AP TEST REVIEWAP TEST REVIEWSession 4Session 4

1450 – 1750 1450 – 1750

Global InteractionsGlobal Interactions

Overall Themes• Absolutism: centralized governments with a very

powerful monarch• Global Trade: now the Americas are involved and

it is truly GLOBAL (1492 changed everything)• Core-Periphery Theory on full display• Rise of Europe….Decline of China (esp. 19th

century)• Unfree or Coercive labor (bolsters economies of

core states)• Religious Rivalries

– Catholic vs. Protestant in Europe; Islam vs. Christianity in SW Asia and Africa; Hinduism vs. Islam in S. Asia

• Decline of Nomads (such as the Mongols)

What happened right before the era of 1450-1750?

• Population decline and growth– Black Plague caused decline, while

improvements in technology and agriculture brought pop. growth

• Feudalism in Japan and Europe• Yuan Dynasty in China and Kievan Russia

under Mongol Rule (Golden Horde)• Rise of the Inca and Aztec Empires in the

Americas• Mali (western Africa) at its height

More of what happened right before the era of 1450-1750

• Delhi Sultanate in India: the continuing Rise of Islam, the Decline of Buddhism, competing power bases

• Founding of the Ottoman Empire (1281)• Continued decline of the Byzantine Empire• Trade routes in Mediterranean, Indian

Ocean, South China Sea, Trans-Saharan and across the Eurasian steppes keep the world connected

The RenaissanceThe Renaissance• Started in the Italian city-states in the 15th

century, spread to all of Europe• A time of learning and appreciation for

the arts (“rebirth”) • Embracing of classical cultures of Greece

and Rome (architecture, philosophy, art, drama)

• Flourishing trade in Europe allowed wealthy people to spend money on the arts, and it is a fair statement to say that trade made the Renaissance happen!

• Art reflected beauty of human form and architecture reflected classical styles of the Greeks and Romans

• Michelangelo, da Vinci, Rafael, etc.

The Printing Press• Johann Gutenberg (1450)

invented the printing press in Germany

• Allowed for the reproduction of literature, the Bible, etc. into the vernacular which spread literacy and added to the momentum of the Protestant Reformation

• Also allowed for the ideas and learning of the Renaissance to keep on going as more and more people were reading books

• Technological Innovation!

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONTHE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION• Copernicus and Galileo proved

that the Earth was not the center of the universe

• Heliocentric Universe was considered heretical by the Church because it contradicted Church teaching about the centrality of humanity in God’s creation

• This occurred in the 15th and 16th centuries

• Newton “discovered” gravity too

The Enlightenment• Political philosophers such as

John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau taught that government comes from the consent of the governed (citizens have a say in their government, and when government oversteps their bounds the citizens should do something about it)

• Locke inspires leaders of the American Revolution and Rousseau inspires the French Revolution

• Challenged the Divine Right of kings

More Enlightenment…More Enlightenment…

• Thinkers like Voltaire encouraged rational thinking and scientific reasoning to take precedent over superstition and irrationality

• Religious toleration was a hallmark of the Enlightenment

• “No opinion is worth burning your neighbor for.”– Voltaire

MING DYNASTY CHINA MING DYNASTY CHINA • 1368-1644 CE1368-1644 CE• Took power from Yuan (Mongol) DynastyTook power from Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty• Revival of Chinese culture & Removal of Mongol Revival of Chinese culture & Removal of Mongol

InfluenceInfluence• Neo-Confucian (strict social structure)Neo-Confucian (strict social structure)

– Emperor > Scholar Gentry > Farmers > Artisans > Emperor > Scholar Gentry > Farmers > Artisans > MerchantsMerchants

• Population Explosion (champa rice and irrigation Population Explosion (champa rice and irrigation methods helped population grow)methods helped population grow)

• Silk, paper, porcelain in high demand in Europe Silk, paper, porcelain in high demand in Europe allowing for a trade advantage for China and a trade allowing for a trade advantage for China and a trade deficit for Europe…this will come back to haunt China deficit for Europe…this will come back to haunt China later!later!

• Active traders in Indian Ocean and South China Sea Active traders in Indian Ocean and South China Sea (junk ships)(junk ships)

• Traded with Europeans and Japanese for silverTraded with Europeans and Japanese for silver• But for a while, the Ming Dynasty provided China But for a while, the Ming Dynasty provided China

with another golden age with another golden age

MING CHINAMING CHINA

MING CHINA (continued)• Reestablished the Civil Service Examinations

to restore meritocracy• Censored certain writings• Continued the subordination of youth to

elders and women to men (Confucian social order was revived)

THE MING VOYAGESTHE MING VOYAGES• Ming emperor Yongle sent out Zheng He on

voyages throughout the region on huge ships (junks)

• Then the Ming ended the explorations and destroyed the fleets; this prevented the Chinese from becoming a colonizing power and led to their isolationism (which will eventually lead to their being dominated by other powers)

