original research paper the aquatic beetles …pmcg.co.me/natura-web/natura...

NATURA MONTENEGRINA, Podgorica, 2013, 12(3-4): 719-736

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ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER THE AQUATIC BEETLES (INSECTA: COLEOPTERA) ASSEMBLAGES IN THE LOWER PRUT FLOODPLAIN NATURAL PARK (ROMANIA) Gabriela C O S T E A *, Ion C O J O C A R U ** and Martin P U S C H *** * Natural Sciences Museum Complex “Rasvan Angheluta”, Str. Regiment 11 Siret nr. 6A, 800 340 Galati,

Romania E-mail: [email protected] ** Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, Bulevardul Carol I, nr. 20 A, 700505 Iaş i , E-mail: [email protected] *** Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587

Berlin, Germany, E-mail:[email protected]

Key words: aquatic Coleoptera, river habitats, lake habitats, submerged macrophytes, Prut River, Romania.

SYNOPSIS Aquatic beetles were collected in spring and autumn 2012 in 4

lake and 7 river sampling sites in the floodplain of the Lower Prut River north of Galati (Romania). Thirty-six beetle taxa out of twelve families were identified. In most river sites a population of Potamophilus acuminatus (Fabricius, 1772) (Coleoptera: Elmidae) was encountered, which is a xylophagous beetle species regarded to be strongly endangered in many countries. Total abundance, taxa richness and Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index were higher in lakes compared to the Prut River sampling sites. In lakes, beetle diversity significantly increased with increasing cover of submerged macro-phytes. Aquatic beetles in the Prut river strongly depended on dead wood as a food resource. Results demonstrate the differential habitat use of aquatic Coleoptera in this clay-bed river-floodplain system, where the presence of oxbow channels, submerged macrophytes and submerged dead wood obviously consists crucial habitat elements for aquatic beetle diversity.

INTRODUCTION River floodplains offer a variety of habitats for aquatic invertebrates, both in lotic

and lentic water bodies. Those water bodies not only differ in their current velocity, but also in their seasonal water level fluctuations, temperature regimes, biological productivity, underwater habitat structure, and fish predation pressure on aquatic invertebrates. In river corridors these aquatic habitats not only exist in close proximity,

Na tura Montenegr ina 12(3 -4 ) , 2013

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but they also influence each other, as by hydrological connectivity, by transfer of organic matter, and by migrations of biota. Especially, it is assumed that during droughts when shallow water bodies will dry out other water bodies may serve as refuges for parts of the fauna.

In Europe, most river floodplains are eutrophicated by the input of nutrients from anthropogenic sources, especially from agriculture and wastewater input, or from fish aquaculture. This eutrophication of water bodies in river corridors tends to homogenize environmental conditions in the various types of water bodies that can be encountered there. The use of water bodies for fish aquaculture exerts another strong pressure through fish predation on invertebrates, and through the regular drawdown of the water table.

We used aquatic Coleoptera as a systematic sample group to analyze the relative importance of various habitats present in a river corridor for aquatic biodiversity and community structure.

MATERIALS AND METHODS STUDY AREA Aquatic Coleoptera samplings were carried out in the Lower Prut Floodplain

Natural Park situated in the south-eastern part of Romania, just north of the city of Galati. The park covers an area of 8247 ha and stretches for about 122 km along the Prut River, which forms there the national border between Romania and the Republic of Moldavia.

The park includes many types of natural or moderately altered aquatic ecosystems, including 4925 ha of lakes, wetlands, 2051 ha of forests and 471 ha of wet pastures. Thus, this area represents a refuge for a vast diversity of flora and fauna. The area neighbours the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve and it is included in the European ecological network NATURA 2000 (as Special Protection Area and Site of Community Importance), and in the ‘Lower Danube Green Corridor’. The lower Prut River floodplain includes a number of 11 natural ponds and shallow lakes that are mostly used for fishing and aquaculture. The largest of the lakes that have been historically present, Lake Brates (7428 ha), was however reduced in its size by 70 % during the 1950s in order to win additional area for crop fields (Ghinea, 2002).

