PHISTPG I:Chapter 1: PHILIPPINES AND ITS PEOPLE

Philippines: archipelago; located a little above the equator.

Coastline: irregular; “a mid-ocean archipelagic state”

Manila Bay: considered as 1 f the finest natural harbors in the world.

Phililippine deep: pone of the deepest sea trenches in the world.

Mount apo: highest mountain in the Philippines; 2,954m high.

3 mountain ranges in Luzon: Western caraballo mountain range, Sierra Madre mountain range, caraballo De Baler.

Sierra Madre: longest continuous mountain range in the Phillipines.

Mayon and taal volcano: most active ones. Philiipines= Seismic belt. It lies in the path of

Earthquakes. Tropical and maritime climate Dry season (Dec to May); Wet season (June to

Nov); May is the hottest; January is the coldest. Natural resources: “Black Gold”—Oil; abundant

supply of Minerals. Rice: main crop of the country. Insufficient due to:

typhoon and floods, agricultural sector remains backward, production shift to sources of biofuels, massive conversion of farm lands to residential and commercial, loss of farm labor.

Philippines: among the world’s supplier of semiconductors and manufactured goods.

Birth rate: 26.42 births/1000 Life expectancy: 67.89 yrs (men); 73.85 yrs

(women) Population: apprx. 92M Filipinos. Government: Legislative, Executive, Judiciary. Barangay: smallest political unit headed by the

Barangay Captain. Filipino traits: Hospitality, Close family ties, respect

for the elders, sentimentalism. Filipino Values: sense of togetherness, debt of

gratitude, sense of shame.

Chapter 2: THE PHILIPPINES IN ANCIENT TIMES

Cagayan man/Homo erectus philippinensis: had similar characteristics as the Java man (Indonesia) and Peking man (China)

1962: a skull cap of man was discovered in the Tabon Caves of Palawan.

Gadya: elephant Negritos (aeta, Ati, Dumagat): another kind of

settlers, came to the Philippines by crossing the land bridges; practiced agriculture similar to the kaingin system

Austronesians: came to the Southeast Asia by boats from Southern China; had brown skin(kayumanggi) and an early stone age culture.

500 to 800 B.C: Early Filipinos learned how to make copper and bronze implements; built rice terraces; irrigation, smelting, manufacturing of weapons, utensils, ornaments, etc

Economic life: Kaingin system(land was cleared by burning shrubs and bushes); Tillage system(land was plowed and harrowed then followed by planting.

Industries: mining, fishing, poultry, livestock raising, logging, pottery, weaving.

No currency was used in trading. “Baligya”—Barter system

Social life:1. Nobles- chiefs and their families; society’s upper

class; highly respected.2. Freemen- middle class3. Dependents:

Aliping namamahay Aliping saguiguilid

Visayans: Tumataban, Tumarampuk, Ayuey. Dependents:

1. Full-dependent- parents are both dependent2. One-half dependent- one parent as dependent3. Semi dependent- parent being one-half dependent

and the other free. Women = Men Women could own and inherit property, engage in

trade and industry, could succeed as chieftain of the community; right to give names to their children.

Men respected the women. Men walked behind women for protection.

Marriage customs: class married the same class; man could marry as many women as he could support.

Courtship:

1. Paninilbihan/Pamamalae: man served the parent of the woman by chopping wood, fetched water, and did errands.

2. Bigay-Kaya: man’s dowry which usually consisted of a piece of land or gold.

3. Panghimuyat: man must give a gift to the parent’s of the girl.

4. Bigay-suso: gift to the wet nurse. Marriage ceremony: a priestess would bow to the

assembled guests and then would take the hands of the couple and join them over a plate of uncooked rice.

Barangay: basic unit of the government; 30 to 100 families

Buwis-tax. Chieftain was powerful and exercised the powers

of the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary; he was the supreme commander in war.

Council of Elders: advisers of the chieftain in law-making.

Sanduguan: formed alliances; blood compact; “blood-brothers”.

Umalohokan: “town-cryer”; to announce to the community the approval of the law.

Jury: composed of the chieftain as judge and the elders of the barangay as members.