SILVER, MING CHINA, & SPAIN

• The Ming converted to a silver-based monetary system, using Japan and then Spain for silver for their official currency

• Made Spain (and New Spain) wealthy along with the shoguns in Japan

• Inflation resulted because of too much silver, damaging the economy of China

• Ming were then conquered by Manchu (Qing) after numerous rebellions and famine

QING DYNASTY CHINA• Took control from the Ming in 1644

and ruled China for almost 300 years

• Manchurians in leadership role but kept much of Chinese tradition in place

• Civil Service examinations were vital to run the empire

• Conquered large amounts of territory (good news in the beginning, but what goes up…)

• Traded with Europeans but maintained power in the relationship (Macartney Mission is a prime example)

TOKUGAWA JAPANTOKUGAWA JAPAN• Prior to the Tokugawa Shogunate, Japan had

opened up trade with Portugal and the Dutch• Christianity was brought in along with muskets• Eventually Japan would turn against Christianity

and Western influences and become isolationist for centuries, fearing a loss of their traditional ways and their autonomy

TOKUGAWA JAPAN continued

• In 1600, Tokugawa Ieyasu created new capital at Edo (Tokyo) and took power from the emperor, instituting a strict social hierarchy

• Seclusion of Japan began, fearing a takeover by the more powerful Europeans

• Some trade continued but Japanese contact with the outside world was very limited

• Christianity outlawed, as were certain books• Buddhism and Shinto were big religions as

Christianity was persecuted for being foreign

THE ISLAMIC GUNPOWDER EMPIRES

Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal

OTTOMAN EMPIREOTTOMAN EMPIRE1281 - 1914

• Osman and the Turks invade and establish empire to challenge the Byzantine Empire (conquered them)

• Ruled over Greece, Turkey, North Africa and Middle East

• Constantinople becomes Istanbul• Hagia Sofia becomes a mosque• Jews and Christians allowed to practice faith, but…• As the empire grew, so did religious persecution

(Janissaries were children of conquered Christians who were turned into military slaves)

• Under Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire experienced a “Golden Age” due to artistic accomplishments

• Competed with the Safavids to their east

OTTOMAN EMPIRE continued

• Land based empire (controlled Mediterranean for a while but allowed Europeans to dominate sea trade eventually)

• Led by Sultan (absolute monarch with both political and religious authority)

• Bureaucracy in place (viziers had power)• Declined due to sultans neglecting power, too

much growth, corruption, inability to innovate with military and technology

• Janissaries were used for military

SAFAVID EMPIRE1502-1722

• Rivals of the Ottomans, ruled in modern day Iran (Persia)

• Shia Islam dominates after their leader, Ismail, forced the conversion from Sunni Islam to Shi’ite Islam

• “Hidden Imam” expectation (like a savior/messianic figure)

• Reliant on Europe for naval support• Nomads from Central Asia

threatened and then conquered the Safavid Empire

MUGHAL EMPIREMUGHAL EMPIRE1526 - 17391526 - 1739

• Islamic leader Babur invaded and conquered Northern India (Delhi Sultanate was ruling at the time)

• Muslim Empire based on military strength and strong economy (textiles)

• Akbar the Great stressed religious tolerance, needing to win over largely Hindu population

• Akbar married a Hindu princess and then even tried creating a new religion based on himself

• Relied on Europeans for naval support• Taj Mahal built during Mughal Empire

• Seriously, you mean to tell me that all three Gunpowder Empires let European powers handle their naval support and sea trade in an era of unprecedented global maritime trade and imperialism?

Who’s the idiot now?

The Protestant The Protestant ReformationReformation• 1517, Led by Martin Luther, a 1517, Led by Martin Luther, a

Catholic monk who took a stand Catholic monk who took a stand against Church corruption (sale against Church corruption (sale of indulgences) of indulgences)

• Started in Germany and spread Started in Germany and spread to France, the Netherlands, and to France, the Netherlands, and BritainBritain

• Led to decline in the hegemony Led to decline in the hegemony of the Roman Catholic Church of the Roman Catholic Church and religious wars in Europe and religious wars in Europe (Thirty Years’ War)(Thirty Years’ War)

• The Catholic Church responds The Catholic Church responds with the Council of Trent, with the Council of Trent, banning the sale of indulgences banning the sale of indulgences but banning Protestant books but banning Protestant books and thinkingand thinking

• Many new Christian Many new Christian denominations started in Eurodenominations started in Europe

Western Europe on the Rise

• As the Ming are pulling back and becoming isolationist in nature, the powers of the West are just beginning to explore their world in order to conquer it…

PORTUGAL

• Prince Henry the Navigator explores western coastline of Africa along with other explorers (seeking routes to Asia)

• Interested in trading ports as opposed to territorial gains• Dominant in Indian Ocean trade as a result• Major player in Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade early on• Advanced naval technology: astrolabe, caravels, compass

