Referencing, Plagiarism and Paraphrasing

Although an assignment is your own opinion, it needs to be

backed up by evidence (research, reports, case studies, theories, etc. ).

Referencing is how we allow the reader to know which evidence you used, either to formulate or back up your own opinion.

DBS School of Arts: APA (American Psychological Association) style is used. Specifically the style found in the book “Concise Rules of APA Style (6th ed.)”.

DBS School of Business: Harvard style is used. Specifically the style found in the “Cite them Right” series of books.

Referencing: What is it and Why bother

To give weight to your argument, the more evidence

supplied the better.

Go give credit to those whose knowledge you’ve utilised

To prove that you conducted your own secondary research.

To avoid committing plagiarism.

To establish academic credibility.

To instruct others where to find the information that you used (reference lists are a great source of information).

The Advantages

1. Direct Quote When using someone else exact words, always place them within

“quotation marks”. Treat long quotes (40+ words) as separate paragraph.

2. Paraphrase Instead of using a direct quote you can re-write someone else’s

idea or theory in your own words. This is called paraphrasing. However, you must completely re-write the original text – you cannot simply change it around a little!

3. Summarise If you want to give a brief synopsis of the entire content of another

work, you can briefly summarise it without going into a lot of detail.

HOW TO CITE…

Direct Quote Only quote directly from a text when it's important for

your reader to see the actual language used by the author of the source.

Use a direct quote to make an observation/claim (definition).

Or Make you observation/claim and then back it up by

inserting a quote.

ExampleResearch has shown that “acts of plagiarism are often conflated with other intellectual property crimes…” (Lampert, 2008, p. 15).

Reference List Lampert, L. D. (2008). Combating student plagiarism: an academic librarian's guide. Oxford: Chandos. (Harvard and APA Style)

Paraphrasing Preferred method to cite academically for numerous

reasons. The flow of the language is maintained. The author demonstrates knowledge by articulating in own words. Plagiarism incidents reduced.

Example

Reference List Jobber, D., and Lancaster, G. (2006). Selling and sales management. Harlow: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. (Harvard Style)

Original text must be completely

rewritten when paraphrasing!

Original ParaphrasedIn some cultures selling and trade in general have low social approval. A company selling overseas may thus have difficulty in recruiting appropriate sales personnel.

Finding local employees to sell products in foreign countries can be challenging, as trading may not be viewed in as favourable as light as in the company’s home country. (Jobber and Lancaster, 2006, p. 178)

Summarising Very like paraphrasing, except a complete body of work

(book/chapter) is summarised in the author’s own words. Normally a quick description of the main points or a brief

synopsis. You should include a signal or phrase to identify

who/what you are summarising.

ExampleA research paper called “Does Watching Smoking in Movies Promote Teenage Smoking?” found that teenagers who experienced high exposure to smoking in movies were three times more likely to try experimenting with smoking (Heatherton and Sargent, 2009).

Reference List Heatherton, T. F., & Sargent, J. D. (2009). Does Watching Smoking in Movies Promote Teenage Smoking?. Current Directions In Psychological Science, 18(2), 63-67. Retrieved January 19, 2015, from Academic Search Complete. (APA Style)

Secondary Referencing You read a book by Boyle and she cites Hill on page 12. If possible try and locate Hill’s book. If not possible, secondary reference.

ExampleA large minority, 38 per cent, of the cinema audience of Reservoir Dogs were women, according to the Cinema Adverting Association (Hill, 1997, as cited in Boyle, 2005, p. 12).

Reference List Boyle, K. (2005). Media and violence. London: Sage Publications.

(APA Style)

Take a record of all of the materials that you used as you go

along.

Tips Zotero is great for this. Save sources in your personalised Discovery folder. Make notes on the eBook version of the book (Dawsonera)

Create an in-text citation every time you mention someone else’s work (possibly several citations for each book, article, etc.).

Build an alphabetised Reference List which contains every source cited, this goes at the end of your assignment.

