Part IV: Global Interactions

1450C.E.-1750C.E.

AP World HistoryMr. Parks

Global Networks of Communication and

Exchange

Intensification of existing regional trade networks

Brought some prosperity, other disruption in trade: Indian Ocean Sahara Mediterranean Overland Eurasia

Global Networks of Communication and

Exchange

Advance in European cartography, based on prior advances: Classical world Islamic World East Asia

Transoceanic travel now possible

New tools and ship design Astrolabe Better maps The Caravel

Global Networks of Communication and

Exchange

Remarkable new maritime reconnaissance: China: voyages of Zheng He Portugal: West Africa global empire Spanish: Columbus increases interest in transoceanic travel

North Atlantic voyages continued to spur interest in route to Asia

Oceania and Polynesia least affected Less reconnaissance by Europeans in Pacific

Global Networks of Communication and

Exchange

Global Economy fueled by silver from Americas European merchants mostly trade goods between Asian

nations Mercantilism and Joint Stock Companies

Atlantic System Movement of goods, wealth, free/unfree labor Mixing of African, American, and European culture

Global Networks of Communication and

Exchange

The Columbian Exchange Europeans spread disease to the Americas American foods brought back to Europe

Potatoes, maize Cash Crops grown of plantations

Sugar, tobacco Plants, crops, domesticated animals brought to America by

Europeans, Africans Pigs, cattle, rice

Nutrition rises as a result in Afro-Eurasia Deforestation and soil depletion in the Americas

Global Networks of Communication and

Exchange

Increase and intensification of interactions expanded the spread and reforms of major religions Islam spread through Afro-Eurasia, adapted along the way Christianity spreads world-wide, diversified by Reformation Buddhism spread within Asia

Some new forms of religion develop Ex. Sikhism in South Asia

Global Networks of Communication and

Exchange

Merchant and Gov’t profits up, increased support for arts, etc.

Artistic innovation seen around the world Renaissance art in Europe Woodblock printing in Japan

Literacy expanded, prolific authors, new forms of artistic expressions Works of Shakespeare, Cervantes Kabuki in Japan

+New Forms of Social Organization, Modes of Production Peasant agriculture increased, plantations grew, demand for labor went up Peasant labor increased in Russia Cotton textile peasant production in India Silk textile peasant production in China

Slavery from Africa continued, spread

Demand for slaves up in Americas, b/c of plantations

Colonial economies depended on coerced labor Slavery, encomienda system

+New Forms of Social Organization, Modes of Production New social and political elites Creoles in New Spain Manchus in China

Restructuring of ethnic, gender, racial hierarchies Demographic change in Africa (less men) Mestizo and Mulatto in New World

STATE CONSOLIDATION AND IMPERIAL EXPANSION

• Rulers used varied methods to legitimize power• Use of the arts• Courtly literature, monumental architecture

• Religious basis for rule• European Divine Right• Mesoamerican human sacrifice

• Different treatment of ethnic groups• Maximize what the contribute, limit their power• Muslims non-Muslims, Manchus Chinese

• Bureaucratic elites or Professional Militaries• Chinese Civil Service Exam• Paid Samurai

STATE CONSOLIDATION AND IMPERIAL EXPANSION

• Competition over trade routes, state rivalries, local resistance all challenge Empires• Competition for control of India Ocean Lanes• State Rivalries:• Ottoman-Safavid conflicts• European Thirty Years War

• Local Resistance:• Food riots• Samurai rebellions

STATE CONSOLIDATION AND IMPERIAL EXPANSION

• Increased reliance on use of gunpowder, armed trade• European trading posts in Africa, Asia

• Dramatic expansion of land Empires• Ottoman, Mughal, Russian, Manchu China

• Extensive Maritime Empires develop• Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, English