phg 251 (7)

8/2/2019 PHG 251 (7)

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Unorganized drugs

They are crude drugs of plant or animal origin andhaving no cellular structure. They are eithermixture of chemical substances or they aredecomposition products.

They are classified into several groups:

1. Resins and resin combinations.

2. Gums

3. Lattices.4. Juices.

5. Extracts.

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1- Resin

Colophony

Origin: the dried residue left after distillingthe volatile oil from the oleo-resinobtained from Pinus palustris , P. toeda

and other species of Pinus F. Pinaceae

Solubility: insoluble in water, soluble in

chloroform and ethanol.

Constituents: 84% abietic acid, volatile oil.

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Chemical tests:

1- 10 ml of 1% solution in acetic anhydride, add adrop of H2SO4 → bright pink colour → violet.

2- Shake 0.05 g powdered colophony with

benzene, filter, to the filtrate add equal volume ofdil. Cu acetate, shake → the benzene layer

acquire a bright bluish green colour.

Uses: stimulant and diuretic

Ingredient of ointments, plasters, varnishes, paintdryers, printing inks and floor coverings.

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2- Oleogum resins

Myrrh

Origin: oleogumresin obtained from thestems and branches of Commiphora molmol and other species of Commiphora

F. Burseraceae

Constituents: volatile oil, resin, gum, bitterprinciple.

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Chemical tests: 1- Triturate powdered myrrh with water → yellowish brown

emulsion.2- triturate 0.4 g of myrrh with 1 g of sand, shake with 10 ml

ether, filter, divide the extract into two dishes:a- evaporate to dryness, add few drops of HNO3 → purplish

violet colour.

b- evaporate to dryness, expose to bromine vapour →violet colour.

Uses:

1- Antiseptic in mouth wash preparations.2- uterine stimulant and emmenagogue.3- stomachic.4- In perfumery.

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3- Gums

a- Gum Arabic

Origin: the dried gummy exudates from thetrunk and branches of Acacia Senegal or

of some other African species of Acacia F.Leguminosae

Solubility: 1 g is almost completely soluble,but slowly, in 2 ml of water. Insoluble inethanol and in ether.

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Constituents: 1- Arabin: a complex mixture of calcium,magnesium and potassium salts of Arabic acid.

Arabic acid: branched polysaccharide

2- enzymes: oxidases, peroxidases and pectinases.

Chemical tests: 1- aqueous solution + H2O2 + benzidine → deep blue

colour.2- powder + I2 → yellowish brown colour. 3- aqueous solution + solution of lead acetate →

flocculated white ppt.

Uses: 1- Emulsifying and suspending agent.2- demulcent and emollient.3- adhesive and binder in tablet manufacture.

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b- Gum Tragacanth

Origin: the dried gummy exudates obtainedby incision from Astragalus gummifer andother Asiatic species of Astragalus F.

Leguminosae

Solubility: slightly soluble in water, swellingat first into a homogeneous adhesivemass. It is insoluble in ethanol.

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Constituents: 1- Bassorin: a complex of polyhydroxylated acids

2- Tragacanthin: demethoxylated bassorin

Chemical tests: 1- aqueous solution + HCl, heat for 30 min., divide into two portions:

a- add NaOH and potassium copper tartarate, heat in W.B. → red ppt

b- add BaCl2 → no ppt (agar).

2- solution in water + barium hydroxide → slight flocculent ppt , heat →yellow colour.

Uses: As gum arabic, but due to its resistance to acid hydrolysis it is preferred

for use in highly acidic conditions.

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4- Dried JuicesAloe

Origin: the solid residue obtained by evaporatingthe liquid juice, which drains from the leaves, cuttransversely near their bases, of Aloe ferox andits hybrids known in commerce as Cape Aloes,or of A. perryi known in commerce as Socotrineor Zinzibar Aloes or of A. vera known incommerce as Curacao Aloes F. Liliaceae

Solubility: partially soluble in water, chloroformand ether, completely soluble in ethanol, alkaliand glacial acetic acid.

