Plagiarism & Referencing for SES Yr 2

Peter Bradley: UoB Autumn 2012

By the end of this session, you should know more about:

• Plagiarism: what it is & how to avoid it

• How to cite/acknowledge a source of information within the main text of your assignment

• How to reference a source in the reference list at the end of your assignment

We’ll be referring to the Journal of Sports Sciences’ guidelines

What is plagiarism?

• Copying from any other source including books,journals, websites, etc… i.e. without acknowledging /citing the source in your text

& without adding it to your list of references at the end

• Copying ideas, exact text, findings, data, tables, diagrams, images, conversations, emails, letters…

• Copying other students

or colluding to produce very similar assignments

What is plagiarism?

• Fabrication:

to report on experiments never performed

• Falsification:

to misrepresent the results of experimentation

• Duplicating your own previously submitted work …if you were allowed to do this, you must cite your work

Why is plagiarism serious & why should I avoid it? 1

• You declare you haven’t cheated when you submit your assignments so need to demonstrate ‘intellectual integrity’- otherwise, potential penalties: lower grades or worse

• Shows lack of respect towards someone else’s hard work, whether a student or academic: degrades standards of degrees…

• Increasingly easy to be caught out:

…coursework is submitted to Turnitin software which checks your work against information on the internet and other students’ work

• You’re required to pass the University plagiarism tutorial via Moodle before moving on the next stage of your studies i.e. to prove you understand what is it and how you should avoid it

Why is plagiarism serious & why should I avoid it? 2

• Demonstrates failure to distinguish between your own ideas & other people’s i.e. fails to place your work within the context of existing quality research

Contextualising is a key academic skill that you’re expected to develop & one that helps you potentially get better marks!

… so makes no sense to hide the sources you use

...if you’re using poor/no sources, it will be apparent to tutor

• If you plagiarise, tutors are less able to help you with feedback –

(whereas if you include full references, they can help you better

understand where a selected resource is less relevant or misinterpreted)

Avoiding plagiarism

1. Good time management

2. Effective note taking

3. Using quotations accurately

4. Summarising & using your own words

5. Recognising what is common knowledge

Avoiding plagiarism 1Give yourself time to:

• Find, read & analyse quality resources

• Save/email records of all articles & other information you use as your research progresses e.g. save via databases, Endnote Web…

• Correctly cite your sources in your text & add full references at the end:

- don’t leave this to the final draft

- do check your final draft

Avoiding plagiarism 2

Develop good note-taking habits

• Don’t copy or rewrite text as you’re reading it: read a whole section, think about it & then summarise it in your own words

• If you must copy & paste text: place text in quotation marks as a reminder to rewrite it later

• Adopt a method to clearly distinguish your own thoughtsfrom those of others

Avoiding plagiarism 3

Quoting correctly

• Better to summarise using your own words rather than quote emphasises your own understanding when referring to an author’s

ideas or findings

• If you do copy an author’s exact words: limit the amount & must distinguish words from your own by ‘quoting’:

i. add “quotation marks” around quotes

ii. Separate longer quotes from your own text by indenting from L.H.

• When quoting, need to include page numbers - as well as surname & year of publication in text - and full reference at end

Avoiding plagiarism 4

Summarising / paraphrasing

• Be aware: if you include too many words from the original text= plagiarism

• Remember:

you still have to cite & reference, even though you’re using your own words or building upon an authors’ ideas

Avoiding plagiarism 4

Original text: “Athletes who use diuretics to lose body water to rapidly ‘make weight’ place themselves at a distinct performance disadvantage because a disproportionate reduction in plasma volume occurs, which negatively affects thermoregulation and cardiovascular function. In addition, Diuretic drugs also can markedly impair neuromuscular function not noted when comparable fluid loss occurs by exercise. Athletes who use vomiting and diarrhea to lose weight not only produce dehydration, but also cause excessive mineral loss with accompanying muscle weakness and impaired neuromuscular function(McArdle, Katch & Katch, 2009).”

Paraphrased version: Using non-natural methods to lose weight, such as Diruetic drugs, vomiting and diarrhea damages the body. Using Diruetic drugs has a negative affect on thermoregulation and cardiovascular function by reducing the plasma volume. Vomiting and diarrhea causes major mineral loss, muscle loss and impaired neuromuscular function; damage not noted in fluid loss occurring during exercise (McArdle, Katch & Katch, 2009).

Essay sites: what’s wrong with them?

• Buying assignments is also cheating/plagiarism

• Unpredictable quality: often inaccurate & poorly written

• Inappropriate academic level

• What resources did the author use?

