freed

• Pope Gregory IX did not ratify the treaty

• 1244 - After Frederick left, Christians in Palestine took control of Jerusalem and allied with Syria against Egypt

• Sultan allied with Turks who captured Jerusalem and killed everyone

• Baibars of Egypt took Gaza and all of Palestine was Muslim again

Seventh Crusade• 1248 - Louis IX tried to reconcile

Pope and Frederick to no avail• Led French Crusaders to

Damietta, took it easily, stuck in Egypt six months due to flooding

• 1250 – routed at Mansura, Louis taken hostage, ransomed, stayed at Acre, failed attempts at getting reinforcements, returned to France in 1254

• 8th Crusade – Louis IX died in Tunisia

• Canonized St. Louis