The hydromoprhology of the Prut River itself is impacted by the construction of the Stanca-Costesti dam on the upper Prut (total volume: 1400 million m3, length: 60 km) which has disconnected the middle and lower courses of the Prut from the rich sediment

Costea et al.: THE AQU ATIC BEETL ES ( INSECT A: COLEOPTER A) ASSEMBL AGES . . .

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load of the upper courses. This has resulted in the incision of the river bed (Radoane et al., 2008), which has led to lowered water levels and loss of lateral connectivity to the floodplain lakes. Probably due to general lowering of water tables, the floodplain Lake Pochina (75 ha) has dried up during the severe summer drought period of 2012 after the completion of our spring sampling campaign.

Our sampling campaigns covered five floodplain ponds and lakes and six stations on the Prut River within the area of the Lower Prut Floodplain Natural Park (Table 1, Figure 1).

Figure 1 : The f loodpla in o f the Low er Prut R iver sampl ing s i tes f rom lakes and r ive r .

SAMPLING METHODS AND DATA ANALYSES Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled in a semiquantitative way, using a

standard pond D-net on a 25 cm square frame with a mesh size of 250 μm, by kick-sampling all substrates, sweeping through roots and submerged plants in the costal zone of the lakes and along the shores of the river, according to European Norm EN 27828/1994. The length of net sweeps transect was 8 m, thus a sampling an area of 2 m2 for each sample. At the river sites an extra sample was taken by Ponar Grab from sandy and muddy sediments of the river bed according to EN ISO 9391/2000 with a sampling area of 20 x 25 cm at the distance of 1-2 metres from the shoreline.

The D-net sampling area was distributed among all mesohabitats present. The obtained samples were mixed, preserved and analyzed in the laboratory as one composite sample, as we aimed to have an overview of present taxa.. Two macroinvertebrates sampling campaigns were conducted in spring (April-May) and autumn (September-October) 2012. Material retrieved from each sampling site was preserved in ethanol and sorted in laboratory. Specimens of adult water beetles were identified to species level, while larvae were determined to species, genus and family level, whatever possible. Identified individuals were stored in 70% ethanol and preserved in the scientific collection of the Natural Sciences Museum Complex Galati.


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Biological samplings were accompanied by recordings of mesohabitat types at the sampling sites, as psammal/psammopelal, argillal, technolithal, macro-algae, submerged macrophytes, emergent macrophytes, parts of terrestrial plants, fine/coarse particulate organic matter. The following physico-chemical parameters were recorded from the water column: Dissolved oxygen content was determined by Winkler Method, total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, temperature and pH of water samples were determined using YSI 6920 V2 multi-parameter water quality probe. In the laboratory the concentrations of: BOD5, NH4, NO2, NO3, PO4, TP were analyzed.

For invertebrate metric calculation the program ASTERICS (AQUEM, 2008) was used, and statistical analyses of biotic community parameters with abiotic variables were conducted with Excel.

RESULTS PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FEATURES OF SAMPLING SITES Lake Pochina is the single natural lake among the stagnant water sampling sites,

and was classified in the first quality class (very good) of water quality according to Romanian Environment Ministry Order161/2006 concerning the surface water classification. Unfortunately, this lake with 75 ha was completely dried out during the summer 2012, and thus could only be sampled once.

Lake Brates, which was used by fish farm during 1962-1990, was also assigned to the first quality class, with low levels of nitrate and phosphate and a good level of dissolved oxygen (Table 1). In contrary, the concentration of chlorophyll a and total phosphorus values indicates a very high degree of eutrophication (hypertrophic), while total nitrogen concentrations indicate a medium degree of eutrophication (mesotrophic) (Table 1).

The fishing ponds Vladesti and Mata-Radeanu were characterized by a large difference in dissolved oxygen concentration between the spring and autumn campaigns. The low value recorded in spring was probably caused by extreme low temperatures correlated with the low water level. These ponds were classified based on total nitrogen concentrations into the II quality class, while in terms of total phosphorus/phosphates, they were assigned to III quality class (Table 1).

Regarding the degree of eutrophication, the chlorophyll a values indicate a high degree of eutrophication (eutrophic) (Table 1).