Trial by ordeal: river ordeal, boiling water ordeal, candle ordeal, uncooked rice ordeal. Innocent was protected by bathala and the guilty was punished by bathala.

Clothing: 1. Male:

Kangan-jacket with short sleeves; color indicated rank of the wearer.

Bahag- lower clothing;consisted of a cloth wound around the waist, passind down between the thighs.

Putong: headgear; piece of cloth wrapped around the neck.

2. Female: usually naked from the waist up. Saya: skirt

Ornaments: gold trinkets, tattoo(man’s war record) Houses: built from bamboo, wood/nipa palm

because of the tropical climate; “haligi”-stakes/foundation; “batalan” –kitchen; “silong”-animal pen under the house.

Education: “sipol”- pen used for writing; left to right; mothers-first teachers; informal and practical; “Baybayin”- system of writing (17 letters)

Early Literature: written and oral1. Oral Literature:

Sabi (maxims) Bugtong (riddles) Talindaw (boat song) Tagumpay (victory song) Uyayi/hele (cradle song) Ihiman (wedding song) Kumintang ( war song) Bactal (death song) Tudob ( harvest song) Ayog-ku (serenade song) Dallu (religious song) Dallot (ballad song)

2. Written Literature: Biag ni lam-ang (ilocanos) Handiong (bicolanos) Hudhud, alin (Igugaos) Bantugan, Indarapatra and sulayman,

bidasari, parang sabil (muslims) Music and dance:

1. Instruments: Kudyapi-stringed instrument Kullibaw- jew’s harp Bansic: flute Gangsa: guitar Kutibeng: guitar with 5 strings

2. Dance Kinnalogong: hat dance Kinnoton: ant dance Balitaw: love verses Dandansoy: courtship dance

Religious beliefs:1. Bathalang maykapal2. Manunggul jar: container for the bones of the

dead.3. Gods:

Idiyanale: agriculture Sidapa: death Agni: fire Balangaw: rainbow Mandarangan: war Lalahon: harvest Siginarugan: hell

4. Anito: cult of the dead; “soul-spirits”5. Babaylan: priestess6. Burial

Life after death Pro-mourners were hired Morotal: woman Maglahi: man Laraw: dead chieftain

Chapter 3: EARLY CONTACTS WITH NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES (900 – 1400 A.D.)

Orang Damupuan: established trading posts in Sulu.

Buranun: people of Sulu Arab traders: dominated the Southest asian

trading. Chinese traders: competed with the Arabs. Piloncitos: gold coins used for trading; currency. China: use of umbrellas, porcelain, gongs,

manufacture of gun powder, metallurgy and mining methods, wearing white clothes when mourning.

Sanskrit: ancient language of India India: use of cord and veil during weddings. Koran: holy book of Islam Arabia: muslim Filipinos; sultanate; makdum & abu

bakr. Karim ul’ Mahkdum: arrived in Sulu Rajah Baginda: arrived from Sumatra Abu Bakr: married Rajah Baginda’s daughter,

PARAMISULI. Serif Kabungsuan: first sultan of Maguindanao. The Sultanate:

Chapter 4: ENCOUNTER WITH THE WEST (1400-1600) Tierra Incognita: Unknown lands Trade routes:

1. Northern route2. Central route3. Southern route

Northern and central route was monopolized and dominated by the Muslim Turks and the southern route was only made accessible to the venetians.

Portugal: first to send expeditions to the east. Prince Henry the navigator: discovered the islands

of Azores and Madeira; Portuguese Bartholomew diaz: discovered the cape of good

hope; Portuguese Christopher Columbus: discovered the north

America Amerigo Vespucci: “new world”—America Spain VS. Portugal: sea rivalry. Pope Alexander VI (Spaniard): issued papal bull

—“Inter Caetera” Treaty of Todesillas: June 7, 1494: 370 leagues

west of Cape verde islands. East: Portugal: West: Spain. Ferdinand Magellan: Portuguese but served Spain;

King Manuel I of Portugal; King Charles I of Spain Mollucas: Spice Island. Ships of Magellan: Trinidad(Flagship), Concepcion,

Victoria, Santiago, San Antonio;; 250-270 men. Sept. 20, 1519: Magellan Expedition Started.

