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Gas Turbine Power

Generation

-An Introduction

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Combined Cycle Power Generation

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Earliest example of

harnessing jet propulsionfor having Rotary motion.

Originator is Hero ofAlexandria, Egypt

Invention of Aeolipile in 150 BC

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Initial Concept of Engine

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Simple Gas Turbine

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Joule Brayton Cycle

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Open Cycle Gas Turbine for Power Generation

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Gas Turbine Rotor

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Gas Turbine Rotor

M501F/M701F Gas Turbine (MHI)

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FUEL(100 %)

POWER (30 %)

MISC.(3 %)

EXHAUSTHEAT(67 %)

Heat Balance In Gas Turbine

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Gas Turbine Requirements

Factors for a Gas Turbine

High efficiency High specific output (output/kg of air flow)

Key Parameters affecting above:

Firing temperature(Limited by metallurgy/cooling technology

Pressure Ratio

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Higher TIT

Each 55 oC increase in TIT improves Output by 10-13 % and Efficiency by 2-4 %.

TIT for Modern Gas Turbines > 1400 oC

Higher TIT demands :

a. Creep Rupture Strength,

b. Fatigue Resistance to cyclic loadings,

c. Castability and Machinabilty,d. Phase Stability

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Air for Blade cooling

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Air for Blade cooling

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GT Blades: Internal Cooling Passage

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GT Blades: Internal Cooling Passage

l d l l

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GT Blades: Internal Cooling Passage

G l d l C li

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The firing temperature is raised from

1104 oC to 1124oC

GT Blades: Internal Cooling Passage

GT Bl d I l C li P

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GT Blades: Internal Cooling Passage

GT Bl d I t l C li P

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GT Blades: Internal Cooling Passage

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Firing Temp. Trend & Material Capability

Eff t Of C li O TIT

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Effect Of Cooling On TIT

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P f

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Performance

Pr. Ratio

1

2

1

11

P

P

1 147

Efficiency of Simple and Combined Cycle Gas Turbines

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Efficiency of Simple and Combined-Cycle Gas Turbines

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Factors Affecting GT Performance

Ambient Temperature

Altitude above Mean Sea Level (MSL)

Relative Humidity Inlet Pressure Loss

Exhaust Pressure Loss

Performance degradation Steam /Water Injection for NOx Control

Type of Fuel

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TYPICAL

Effect of Ambient Temperature

A 28C results in : ~ 25 % output reduction and

~ 10 % higher heat rate.

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TYPICAL

Effect of Ambient Temperature

A 28C results in* : ~ 25 % output reduction and

~ 10 % higher heat rate.

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Evaporative Cooling

Eff t f Altit d

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Effect of Altitude

At 1000 meterelevation the gasturbine output is15 % lower thanat sea level

Eff t f H idit

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TYPICAL

Effect of Humidity

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4 inches H2O inlet drop produces :

1.50 % power output loss 0.50 % heat rate increase

1.2 F exhaust temp. Increase

4 inches h2o exhaust drop produces :

0.50 % power output loss 0.50 % heat rate increase

1.2 F exhaust temp. Increase

INDICATIVE FIGURES015

TYPICAL

Effect of Inlet Pressure Drop

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TYPICAL

016

Effect of Steam Injection

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TYPICAL

Effect of Evaporative Cooling

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TYPICAL

018

Gas T bine as P ime Mo e

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Gas Turbine as Prime Mover

Self contained power package Units

Provided under supplier under single contract

Stanadardised product line/assembly line

Quick & easy installationsLow capital cost & fast installation

Higher operating costs in Open cycle but high

overall efficiency in Combined cycle

Good cycling capability

Lower pollutant emission

Gas Turbine as Prime Mover

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Lower pollutant emission

Lower installed cost

More compact site

Clean fuel source

No ash disposal

No coal handling cost

Lower O&M cost

Lower manpower

Phase wise construction

Gas Turbine as Prime Mover

Gas Turbine as Prime Mover

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Why not have Gas Turbine

everywhere?

