““The first impression is the last impression”The first impression is the last impression”

K Varun DaahalK Varun DaahalMD8017 MD8017

Persona Latin, literally ‘mask, character played by an actor.’

Persona-lity

"Personality is a mask you believe in.”

- Dr. White

Warren Buffet says “ Patience & Temperament creates Wealth “

Steve Jobs is notoriouslybad tempered & impatientHe says Innovation creates wealth

Rupert Murdoch has two phones always with him all the times. He says his wealth comes from never missing Out on the deal

Richard Branson says hedoesn’t even carry a phone.He has a team of people who do deal he says he is terrible at doing deals

J K Rowling (Harry Potter) says listen to your Heart not to the Market Place…. It doesn’t knowWhat it wants until it sees it

Lakshmi Mital (Mittal Steels) says that numbers don’t lie, so he doesn’t stray from them.He says Emotions cause people to Lose Money

Things that Contribute in Determining Personality

Personality

Words you Speak

Body Language

Way to meet people

Ability to handle pressure

Willingness to take challenges

Your thoughts and ideas

Theories of Personality

Psychoanalytic Theory

Type Theories

Trait Theories

Self-Theory

Conscious

Unconscious

Superego Preconscious

Id

Ego

Informationwhich can

easily bemade

conscious

Thoughts,feelings,

urges, and otherinformation

that is difficultto bring toconsciousawareness

Informationin your

immediateawareness

Rational, planful,mediating dimensionof personality

Moralistic,judgmental, perfectionistdimension of personality

Irrational, illogical,impulsivedimension ofpersonality

© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 4–11

Personality Types

• Extroverted or Introverted (E or I)

• Sensing or Intuitive (S or N)

• Thinking or Feeling (T or F)

• Perceiving or Judging (P or J)

Personality Types

• Extroverted or Introverted (E or I)

• Sensing or Intuitive (S or N)

• Thinking or Feeling (T or F)

• Perceiving or Judging (P or J)

MBTI is one of the most widely used personality frameworks which has no hard evidence as valid measure of personality.

William Sheldon (1940, 1942, cited in Phares, 1991) classified personality according to body type. He called this a person’s somatotype. Sheldon identified three main somatotypes:

Sheldon's Somatotype

Character Shape Sample

Picture

Endomorph [viscerotonic]

relaxed, sociable, tolerant, comfort-loving, peaceful

plump, buxom, developed

visceral structure

Mesomorph [somatotonic]

active, assertive, vigorous, combative

muscular

Ectomorph [cerebrotonic

quiet, fragile, restrained, non-assertive, sensitive

lean, delicate, poor muscles

What trait “dimensions” describe personality?

Combination of 2 or 3genetically determined

dimensions

Expanded set of factors“The Big 5”

Extraversion/IntroversionEmotional Stability/Instability

Emotional Stability

Extraversion

Openness

Agreeableness

Conscientiousness

• Calm/Anxious• Secure/Insecure

• Sociable/Retiring• Fun Loving/Sober

• Imaginative/Practical• Independent/Conforming

• Soft-Hearted/Ruthless• Trusting/Suspicious

• Organized/Disorganized• Careful/Careless

© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 4–15

Sixteen Primary Traits

Sixteen Primary Traits

Self Theory : According to RogerRogers's theory of personality is structured around the concept of self. The self is those perceptions the individuals have of themselves and their relationship with others and other aspects of life.

The self is how people see their own behaviour and internal characteristics. Rogers theory assumes that individuals are constantly engaged in the process of fulfilling their potential, of actualizing the true self.

Rogers suggest that each person has concept not only of self but also of an ideal self. An ideal self is the self that person would like to be. When correspondence exists between the real self and the ideal self, a person is generally happy.

Chris Argyris Theory of Immaturity-Maturity personality

According to this theory Chris Argyris has identified specific dimensions of the human personality as it develops.

Immaturity dimensions Maturity Dimensions

Passivity Activity

Dependence Independence

Few ways of Behaving Diverse behaviour

Shallow interest Deep interest

Short time perspective Long term perspective

Subordinate position Super ordinate position

Lack of self awareness Self-awareness and control

How does one measure another’s personality? Methods include:interviews and observationprojective personality testsobjective personality test

© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 4–18

Personality Characteristics in OrganizationsManagers should learn as much as possible about personality in order to understand their employees. We have particular factors influences on individual behaviour in organizations. They are:

• Need Pattern • Locus of control• Machiavellianism• Introversion and Extroversion • Self - Esteem & Self - Concept • Self – monitoring • Risk Taking • Type A/B Personality

© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 4–20

© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 4–21

Conditions Favoring High Machs

• Direct interaction

• Minimal rules and regulations

• Distracting emotions

Conditions Favoring High Machs

• Direct interaction

• Minimal rules and regulations

• Distracting emotions

© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 4–22

High Risk-taking Managers Make quicker decisions. Use less information to make decisions. Operate in smaller and more entrepreneurial organizations.

Low Risk-taking Managers Are slower to make decisions. Require more information before making decisions. Exist in larger organizations with stable environments.

Risk Propensity Aligning managers’ risk-taking propensity to job requirements should

be beneficial to organizations.

© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 4–23

© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 4–24

“Personality is an unbroken series of successful gestures.”- F. Scott Fitzgerald, U.S author