SPAIN• The Reconquista had booted Islam from Iberian

Peninsula• Power consolidated by Isabella’s marriage to

Ferdinand• Backing of the Catholic Church (reciprocal

relationship)• Looking to become dominant in trade (overcome

Islamic domination of Mediterranean), Spain backed Columbus in voyages which led to “discovery” of New World

SPAIN IN THE AMERICAS

• Established colonies from North America to South America and throughout Caribbean

• Wiped out Incas, Aztecs, and other tribes due to disease, slavery, and war (remember Guns, Germs, and Steel)

• Transformation of Mit'a System (Inca Empire became slaves)• Silver mines and relationship with China (made Spain wealthy)• Demographic Impact: disease, death, creation of Mestizo and Mulatto

populations• Columbian Exchange brought plants, animals, disease to different

continents, changing the world forever

POWER BALANCE SHIFT IN POWER BALANCE SHIFT IN EUROPEEUROPE

• Spain overextends itself with too many colonies, lavish spending, and wars not won

• Britain defeats the Spanish Armada• Britain and France are on the rise while Spain

is on the way down, although Spain still had colonies around the world (Latin America, Philippines)

• Netherlands and Portugal also in the mix with trading companies

GREAT BRITAINGREAT BRITAIN

• King Henry VIII’s daughter Elizabeth ruled during a true golden age in which England gained colonies, defeated Spain in 1588, explored the world, and enjoyed cultural success with Shakespeare

• Protestantism, especially Anglicanism, became favored over Catholicism

• The Glorious Revolution peacefully replaced the Catholic James II with the Protestant William and Mary of the Netherlands, ensuring Anglican rulers for a long time to come in Britain

FRANCE• France was mostly Catholic but a Protestant group,

known as Huguenots, fought the Catholics for control of France

• 1598, Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes which created an environment of toleration

• King Louis XIV:“I am the State.”– Revoked Edict of Nantes forcing many Huguenots

to leave France– Built the impressive Palace of Versailles– Territorial expansion in Canada and Caribbean

King Louis XIV and Versailles

THE DUTCH (Netherlands)

• Dutch East India Company active in North America and the Caribbean

• Also active in Southeast Asia – spice trade

THE AMERICAS• Spanish Conquest of parts of North

America, all of Central America, and most of South America

• Portugal in Brazil• England and France in North

America• Population Impact: disease, racial

mixing creates Castas System (Peninsulares, Creoles, etc.)

• Columbian Exchange• Encomienda System enslaved

indigenous population (Mita)• Mercantilism was the dominant

economic system (govt. sponsorship of private companies)

TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

RUSSIA• Mongol occupation (Golden Horde) stalled Russian unification

and development• Ivan the Terrible: absolute rule and territorial expansion; makes

himself first CZAR (Caesar)• Multicultural empire (many different ethnic groups were

conquered and this will make nationalism difficult for Russia in the future)

• Russian Orthodox Church the dominant religion• Peter the Great speeds up the Westernization process (goal: be

more like Europe in order to catch up to Europe)• Most people were serfs (agricultural workers tied to the land)

and Russia will be the last European nation to end serfdom in the 1800’s

Peter the Great

CULTURAL AND INTELLECTUAL

DEVELOPMENTS• The Renaissance• The Scientific Revolution• The Enlightenment• Humanism• Patronage of the Arts

Cultural and Intellectual Developments (continued)

• The Renaissance, starting in Italy, saw a rebirth in the arts and in learning in general (Michelangelo, da Vinci, etc.)

• The Reformation (Martin Luther) caused a split in the Catholic Church and created a new denomination, Protestantism, which spawned thousands of other denominations

• The Enlightenment (Locke, Rousseau) taught that kings did not have absolute authority due a contract between ruler and citizenry

• The Scientific Revolution (Bacon, Newton, Galileo) changed the way people saw their universe and rationalism and scientific knowledge began to decrease the power of superstition and non-scientific traditions

CHANGING BELIEFS

• The Protestant Reformation• Neo-Confucianism in China• Missionaries: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism

spread to other lands because of missionary work

AP Essay Prompts

Describe and explain continuities and changes in religious beliefs and practices in ONE of the following regions from 1450 to the present.

Sub-Saharan AfricaLatin America/Caribbean

For the period from 1500 to 1830, compare North American racial ideologies and their effects on society with Latin American/Caribbean racial ideologies and their effects on society.

Analyze the changes and continuities in commerce in the Indian Ocean region from 1650 CE to 1750 CE

Within the period from 1450 to 1800, compare the processes (e.g. political, social, economic) of empire building in the Spanish Empire with the empire building in ONE of the following:

The Ottoman EmpireORThe Russian Empire

DBQ over the silver trade (China, Spain, Americas) from 16th century – 19th century

Analyze the social and economic transformations that occurred in the Atlantic world as a result of new contacts among Western Europe, Africa, and the Americas from 1492-1750.

Describe and analyze the cultural, economic, and political impact of Islam on ONE of the following regions between 1000 CE to 1750 CE. Be sure to discuss continuities as well as changes.

West AfricaSouth Asia

Europe