The physico-chemical parameters at the Prut River sampling sites showed the water was well oxygenated, contained high concentrations of suspended inorganic


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solids, had a slightly alkaline pH at all sampling sites. Nutrient concentrations could be assigned to class I (very good) and II (good) quality (Table 1).

Table 1: Character is t ics o f sampl ing s i tes . The qual i ty c lass of the ecologica l s ta tus was

de termined for each sampl ing s i te based on n i t ra te and phosphate concentra t ions (see resul ts chapters ) , and the eut roph icat ion degree based on chlorophyl l a concentra t ions ,

both fo l low ing the c lass i f icat ion scheme of o rd . 161 /2006 of the Romanian Min is t ry o f En vi ronment . I = very good , I I = good, I I I = moderate .

Sampling site and its human use

Geograph. coordinates

Surface (ha)

Average/ max. depth

(m)

Ecological status

(quality class)

Eutrophication degree

Lake Brates – former fish farm

45.301511 N 28.02278 E

2120 0.75 / 1.2 I mesotrophic/ hyperthophic

Vladesti – fishing pond

45.514289 N 28.061916 E

324 0.50 / 0.75 II-III eutrophic

Mata-Radeanu – fishing pond

46.05245 N 28.05131 E

605 0.75 / 1.0 II-III eutrophic

Lake Pochina – natural lake

45.59493 N 28.05314 E

75 0.3 / 1.1 I mesotrophic/

eutrophic

Sivita channel -escape channel

45.36268 N 28.05139 E

1.1 / 2.0 I – II

Sivita Prut 45.36188 N 28.05187 E

1.8 / 3.0 I – II

Prut at Chiraftei 45.45512 N 28.08422 E

3.3 / 5.7 I – II

Prut at Vladesti 45.52589 N 28.07284 E

2.2 / 3.5 I – II

Prut at Branesti 45.47003 N 28.07369 E

2.4 / 2.6 I – II

Prut at Oancea 45.55335 N 28.07222 E

2.0/2.78 I – II

Prut at Mata-Radeanu46.05524 N 28.06089E

3.3/5.0 I – II

In the lakes, submerged macrophytes constituted the dominant mesohabitat

sampled (25%), followed by argillal (22%) (Graph 1). Sampled river sites where dominated by parts of terrestrial plants and woody debris (35%), followed by submerged macrophytes (29%).


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Graph 1 : Mesohabi ta ts types a t the sampl ing s i tes .

COLEOPTERA ASSEMBLAGES In total, 297 aquatic Coleoptera specimens were collected, consisting of 128

adults and 169 larvae. Among them, 36 taxa out of 12 families were identified, 20 to species level, 12 larval specimens to genus level, and 4 larval specimens to family level (Table 2). Lake Pochina exhibited an especially high number of individuals and taxa (58 ind/sample from 9 taxa) among the stagnant water sampling sites. Within the database, a clear relationship exists between the number of taxa and the abundance of beetles within the same sample, with higher values in the lakes compared to the Prut River sampling sites. In average, we sampled one additional species with each 4.8 more specimen caught by the handnet (Graph 2). The number of water beetles exhibited stronger differences among sampling sites in autumn compared to the spring sampling campaign (Graph 3).

The various Coleoptera families showed varying preferences for aquatic habitat types: While in the lakes sampling sites Hydrophilidae (34%) were the most abundant family, followed by Dytiscidae (29%), in the Prut River sampling sites, Elmidae contributed 52% of recorded individuals followed by Curculionidae (30%) (Graph 4). Comparing lakes (Brates and Pochina) with managed fish ponds, Hydrophylidae followed by the Dytiscidae dominated in both type of stagnant water (Table 2).These results match with the known ecological requirements of those families. Both in the lakes and in the Prut River sampling sites 9 families were found, respectively.


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Table 2: Aquat ic Co leoptera recorde d ( ind . /sample ) . Numbers a f ter sampl ing s i te name re fer to sampl ing da te: I - spr ing sampl ing campaign, I I - autumn sampl ing campaign.

