palm coein clasification
TRANSCRIPT
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: New FIGO Classification
MAHMOUD MELEIS, MD
Agenda
Terminology
New Excluded AUB Menorrhagia
MetrorrhagiaDUB
Waves of change
In 2006, FIGO identified as the appropriate body to provide supervision & international credibility to the ongoing evaluation of new terminology
In 2009, FIGO Menstrual Disorders Group was formed. FIGO World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics , accepted the new terminology.
In 2011, the PALM-COEIN Classification System created. In 2012, PALM-COEIN system was endorsed by ACOG
Nomenclature & Classification of AUB
AUB Validated Terminology AUB: Abnormal uterine bleeding
Umbrella term for both regular and irregular bleeding HMB: Heavy menstrual bleeding
Excessive menstrual bleeding IMB: Inter-menstrual bleeding
Occurs between clearly defined cyclic and predictable menses Acute:
Heavy bleeding that is of sufficient quantity to require immediate intervention to prevent further blood loss
Chronic: Heavy bleeding that is of sufficient quantity to require immediate
intervention to prevent further blood loss
AUB
Acute AUB
IMB HMB
Chronic AUB
IMB HMB
Chronic AUB; Bleeding from the uterine corpus that is abnormal in
volume, regularity and/or timing and has been present for the majority of the past 6 months
Menstrual parameters
Frequency24-38 day
Frequent
Normal
Infrequent
Regularity<20 D / 12 m
Absent
Regular
Irregular
Duration4.5-8 days
Prolonged
Normal
Shortened
Volume5-80 ml
Heavy
Normal
Light
Suggested “normal limits” for uterine bleeding in the mid-reproductive yearsMunro MG. Rev Endocr Metab Disorder (2012) 13: 225-234
Structural Abnormalities
P – Polyps – scored as Present or Absent A – Adenomyosis - scored as Present or Absent L – Leiomyoma
Primary level – Present or Absent Secondary level – Distinguish between submucosal (SM) & others
(O) Tertiary level – Detail location/size of uterine fibroids
M – Malignancy & hyperplasia
AUB-P; Polyps (8-35 %) Diagnosis: US, SIS, hysteroscopy Further sub-classification: Dimensions, location & number Pre-menopausal polyps:
64 – 88% have symptoms Present with HMB, AUB, IMB, or post-coital bleeding Symptoms do NOT correlate with number, diameter & site
Post-menopausal polyps: Most are symptom free Cause for 21-28% of PMP bleeding Associated with cervical polyps in 24-27% Incidence of carcinoma varies between 0–4.8%
AUB-A; Adenomyosis Ectopic endometrial glands & stroma within the myometrium Hypertrophy & hyperplasia of surrounding myometrium Usual presentation: HMB, uterine enlargement, & dysmenorrhea
Adenomyosis
Linear Striations80% PPV
71% Accurate
Heterogeneous myometrium
81% PPV69% Accurate
Sonographic findings of Adenomyosis
Dueholm et al. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2006; 20: 569 82.
Color Doppler: vessels following normal course through an
indistinct mass
AUB-L; Leiomyoma
1ry level: AUB-L 2ry level:
Submucosal – AUB-LSM
Other – AUB-LO
3ry level: Types 0-8
The three stage classification system for leiomyoma
AUB-M; Malignancy & Hyperplasia
Detected based upon results of office biopsy or curettage FIGO AUB Staged only as present or absent Use existing WHO and FIGO categorization Up to 40% of patients with a biopsy diagnosis of complex
hyperplasia with atypia will have a concomitant endometrial adenocarcinoma present
Non-structural Abnormalities
C – Coagulopathy O – Ovulatory Dysfunction E – Endometrial I – Iatrogenic N – Not yet classified
AUB-C; Coagulopathy Prevalence: 3% of women presenting with HMB Etiologies:
Von Willebrand’s disease (10%) Platelet Dysfunction Factor XI deficiency Factor X deficiency
Category includes patient’s taking anti-coagulants
CoagulopathyHistory Screening
HMB since menarche One of the following:
PPH Surgical related bleeding Bleeding associated with dental work
Two or more of the following: Bruising 1-2 times/month Epistaxis 1-2 times/ month Frequent gum bleeding Family history of bleeding symptoms
AUB-O; Ovulatory Dysfunction
Etiology: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) Hypothyroidism Hyper-prolactinemia Mental stress Obesity Anorexia Weight loss Extreme exercise Adolescence Menopausal transition
AUB-E; Endometrial It is diagnosed by exclusion Etiology:
Deficiencies of local production of vasoconstrictors Endothelin-1 Prostaglandin F2a
Excessive production of plasminogen activators Increased local production of vasodilators
Prostaglandin E2
Prostacyclin I2 Disorders of endometrial repair (inflammation)
Chlamydia
AUB-I; Iatrogenic Etiology:
Breakthrough bleeding (BTB) using gonadal steroids is the major component of AUB-I :
Oral contraceptives Continuous or cyclic progesterone IUD or implant related bleeding
Cigarette smoking : reduces the level of steroids because of enhanced hepatic metabolism
Systemic agents that interfere with dopamine metabolism : Serotonin uptake inhibitors
AUB-N; Not Yet Classified Disorders that would be identified or defined only by
biochemical or molecular biology assays Arterio-venous malformations Myometrial hypertrophy Category for new etiologies Pathological conditions of lower genital tract ??