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Constituents: 1- number of anthraquinone glycosides, themajor one is barbaloin.

2- A number of free anthraquinones.

Chemical tests: 1. aqueous extract + borax, heat, add 5-10 drops of this

solution to a test tube filled with water→ greenfluorescence.

2. Aqueous extract + bromine water → pale yellow ppt. 3. Aqueous extract, shake with benzene, add amm.

Hydroxide to benzene layer → cherry red colour in theamm. Layer.

Uses: 1. cathartic.2. Hair fall.

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5- Dried Aqueous Extracts

Agar

Origin: it consists of polysaccharidesobtained by extracting various species ofRhodophyceae, mainly those belonging tothe genus Gelidium , with boiling water,filtering whilst hot and evaporating todryness.

Solubility: insoluble in cold water, slowlyswells and is soluble in boiling water.

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Constituents: it is the calcium salt of strongly ionized,acidic polysaccharides. It can be resolved into two

major fractions, agarose and agaropectin.

Chemical tests:

1. powder + rhuthenium red → the particles are staineddeep red.

2. Powder + KOH → deep yellow colour.

3. Powder + I2

→ reddish to violet but not blue colour.

4. Aqueous solution + dil. HCL, boil in W.B. for 30 min,add BaCl2 → white ppt. ( gum tragacanth and gelatin).

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Uses:

1. Laxative

2. Suspending agent and emulsifier.

3. Gelating agent for supp. And surgical lubricants.

4. Tablet disintegrate.

5. Used as a gel in bacteriologic culture media.

6. In food processing.

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6- Dried Latices

Opium

Origin: the air dried latexobtained by incision of theunripe capsule of Papaver somniferum F.Papaveraceae.

Constituents: opium contains alarge number of alkaloids, themost important of them:morphine, codeine,

papaverine and contains 3-5% meconic acidwhich existsfree or in combination withalkaloids.

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Chemical tests: 1. Extract with alcohol containing a few drops of

dil. HCl, evaporate to dryness.

2. Residue, boil with water + MgO, filter while hot,concentrate the filtrate which contains Mgmeconate.

3. Acidify with HCl + few drops of FeCl3 → brownred to purplish red colour.

Uses: opium is CNS depressant. It acts asanalgesic and hypnotic.

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Animal Drugs

1- Cantharides(Spanish fly, Russian fly, Blistering beetle)

Origin: the dried insect Cantharis vesicatoria F.

Meloidae

Constituents: Cantharidin which is the inneranhydride of a dibasic acid cantharidic acid.

Uses: externally, irritant, vesicant and rubefacientUsed in plasters and hair preparations.

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2- Ambergris

A very expensive substance used inperfumery, it is a pathological product inthe intestine of sperm whales or cast by

them into the sea.

It contains 25% of ambrein, it has a fragrant

musk-like odour.

Used in perfumes.

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3- Musk

Origin: the dried secretion from the folliclesof the musk deer Moschusmoschiferus, a small deer found in

China and the Himalayas.

Constituents: mainly volatile oil contains a

cyclic ketone (15C) called muskone.

Uses: in perfumes.

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4 - Bees Wax

Origin: the wax separated from the honeycomb ofthe hive bee, Apis mellifera and other species ofApis F. Apidae.

Constituents: 80% myricin (myricyl palmitate andstearate)

Uses: in ointments.Commercially it is an ingredient of a number of

polishes.

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5- Gelatin

It is a mixture of gel-forming proteins obtained by treatingcertain animal tissues, particularly skin and bones withhot water. The process converts insoluble collagens intosoluble gelatin, the solution is then purified andconcentrated to a solid form.

Constituents: consists mainly of the protein glutin and sogives positive test for proteins.

Uses:1. In preparation of capsules, supp.2. Nutrient, used in preparation of food products.3. In bacteriologic culture media.

phg 251 (7)

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