Bra

tes

I

Bra

tes

II

Vla

dest

i I

Vla

dest

i II

Poc

hina

I

Mat

a I

Mat

a II

Siv

ita C

hane

l I

Siv

ita I

Siv

ita II

Chi

rafte

i I

Chi

rafte

i II

Vla

dest

i I

Bra

nest

i II

Oan

cea

I

Oan

cea

II

Mat

a-P

rut I

I

Haliplidae

Haliplus sp. Ad. 1

Peltodytes caesus Ad.

1 24 3 3

Peltodytes sp. Lv. 3

Dytiscidae

Hydroglyphus sp. Ad.

6

Laccophilus minutus Ad.

10

Laccophilus hyalinus Ad.

1

Laccophilus sp. Lv. 2 1

Colymbetes sp. Lv. 1

Cybister lateralimarginalis

Ad. 1 1 1

Dytiscidae Gen. sp. Ad.

1 34

Noteridae

Noterus clavicornis Ad.

4 1

Noterus crassicornis Ad.

1

Noterus sp. Lv. 1

Hydrophilidae

Berosus bispina Ad.

7

Berosus sp. Lv. 1

Hydrobius fuscipes Ad.

3


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Bra

tes

I

Bra

tes

II

Vla

dest

i I

Vla

dest

i II

Poc

hina

I

Mat

a I

Mat

a II

Siv

ita C

hane

l I

Siv

ita I

Siv

ita II

Chi

rafte

i I

Chi

rafte

i II

Vla

dest

i I

Bra

nest

i II

Oan

cea

I

Oan

cea

II

Mat

a-P

rut I

I

Hydrochara caraboides Ad.

3

Hydrochara flavipes Ad.

3

Enochrus melanocephalus

Ad 1

Enochrus sp. Lv. 1

Helochares obscurus Ad.

5 1

Hydrophilus piceus Ad.

1

Limnoxenus sp. Lv.

36

Laccobius sp. Lv 1 1 1

Hydrophilidae Gen. sp. Lv.

1 2 1

Spercheidae

Spercheus emarginatus Ad.

1

Helophoridae

Helophorus sp. Lv. 6 1

Hydraenidae

Ochthebius exsculptus Ad.

5

Ochthebius meridionalis Ad.

1

Ochthebius peisonis Ad.

2

Limnebiidae

Limnebius atomus Ad.

1

Elmidae

Potamophilus 10 5 1 12 11 15


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Bra

tes

I

Bra

tes

II

Vla

dest

i I

Vla

dest

i II

Poc

hina

I

Mat

a I

Mat

a II

Siv

ita C

hane

l I

Siv

ita I

Siv

ita II

Chi

rafte

i I

Chi

rafte

i II

Vla

dest

i I

Bra

nest

i II

Oan

cea

I

Oan

cea

II

Mat

a-P

rut I

I

acuminatus

Scirtidae

Cyphon sp. Lv. 1

Scirtidae Gen. sp. Lv.

6

Dryopidae

Helichus substriatus

1

Curculionidae

Curculionidae Gen. sp. Lv.

9

8

12

8

11

Number of Taxa 7 5 3 3 9 4 4 4 6 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 2 Diversity

(Shannon-Wiener-Index)

1.95 1.1 0.6 1.1 1.7 0.9 1.3 0.7 1.6 0 0.9 0 0.3 0.3 0 0 0.36

TOTAL/ m2 7 54 11 3 58 11 5 45 10 11 20 1 9 13 11 11 17

Larvae made up a higher proportion (89%) of total beetle abundance in the

running water sampling sites, compared to the lake sites (28%), which was a pattern found quite similarly in the first and second sampling campaigns (Graph 5). In Pochina lake only adults were found while in Oancea (both sampling campaigns) and Chiraftei (autumn sampling campaign) only larvae appeared.

Species richness was highest in natural Lake Pochina (9 species) followed by the Lake Brates I (spring sample: 7 species). Lower numbers of taxa, in compare with lake sites, were recorded at running water sites, where at three river sampling sites even only 1 species was found (Table 2). Taxa richness was greater in spring than in autumn, due to the life cycle of several species that mainly appear in that season.

Lakes sampling sites generally showed higher Shannon-Wiener diversity values than river sites: Lake Brates reached the highest value (H=1.946), followed by L. Pochina (H=1.74), while the 4 Prut River sampling sites recorded 0 values.


