PARAPHRASE –SUMMARIZE

TUBA AKTAS

ACM EPP

PARAPHRASE & SUMMARIZE

• They are forms of RE-WRITING the original text in YOUR OWN WORDS.

• BUT

• THEY HAVE DIFFERENT FORMS AND DIFFERENT PURPOSES

PARAPHRASE

• WHAT?

• It is a restatement of a text written by another author in your own words.

• You should keep the original author’s meaning and tone.

• WHY?

• To help reader understand difficult material

• To avoid plagiarism

• HOW LONG?

• The same length as the original text

• HOW?

• 1- Read the original several times until you are sure you understand.

• 2- Understand the writer’s meaning

• 3- Do not find a synonym for each and every word, but

• 4- Include every essential idea contained in the original.

REMEMBER THESE POINTS• You must provide a reference

• It must be entirely in your own words

• TO MAKE THINGS EASY

• Note taking

• Make a note of the author’s basic points (no need for full sentences)

• What matters is that you get the original idea

NOW use your notes convert the ideas into full sentences

• Provide a reference go back to the original to check

Guidelines for Writing Paraphrases• 1- Say what the original says – no more!

• 2- Keep the order of ideas and emphasis

• 3- Use your own words to restate the message

• 4- Read your sentences again to make sure they make sense

• 5- Do not change the meaning of the original

• 6- Expect your material to be as long as the original

• 7- Do not plagiarize

• 8- Write down your references

• (Troyka, 1995)

SUMMARIZE

• WHAT?

• It is a short form of original writing.

• It includes the main points of a passage and reports what the author is really saying.

• WHY?

• To give reader an overview of the original text

• To provide the reader with the main points of the text

• To avoid plagiarism

• HOW LONG?

• Much shorter than the original text

• HOW?

• 1- Read the original several times until you are sure you understand.

• 2- Understand the writer’s main ideas and organizational structure

• 3- Write a statement in your own words that covers the material

• 4- Read your summary to make sure you did not miss important points or ideas.

Guidelines for Writing Summaries

• 1- Identify the main points

• 2- Make it shorter without losing the main idea

• 3- Use your own words to restate the message.

• 4- You can “quote” if synonyms are not good enough

• 5- Keep it short

• 6- Do not plagiarize

• 7- Write down your references

• (Troyka, 1995)

EXAMPLE

• Original:

• Giraffes like Acacia leaves and hay and they can consume 75 pounds of food a day.

• Paraphrase:

• A giraffe can eat up to 75 pounds of Acacia leaves and hay everyday.

PARAPHRASE EXAMPLE

There are many differentstrategies that businessescan use to price theirproducts. Which one theychoose will depend on theircircumstances. In thissection, we will examinethree different pricingstrategies. We will look athow each works andexplore the reasons thatbusiness might choosethem.

Businesses can price theirproducts in many differentways. The business ownerswill choose according tothe conditions. Thischapter includes threestrategies of pricing. Eachof them will be studiedseparately and the reasonswhy they can be chosenwill be explored.• (Williams & Hill, 2010)

There are many factors thatinfluence people’s purchasingdecisions. In somecircumstances, people buymainly based on the price of theproduct. In other situations, thequality of the product may be astronger factor, and people maypay a higher price for it. Forsome products, and for someconsumers, the brand name ismore important than any ofthese factors. Good marketersneed to have a clearunderstanding of all thesefactors, and several more.

People’s shopping choicesare effected by numerousfactors. Sometimes the priceof the product is importantfor the buyers. Sometimesquality can overcome theprice and a higher will bepaid by the consumers to aspecific product. Brand namewill be the only determiningfactor for some goods andsome customers. In order tobe a successful marketer, onemust know all these factorsvery well.

(Williams & Hill, 2010)

Canikon todayannounced the releaseof the DX3-AC compactstill and video camera.The DX3-AC featuresseveral major newdevelopments thatmake this cameradifferent from allothers.

Canikon released DX3-AC video camera withmajor featuredevelopments.

SUMMARYValue-based pricing is one ofseveral pricing strategies thata business can employ. Thereare several steps involved invalue-based pricing. We willbriefly look at each step andexplain its importance in thewhole process of successfullypricing a product. (Armstrong& Kotler, 2007)

Value-based pricing is astrategy that involvesseveral steps.

REFERENCE

Value-based pricing isone of several pricingstrategies that abusiness can employ.There are several stepsinvolved in value-basedpricing. We will brieflylook at each step andexplain its importance inthe whole process ofsuccessfully pricing aproduct. (Armstrong &Kotler, 2007)

Armstrong and Kotler(2007) stated / pointedout that value-basedpricing is a strategythat involves severalsteps.

REFERENCE…

Stress causes thebody to experiencephysical changessuch as a fasterheartbeat andbreathing rate.

(Cannon, 1932)

Cannon (1932) pointedout that stress causes thebody to experiencephysical changes such asfaster heartbeat andbreathing rate.

PARAPHRASE and REFERENCEStress causes thebody to experiencephysical changessuch as a fasterheartbeat andbreathing rate.

(Cannon, 1932)

Cannon (1932) pointedout that stress causesphysical changes in thebody such as fasterheartbeat andbreathing rate.

SUMMARIZE and REFERENCE

Too much stress – or stressthat continues for a longtime – can cause seriousphysical and emotionalproblems. These problemsinclude troublesleeping, sickness, andpain. Heart disease andprobably cancer probablyresult from stress.

(Blonna, 2005)

Blonna (2005) claimedthat people who areexposed to high levelsof stress for anextended period haveincreasing risk ofgetting diseases.