April 16/16, 1521: Magellan reached the Philippines..

Sept. 8, 1522: expedition ended; 18 sailors, circumnavigation completed.

Significance of Magellan’s voyage: 1. Rediscovery of the Phil., Mar.16, 15212. Paved the way for Spanish Colonization3. Started the Christianization of the Philippines

First mass Fr. Pedro De Valerrama held in Limasawa.

First mass baptism of 800 Cebuanos (including Humabon and Juana)

4. Proved that the earth was round. First blood compact bet. Filipinos and Spaniards:

Magellan and Tajah Kulambu of Limasawa. Rajah Sula asked Magellan’s help to defeat his

rival, Rajah Si Lapulapu. Magellan was killed. The Trinidad was captured by the Portuguese,

while the Victoria, commanded by Sebastian del Cano, succeeded in reaching Spain

Treaty of Zaragoza: April 22, 1529; Portugal won possession of the Moluccas after paying the sum of 350,000 gold ducats.; imaginary line was drawn from north to south at 291 ½ leagues east of the Moluccas.

Ruy Lopez De Villalobos: Villalobos Expedition; six ships; Villalobos left Mexico on Nov. 1, 1542, crossed the vast pacific and reached the Mindanao in Feb. 1543.

Villalobos named the islands of Samar and leyte, Felipinas, in honor of Prince Philip of Spain, who later on became King Philip II.

Legazpi Expedition: Miguel Lopez De Legaspi; 4 ships; about 380 men; Nov. 21, 1564; expedition started.

Legazpi made a blood compact to Bankaw, Datu of Limasawa, Datu Si Katuna, and Si Gala.

Father Urdaneta: discovered the Manila-Acapulco route.

Legazpi and his men entered Cebu Harbor on April 27. He and his men settled there.

Gonzalo De Pereire, Portuguese captain, harassed Legazpi by blockading Cebu in order to starve the Spaniards.

Legazpi decided to move to Panay after learning that food was abundant there.

Juan De Salcedo: Legazpi’s grandson; reported to Legazpi that Manila was a prosperous Muslim Kingdom.

Manila: “Maynila” as called by the natives; was a thriving muslim kingdom ruled by Rajah Sulayman/Soliman.

Martin De Goiti VS. Rajah Sulayman. Legazpi was appointed as the first gov. gen of the

Philippines; King ordered him to colonize more of the archipelago.

Legazpi took over Manila in 1571. June 24, 1571: Manila; capital of the Philippines. King Philip II called Manila as “The Distinguished

and Ever Loyal City”. Legazpi: died on Aug. 20, 1572. Ayuntamiento: city government Alcalde: magistrates Alguacil Mayor: chief constable Regidores: legislative council members Escribano: court clerk

Chapter 5: THE PHILIPPINES UNDER SPANISH RULE (1600s – 1800s)

Spain claimed the Philippines by: Right of discovery & Right of actual occupation.

Council of Indies: Spanish officials that governed the Phils.

1863: The Phils. Was placed underthe jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Colonies or Overseas Ministry(Ministerio De Ultramar).

Laws of the Indies: La Novisima Recopilacion, Leyes De Toro, Siete Partidas.

Highly centralized form of government. Governor-General:

1. Appointed by the King of Spain as head of the central government.

2. King’s official representative in the colony.3. Possessed executive, legislative and judicial

powers.4. Vice-royal patron of the Philippines.5. Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces.6. President of the Audiencia.

Superior decrees: orders and law of the Governor General.

Royal Decrees: orders coming from the King of Spain.

Audiencia: Supreme Court; judicial powers Gov. Santiago De Vera: first President of the

Audiencia.

Local Government: Under the Central government was the provincial government.

Alcalde Mayor: provincial governor. Indulto De Comercio: the right of the Alcalde

mayor to engage in trade which made him rich. Municipal Government: headed by the

Gobernadorcillo (little governor); approved by the Spanish friar-curate.

Principalia: Maharlika class. Catholic faith:

1. Augustinian order (1565)2. Franciscan Missionaries (1577)3. Jesuits (1581)4. Dominican Missionaries (1587)5. Recollect Missionaries (1606)

Friars became members of the central government.