• Expensive & time consuming

• If you’ve found it, who else has…?

• Traceable!.. Again, you can get caught

Quiz: is it plagiarism if you……copy & paste a paragraph of text without using quotation marks & referencing it?

1. Yes

2. No

Is it plagiarism if you…

…substantially rewrite the ideas of another author, cite the author and provide a reference?

1. Yes

2. No

Is it plagiarism if you…

…claim work produced by another student as your own?

1. Yes

2. No

Is it plagiarism if you…

…copy a diagram from a web site, book or journal; and provide a reference for the source underneath & at the end?

1. Yes

2. No

Is it plagiarism if you…

1. Yes

2. No

…incorporate text from another source, change one or two words and provide a citation?

Referencing: using the

Journal of Sports Sciences

guidelines for authors

Why should you provide references?

· To avoid plagiarism & related penalties by

acknowledging others’ ideas ,words etc

· To help others trace your sources of information

quickly & easily

· To demonstrate the breadth of your research

· To demonstrate the depth/quality of the material

you’ve found

Cite author surname(s) & date within your text

Citing 1 or 2 author(s)

Biddle (2008) argued that…

It has been suggested that…(Biddle, 2008)

Smith and Jones (2004) set up an experiment that…

(Use & if two co-authors cited in brackets)

Citing 3 or more authors

Just cite first surname followed by et al. e.g. Smith et al.

Instructions in Journal of Sports Sciences are morecomplicated but James Betts states the above method is fine

A citation is not needed for:

· Common knowledge and facts…

…unless you are in any doubt

as to whether it’s common knowledge

…also a citation IS needed if quoting a definition of a

common piece of knowledge,

· Your own ideas or discoveries…

…unless you are referring to work that you have previously submitted

Reference the full sources at theend of your assignment

• List full details of all your sources

• Don’t include anything you haven’t read

• References listed in alphabetical order by author surname

• Be consistent in your use of referencing style

• Check all your assignment for correct citing/referencing before submission

• If you refer to a document that cites another document: add ‘as cited in…’ details in your text e.g. ‘Adams, A. (as cited in Taylor, B., 2012) argued that…’ However: only include a full reference at the end for the item you actually read e.g. Taylor, B. (2012)…

Reference to a chapter in an edited booke.g. each chapter written by different author(s)

Author(s)/Editor(s)., (year of publication). Chapter title. In Editor’s initials, surname (Ed.), Book title (pp. page numbers, ed. number if not 1st edition). Place of publication including US state abbreviations if relevant: publisher.

Sahlin, S. (2006). Metabolic factors in fatigue. In M. Hargreaves, & L. Spriet, (Eds.), Exercise metabolism (pp. 163-186, 2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Reference to a journal article: Also use this format for an online article where it’s the

‘same’ as the print version e.g. has page numbers…

Author(s) of article. (year of publication). Title of article: Subtitle if exists. Title of Journal, volume number, page numbers.

Edmunds, J., Ntoumanis, N. & Duda, J.L. (2007). Adherence and well-being in overweight and obese patients referred to an exercise on prescription scheme: A self-determination and theory perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8, 722-740.

Online-only article reference

MacKenzie, D. (2008). Is the common cold becoming a killer? New Scientist [online], 2672. Retrieved from: http://www.newscientist.com/channel/health/mg19926721.900-is-the-common-cold-becoming-a-killer.html

Better still, if you can find the article’s DOI number, reference that instead of the URL. Instead of ‘Retrieved from’, add the following: doi: xx.xxxxxxxxxx

Citing/referencing more than 1 paper by same author in same year?

If using more than one reference by the same author (or same groups of authors listed in same order) & published in the same year:

• list them alphabetically by title of article/chapter etc., adding suffixes to the year to distinguish them e.g.

Jones, G. & Smith, D. (2008a). Biomechanics of the…

Jones, G. & Smith, D. (2008b). Plyometric training for the…

• Use same suffix where each relevant source is referred to in

your text e.g. ‘Jones & Smith (2008b) discovered that…’

More detailed guidelines for referencing:Also note link for understanding journal abbreviations

Use SES link to Journal of Sports Sciences guidelinesunless asked to using alternative style

Journal abbreviations in references

References to journal articles often use a short form of the journal title

e.g. Med Sci Sports Exerc

Visit Library’s web site’s information skills section

for link to journal abbreviations guide

Peter Bradley: Your Subject Librarian

P.G.Bradley@bath.ac.ukOffice on Level 5

Other Librarians are also happy to help

Any questions? I’m here to help…