Pathway overview When a woman presents with HMB :
Take a proper history Decide whether the timing, amount of blood loss and/or duration of
the bleeding is out of the norm. Give it a name. Do a proper assessment/evaluation. Make a (provisional) diagnosis. Initiate treatment or referral
Guidelines for investigations
Guid
elin
es
General assessment
Determine ovulatory status
Screening for haemostasis disorders
Evaluation of endometrium
Evaluation of endometrial cavity
structure
Myometrial assessment
Guidelines for investigations
1. General assessment Not related to pregnancy Not emanating from cervix or another location Evaluate for anaemia – Hb
2. Determine ovulatory status Predictable cyclic menses every 22-35 days
3. Screening for systemic disorders of haemostasis Structured history : 90% sensitivity Positive screen: von Willebrand factor, hematologist
Guidelines for investigations
4. Evaluation of the endometrium Endometrial sampling if risk factors are persistent TVUS - endometrial thickness
5. Evaluation of structure of endometrial cavity To identify polyps, submucous myomas TVUS is not 100% sensitive –small lesions undetectable If suboptimal –proceed to SIS or hysteroscopy
6. Myometrial assessment US and +/- hysteroscopy MRI : leiomyoma - adenomyosis
Laboratory testing for evaluating Acute AUB
Laboratory Evaluation Specific Laboratory Tests• Initial laboratory
testing• CBC• Blood group• Pregnancy test
• Initial laboratory evaluation for disorders of hemostasis
• PTT & PT• Activated partial thromboplastin
time• Fibrinogen
• Initial testing for von Willebrand disease
• VWF antigen• Ristocetin cofactor assay• Factor VIII
• Other laboratory tests to consider
• TSH• Serum Fe, total Fe binding
capacity, and ferritin• Liver function tests• Chlamydia trachomatis
Imaging- US TVUS
Assessment of myometrium, cervix, tubes, and ovaries Endometrial Polyps Adenomyosis Leiomyomas Uterine anomalies Endometrial thickening associated with hyperplasia and
malignancy
Saline infusion Sonography
SIS Improves the diagnosis of intrauterine pathology - polyps and
fibroids Better discrimination of location and relationship to the uterine
cavity May be useful prior to hysteroscopic or laparoscopic procedure
for fibroids, polyps and uterine anomalies
MRI Rarely indicated Helps mapping the exact location of fibroids in planning
surgery and prior to embolization When TVS or instrumentation of the uterus (i.e. congenital
anomalies) cannot be performed
Hystroscopy Direct visualization of cavitary pathology Directed biopsy (main benefit over "blind" D&C)
Notation for AUB A patient may be found to have more than one potential entity
contributing to symptoms of AUB. A notation approach has been designed to enable categorization.
For example, if a patient is found to have endometrial hyperplasia and ovulation dysfunction with no other abnormalities, she would be categorized as follows:
AUB P0 A0 L0 M1-C0 O1 E0 I0 N0 May be abbreviated as : AUB – M,0
Notation: each case has 1 identified abnormality
Classification CategorizationSingle Entity Examples
Notation: >1 positive category
Classification CategorizationMultiple Entity Examples
ConclusionAbnormal Uterine Bleeding
FIGO nomenclatureand
PALM-COEIN classification
FIGO nomenclature&
PALM-COEIN classificationSimplified and unified terminologyAllows clear focus of treatment conceptsFacilitates clinical and scientific research collaborationProvides the basis to structure more effective clinical teaching
Take home massage
The term DUB should be replaced by coagulopathy, endometrial & ovulatory disorders
FIGO believes that the classification should be used widely in undergraduate & post-graduate education to facilitate the development of practitioners who are able to provide quality care for women with AUB