Father Domingo De Salazar- first bishop of Manila. Father Ignacio Santibañez- first archbishop of

Manila. The Ecclesiastical government was headed by the

Archbishop of Manila, who was appointed by the Pope upon the recommendation of the King of Spain.

Inquisition: ecclesiastical office that searches heretics and guilty of preaching religious doctrines that are contrary to that of the Catholic Church.

Xylography- printing by woodblock. Residencia: trial of outgoing Spanish officials to

ascertain whether they had committed abuses in the performance of their duties.

Governor General Sebastian Hurtado De Corcuera: imprisoned.

Plaza: town center Encomienda: Encomiendero: collects taxes.

1. Royal Encomienda: belonged to the king2. Ecclesiastical Encomienda: belonged to the church3. Privete Encomienda: belong to a private individual.

Forced Labor: “Polo Y Servicio” Sanctorum: a small portion of the collected tribute goes

to the church. Cedula Personal Galleon trade: the trade across the Pacific. Jolo and Manila were the trading center of the

archipelago. Galleon trade was selective; only privileged persons such

as high-ranking officials and the church were allowed to engage.

1811: last galleon from Manila to Acapulco, Mexico came to an end.

Basco Y Vargas: Tobacco Monopoly (cultivation, sale and manufacture of Tobacco); Philippines had slow economic development.

Chapter 7: CULTURAL CHANGES AND IDENTITY Change of Filipino names to Christian names;

resulted to confusion. Gov-Gen. Narciso Claveria: decree that allows

Filipinos to change their names. Spaniards as a rule did not intermarry with

Filipinos. Pure Filipino was called Indios or Indias. Friar-curate: all-powerful person in the whole

community. What he wanted was always followed. Tribunal: municipal building beside the church. Fiesta: in honor of patron saints. Activities in fiesta: Zarzuela, moro-moro, comedia,

reigios procession. Amusement: Cockfighting- principal form of

entertainment and gambling of the Filipino Men; Lottery, horse race, bullfighting.

Duplo: a kind of debate. Change in clothing:

1. Barong that was loosely worn to distinguish from foreigners.

2. Putong - hats.3. Gobernadorcillo wore a salakot with a silver top.4. Well to do Filipinos wore slippers and the poor

were barefooted.5. Women wore camisa.

The mestiza dress: worn by Filipino women married to Europeans and was influenced by the Spanish Dress.

1. Camisa: upper transparent part; made from husi or pinya.

2. Saya: Skirt; lower part.3. Baksa: Supported by the shoulders: also made

from husi or pinya. Clothing became a status symbol to distinguishone’s

social class and race. Antillean: Spanish Architectural style Position of women:

1. Taught to be very obedient of their husbands even when they are cruel and immoral.

2. Lived to raise the children.3. Were taught prayers and how to behave in public.

4. Never taught how to be independent nor to think for themselves.

5. Treasurer of the family. Adoptions of Spanish words. Printing and Engraving. Education: primary and secondary schools were opened

but children were afraid to go to school because the teachers were often brutal.

Use of Vernaculars.

Chapter 8: Jose Basco Y Vargas: appointed as Gov-Gen of the

Philippines; surveyed the economic condition of the country; found the galleon trade as unproductive for the Filipinos; He improved commerce by encouraging the cultivation of crops for export.

Basco established the Royal Company (1785) and the Economic Society of Friends of the Country (1781).

Basi Revolt: was among the bloodiest uprisings ever recorded during this time.

Laissez-faire: “let alone policy”- full freedom to private individuals and firms to engage in economic activities without much interference from the government; this allowed the entry of foreign films to the country.

Nicholas Loney: British consul in Iloilo; introduced the first modern machinery that converted sugar cane into refined sugar.

Inquilinos: tenants in the haciendas. Ilustrados: wealthy and highly-educated Filipinos Insulares: Spaniards born in the Philippines. Peninsulares/Españoles: Spaniards born in Spain. Foreshadowing of developing consciousness of the

masses:1. Publication of Florante at Laura by Francisco

Baltazar or Balagtas.2. Revolt by Apolinario De la Cruz or “Hermano Pule”.