Three Step Process

To Cite or Not to Cite?

You give statistics.

The information is unique and not known by most people.

The reader might ask, “How do you know that?”

You use a direct quotation from someone else.

You use someone else’s ideas.

You paraphrase / take info from elsewhere.

You must reference when..

The information is commonly known (either by the general

population, or commonly known within the particular discipline).

When most or all of your sources say the same thing on that particular point.

When it is your own original thought or opinion.

No need when…

Bette

r

cite

than

sorry!

When you’re not sure… Cite it Anyway!

TipNeed to cite a fact? Credo is

great for factual information.

CITATION EXAMPLE

Book with one author

(Cooper, 2009, p. 309)or

According to Cooper (2009, p. 309)

Sometimes things not so straightforward though..

Book (2,3, more authors)

Book with an editor (Different chapters written by different authors)

eBook

Journal Article from print journal

Webpage

Newspaper

eJournal article

And more….

As information is all around us, you’ll use lots of different sources when compiling assignments and they all need to be referenced;

Your Reference List should appear at the end of your assignment, it provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the assignment.

Reference List entries answer key questions;

Who created this? (most important) When was it created?

Where is this information found? Where was the source created?

Who created the source?

Reference Lists

BOOK JOURNAL ARTICLE

WEBPAGE

Who created this?

Author(s) Author(s) Author (s)

When was it created?

Year of Publication

Year of Publication

Year of Creation

What is this information

called?

Title of Book/Title of Chapter

Title of Article Title of Webpage

Where is it found?

N/A Title of Journal – Volume – Issue –

Page numbers

Title of Website

Where was the source created?

Place of Publication

N/A N/A

Who created the source?

Publisher N/A N/A

Where can it be viewed?

N/A N/A URL link

When did you view it?

N/A N/A Date you used this resource

What is Plagiarism?

Plagiarism is...

Not using “quotation marks” for quotes.

Using content from another source and just ‘changing it around a little’…

…even if you reference the original source this is still plagiarism!

Collaborating with another student on an individual assignment.

Re-submitting one of your older essays as a new assignment.

Copying a someone else’s work.

Getting someone else to write your assignment.

Not referencing every piece of information you get from another source.

Learn how to take notes correctly

Write in your own words

Reference all your sources

Never copy’n’paste!

How to Avoid Plagiarism

Active Reading and Note Taking

• You will be primarily sourcing your information from books, articles (PDF) and credible websites.

• Active reading is taking notes as you read the source in order to understand and evaluate it.

Active Reading and Note Taking

• Once notes have been taken and you’ve decided to incorporate this source into your own work, you need to make sense of the notes.

• Gather the notes taken from various sources and compare/contrast them.

• At this stage you can add your own interpretation.

• Notes will be used as evidence to back up your argument/interpretation.

• The most effective way to use others’ views /ideas to back up your argument is to paraphrase them.

TipOnce

downloaded, you can

highlight and add notes to

PDFs

Paraphrasing

(Paraphrasing or Plagiarism)

Original VersionThe most general definition of the labour market is that it consists of workers who are looking for paid employment and employers who are seeking to fill vacancies. The amount of labour that is available to firms - labour supply - is determined by the number of people of working age who are in employment or seeking employment and the number of hours that they are willing to work.

Paraphrased VersionThe labour market can be defined as an exchange in which workers seek paid work and employers or business owners have job vacancies which they seek to fill. Labour supply is calculated by determining the amount of people eligible to work, whether they are looking for or are currently in employment, and the number of hours which they are willing to work (Beardwell and Clayton, 2007, p. 123).

Plagiarism Example

Re-read the two paragraphs

Plagiarism Example

Comparison of both paragraphs

Plagiarism Example

Example of a non-plagiarised paragraph

How to Paraphrase Correctly

(Paraphrasing – A Worked Example)

1. Read the

Original

2. Take & Make Notes

(Paraphrasing – A Worked Example)

3. Write in your

own Words

4. Add in the

Reference