Gas Turbine as Prime Mover

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Map of

GAIL's

Pipelines

in India

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HBJ pipe linecovers Gujarat,

Madhya Pradesh,Rajasthan, UttarPradesh,Haryana and

Delhi, traversinga total of 2,688km.

Gas Turbine as Prime Mover

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Higher fuel cost

Uncertain long term fuel supply

Output more dependant on Temperature

Gas Turbine as Prime Mover

Major Components

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Major Components

Starting system

Inlet Air System

Compressor

Combustion system

Silo typeMultiple Canular

Annular

Turbine

Exhaust system Generator

Bypass Stack system

Waste Heat recovery System

Starting System

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Starting System

1.SFC : Starting Frequency Converter

2.External Motor Driven

Typical power requirement :

2 MW for 150 MW Gas Turbine

Typical Installation

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Typical Installation

Typical Installation

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Typical Installation

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DifferentTypes of

Filters

Typical Installation

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Typical Installation

Why Compressor Cleaning ?

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Thicker boundary layer results inReduced mass flow through the Compressor

Reduced compression pressure gain and

therefore lesser pressure ratio.

Compressor fouling reduces the compressor

isentropic efficiency, resulting in more power

for compressing the same amount of air

Why Compressor Cleaning ?

Washing restores engine efficiency thatwould otherwise be lost by fouling.

Effect of Filter Cleaning on GT Output

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Effect of Filter Cleaning on GT Output

Effect of Filter Cleaning on GT Output

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The compressor bladebefore cleaning

The compressor blade aftercleaning

Effect of Filter Cleaning on GT Output

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Nozzle Spaying Washing Liquid

Nozzles around the Compressor Inlet(Blue Hose)

Compressor Wash Pump Skid

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Compressor Wash Pump Skid

Mixing TankControl systemHigh pressure pump

Pnuematic 12 tyres

Typical Gas Turbine Installations

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yp

Typical section of Combustion Chamber

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yp

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Typical Silo typecombustion chamber

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Silo typecombustionchamber with

Primary andSecondary air

Primary air: 30 %Secondary Air:65 %Blade cooling: 5 %

24 Burners in a Hybrid-Burner-Ring (HBR) Combustor

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GAS TURBINE A SIMPLIFIED SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

Multiple Canular Combustion System

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p y

Siemens 501G Turbine

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COMBUSTION -AIMS

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GAS TURBINE COMBUSTION OBJECTIVES

- CO, UHC, and NOx emission reduction- Attaining high inlet temperature

- Flame Stabilization

- High Combustion Efficiency

- Minimum Pressure Loss ABOVE OBJECTIVES ARE ATTAINED BY

- Lean premix combustion

- Reduced resident time, and

- Increased turbulence. Annular or Canannular combustors are more

suitable for achieving above as compared to Silotype combustion chambers.

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Auxiliary Systems

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Auxiliary Systems

Lub oil system Hydraulic Oil system

Turbine Cooling air system

Fuel system

NOx Control system

Fire protection system

Compressor wash system

Post Combustion Pollution Control

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Post Combustion Pollution Control

SCR: NOx is converted into nitrogenand water vapour by injecting

ammonia in presence of a catalyst.

SCONOx: Single catalyst for removal

of CO, NOx, VOCs, SO2 andrequires no chemical injection.

Principle of DeNOx thru SCR

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Principle of DeNOx thru SCR

SCR

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SCR

Suitable temperature range 300 to 400 oC. Segments having honeycomb patterns

containing catalyst is arranged within HRSG.

Ammonia slip is a concern, requiressophisticated control system for controlling

injection.

Excessive Size and Weight. Costly as compared to primary methods.

Sensitive to fuels containing more than 1000

ppm of sulfur.

H-Technology

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H Technology

The Next generation technology

Firing temperature raised to 2650 deg F

Novel features

Steam Cooling CCP efficiency barrier of 60% crossed

Single shaft CCP configuration 480MW

Reheat Combined Cycles

10% reduction in operating costs

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