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Graph 2: Regress ion beetw en abundance per sample and no. o f taxa per sample .

Graph 3: Abundance ( ind /sample) o f a l l aquat ic beet le taxa ( la rvae and adul ts ) a t l akes and Prut sampl ing s i tes in spr ing, autumn and mean.

In the stagnant waters the aquatic beetle assemblages were dominated by

predatory species (45% of individuals in average), as obviously these could find abundant prey organisms in these shrinking pools affected by the drought. The second important feeding type in lakes was shredders (21%). In contrast, the dominant feeding type in the fishing ponds in the spring campaign was shredders with 82% (Vladesti pond) and 73% (Mata pond) shares, which matches the high availability of coarse particulate organic matter, parts of terrestrial plants, macrophytes as a food resource there (Graph 6, Graph 1). In the natural Lake Pochina the dominant feeding type was predators (45%) followed by grazers (24%).


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Graph 4 : Propor t ion o f aquat ic beet le fami l ies in lake and r ive r sampl ing s i tes .

Graph 5 : Propor t ion of l a rvae and adul ts of w ater bee t les in samples .


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Graph 6: Feeding types o f the ident i f ied w ater beet les .

In the samples from Prut River, xylophagous taxa dominated (56% of individuals

in average), followed by shredders (28%), which matches the fact that these sampling sites were dominated by terrestrial leaf litter and woody debris (Graph 1).

Both in lakes and in river sampling sites the abundance and the number of taxa were significantly correlated with the presence of macrophytes (both emergent and submerged) (Graph 1).

Graph 7: Regress ion beetw en no. o f taxa and submerged macrophytes in the ponds sampl ing s i tes.


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Graph 8: Regress ion beetw en Shannon-Wiener D ivers i ty Index and submerged macrophytes in the ponds sampl ing s i tes .

This correlation was best for the lake sampling sites, where the following

regression relationships could be established between the number of taxa (NT), Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (SWD) and submerged macrophytes areal cover [%](SM):

NT =0.101 * SM + 3.021 with R2 = 0.923 (Graph 7), SWD = 0.016 * SM + 0.919 with R2 = 0.584 (Graph 8) These two regressions indicate the paramount role of submerged macrophytes as

a habitat for aquatic Coleoptera species especially in standing waters. FAUNISTIC NOTES Representatives of 12 families were recorded, as Haliplidae, Dytiscidae,

Noteridae, Hydrophilidae, Spercheidae, Helophoridae, Hydraenidae, Limnebiidae, Elmidae, Scirtidae, Dryopidae and Curculionidae, among them 9 families in lakes with 30 taxa, and 9 families with 12 taxa in Prut river samples.

In the stagnant water sampling sites, the larvae of predatory genus Limnoxenus sp. Motschulsky 1853 contributed the largest share (19%) to total beetle abundance but which was only encountered in Sivita Channel site, followed by Peltodytes caesus (Duftschmid 1805) 13%, a grazer-scraper, which was identified both in lakes and river sampling sites.

In most river sites a population of Potamophilus acuminatus (Fabricius, 1772), 52% from total beetles collected, was encountered, which is regarded to be strongly endangered in many countries. The record is the first for the eastern part of Romania.


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We found from this species a total number of 54 larvae in 6 from all 9 Prut River sampling sites, both in spring and autumn campaign. The highest number was recorded at Mata-Radeanu Prut sampling sites (15 larvae in two developmental stages), followed by Branesti (12 larvae) and Oancea (11 larvae) (Table 1, Fig. 2).

Encountered larvae were assigned to this species, as the larvae show the characteristics of the genus, and the genus is monotypic in Europe (www.faunaeur.org). The specimens are stored now in the Natural Sciences Museum Complex Galati, Romania.

Specimens of P. acuminatus were collected both with the net, next to the river banks, but also with Ponar grab - 9% of all the P. accuminatus larvae collected, 2-3 meters away by bank (range of current velocities: 0.25 – 0.46 m/s), in submerged roots, willow branches, and in terrestrial plant and wood debris.

F igure 2 : Potamophi lus acuminatus l a rvae

DISCUSSION So far, regrettably only few information on the biodiversity and distribution of

aquatic insects in the Lower Prut Floodplain Park is available, and records are sparse,


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often lacking below family level. Thus, it was not possible to compare our results to a possible previous study on this area.

The water beetle Potamophilus acuminatus is a Palaearctic Elmidae species, which has a wide but not continuous distribution area, reaching from Spain to Afghanistan (Boukal et al., 2008 Burakowski et al., 1983, Ribera, 2000).

The centre of its distribution is Central Europe (Więźlak, 1986), but in a number of countries, as Austria, Czech Republic, Germany and Slovakia, it was assigned into the Red List category ‘CR’ (critically endangered) (Boukal, 2005; Geiser, 1998; Jäch et al., 2005). In Poland this species has been included into a kind of “waiting room” of the Red List for the species which need to be continuously monitored (Buczyński et al,. 2011). In Hungary P. acuminatus, occurs at a higher number of sites and in higher numbers of specimen than in any European country (Csabai et al., 2010; Kálmán et al,. 2009), so that this country is regarded as a European refuge of the species (Jäch et al., 2005).

There is a lack of information related to presence, distribution and the status of this species in Romania. Kodada, 1991, recorded an adult of this species in Caras River, in the western part of Romania. However, Romanian rivers have not been channelized as much as in other countries (Buczyński et al., 2011), so that it is assumed that numerous suitable habitats for this species still exist in medium to large natural rivers in Romania. In the case of the Prut river many poplar and willow trees fall down each year into the water, because the Lower Prut River constitutes a clay dominated bed river with steep to vertical clay banks. As the river has not been used for navigation until 2013, the fallen trees were left there in the water, which offers a rich source of dead submerged wood required by this Elmid species. However, in 2012 the Moldovian water administration started to remove branches from the fallen trees near the eastern bank, and in 2013 the first barge sailed up the river until Cahul/Oancea. Thus, there is a danger that river management will intensify in order to facilitate navigation, thus threatening this rich population of Potamophilus acuminatus.

RESPONSE OF WATER BEETLES TO WATER LEVEL DYNAMICS The specific conditions of 2012 with a strong and prolonged drought that had

already begun in 2011 have considerably affected the lower Prut aquatic ecosystems. It has led to a lowering of the water level in the Prut river channel, and also in ponds and lakes, so two natural lakes have dried up: the first one in 2011 (Lake Vlascuta), and Lake Pochina in summer 2012, after the first collection campaign.

Stressful water quality conditions can develop during such droughts such as high conductivity, high temperature and low oxygen levels, which in fact have been recorded


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in the fish ponds in spring. Habitat diversity and availability may then decline, too, as the water table is lowered. Only drought-tolerant families of Coleoptera, which are able to find refuges during the drought period as under bark, in rotting wood (Elmidae), in leaf litter (adult Dytiscidae) can resist in these conditions (Boulton & Lake, 2008). Flight ability is especially helpful in this situation, which refers to the adults of Dytiscidae and Hydrophilidae. Loss of lateral connectivity and the contraction of aquatic habitats away from the stream margins reduce prey subsidies. Remnant pools may become a “predator soup” where the biological interactions of predation and competition intensify (Williams and Hynes, 1977; Boulton, 1989).

CONCLUSION

Our results demonstrate the importance of typical aquatic floodplain habitats for aquatic Coleoptera fauna, and the differential habitat use of aquatic Coleoptera in this clay-bed river-floodplain system. There, the presence of oxbow channels, submerged macrophytes and submerged dead wood obviously consist crucial habitat elements for aquatic beetle diversity. The Hydrophilidae and Dytiscidae species endure drying out better than others, being able to quickly re-colonize dried-out lakes afterwards due to flight ability.The use of the lakes for fish production clearly reduced the taxa richness and might nevertheless exclude some species that are sensitive to fish predation.

Acknowledgements This paper is a result of the project Transnational network for integrated management of post-

doctoral research in Science Communication Institutional framing (postdoctoral school) and

scholarship program (CommScie) - POSDRU/89/1.5/S/63663 financed under the Sectoral

Operational Programme Human Resources Development 2007-2013.

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