optimizing bioenergy systems for rural areas · 2013-05-05 · optimizing bioenergy systems for...

Salzburg 6-10.09.2010

Optimizing Bioenergy Systems for Rural AreasOptimizing Bioenergy Systems for Rural Areas

Dipl. Ing. Mirco Gaul

Microenergy-Systems Postgraduate SchoolCentre for Technology and Society

& Institute of Energy EngineeringTechnische Universität Berlin, Germany

2---14 Salzburg 6-10.09.2010Mirco Gaul


1. Introduction of the research project

1. Development of an resource, technology and service neutral analysis approach for Bioenergy

2. Test of the approach in February 2010 on a case study of the Indonesian Island of Sumbawa

3. Evaluation and adaptation of the analysis approach

Purpose of the research

to provide guidance for the analysis and optimization of modern small scale bioenergy systems in rural areas of developing countries

Research proceeding


2. Characterizing local bioenergy systems


Energy resources Energy demand

Non-standardized technologies & fuels for energy services

Variation of demand and purchase power

Conversion pathway

Alternative competing pathways based on solar, water, wind, hydro, fossil & grid

Solid, liquid, gaseous fuels, heat, electricity compete for the same biomass resource

How to reduce the complexity of local bioenergy systems?

Land use, water, and input competition

Biomass competition:- Food, Fodder, Fiber, Feed, Fertilizer, Finance and Fuel

Competing resources:- Solar, water, wind, hydro, fossil & grid


3. Research question


Jatropha Curcas L.

Claimed potential for small scale bioenergy (the Jatropha system)

Energy service demand categories

1. Lighting

2. Cooking

Scenarios of conversion pathways

2. Bioenergy options for solid, liquid, and gaseous pathways

1. Baseline for wood, kerosene, diesel and gasoline

3. Motive powerPlant oil can be used for all 3 bioenergy services (light, heat, and motive power) 3. Alternative options

with other renewables

For which energy service is a specific use of Jatropha plant oil competitive compared to the baseline, other bioenergy

pathways or other renewable energy pathways?


4. Applied methodology

Energy analysis

Input analysis: primary energy, auxiliary energy, cumulated energy demand; renewable and non renewable inputs

Output analysis: useful energy instead of the final energy carrier

Gross or net energy ratio

Cost analysis

Net energy costs and net present value of conversion pathways

highly depending on local context (labour, transport and transaction costs)

Externalised effects

Effects occurring during the conversion process

Qualitative indicators based on the Sustainable Livelihood Framework




5. Introduction of the case study

Government national Jatropha program in 2006 failed on Sumbawa

Private Jatropha initiative (Pt ITE) since 2003 involving 200 farmers in 25 villages.

Cultivation as mono or mixed crop and as fence, central pressing by Pt ITE and processing to biodiesel.

3 month preparatory research in 2009, 1 month in February 2010 on Sumbawa to visit project and conduct interviews (experts and 10 villages)

IndonesiaIsland state, large bioenergy potential and programs, little international research (beside the very controversial large scale palm oil plantations)

Sumbawa (part of the province of West Nusa Tengara)Population of 1.3 mio, surface 15,000 km², 80 person/km² in 500 villages.


6. Preliminary results


Extraction / cultivation of Jatropha

Plantation are not competitive with other cash crops → only as fence

Manual de-hulling not cost efficient, only with mechanical de-huller

Energy end-use

So far no local use, Jatropha is regarded as cash crop

Central processing, no return of press-cake to the farmer, press-cake is partially used for biogas at the biodiesel fabric (dual fuel gen-set)

Potential for local use depends on the conversion pathway

Technical conversion pathway

3 groups: farmer (producer), local coordinators (collector of seeds), Pt ITE (purchaser and pressing), main value adding at Pt ITE

Plans to transfer pressing of seeds to the coordinator or also to the farmer




central localintermediate

Farmer produce, clean and sell seeds manually

Coordinators collect seeds from farmer and sell it to Pt ITE

Pt ITE presses the oil and produces and sells biodiesel

Farmer produce, clean and sell seeds manually

Coordinators collect seeds press oil and sell the oil to Pt ITE

Pt ITE buys the oil, and produces and sells biodiesel

Farmer produce, clean and press seeds manually and sell oil

Coordinators collect oil and sell the oil to Pt ITE

Pt ITE buys the oil, and produces and sells biodiesel

Press-cake only for biogas at central level, return of slurry too costly.

No bioenergy system but Jatropha as pure cash crop

Press-cake used at village level, return of slurry difficult.

Village biogas system (for cooking or motor), oil only as a cash crop

Manual pressing critical.Press-cake for local biogas, return of slurry easy. Family biogas system (for cooking), Jatropha oil only as a cash crop

Technical conversion pathways for Jatropha




0

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

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6.000

Transport SETIATransport localDepulpingPickingCultivationInputs

0,00

0,01

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0,10

Transport SETIATransport localDepulpingPickingCultivationInputs

Extraction / cultivation of Jatropha (only fences)

Distinction of 3 cases: (1) only manual labour, (2) manual labour, but use of a manual powered depulping machine and (3) use of motor depulper

Cost in IDR per kg seeds Use of fuel in l per kg seeds

manual machine motor manual machine motor




Options for the processing of Jatropha seeds

Cost in IDR per l plant oil Use of fuel in l per l plant oil

0

5000

10000

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25000

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50000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

0

0,05

0,1

0,15

0,2

0,25

0,3

0,35

local intermediate central local intermediate central

Cost of pressing

Cost of Seed

Fuel for pressing

Fuel for Seed

Local(1) manual depulping & ram press (2) manual machine depulping and ram pres

(Motor depulping is not applicable at farm level)

Intermediate(3) manual depulping & small screw press(4) manual machine depulping & small screw press(5) motor depulping & small screw press

Central(6) manual depulping & large screw press(7) manual machine depulping & large screw press(8) motor depulping & large screw press


7. Discussion and outlook

The case study

Evaluation of life-cycle data, comparison of different Jatropha pathways with alternatives as fossil fuels, solid biomass and renewable energies

Feed-back to the project developer

The analysis model

Energy analysis: net energy ratio - how to deduct auxiliary energy from useful energy output?

Cost analysis: labour costs, return on labour?

Small scale bioenergy and the Jatropha system

Light: Jatropha oil not effective and cost efficient, cooking: Jatropha oil not cost efficent, motive power: maybe cost efficient, depending on alternatives and uses (transport – but decentralised production of transport fuel.....)

The important issue is not the resource/crop, but the way how it is used.




Thank you for your attention!

ConferenceMicro Perspectives for Decentralized Energy Supply

07/08. April 2011 in Berlin, GermanyAbstracts are invited to be submitted by September 28, 2010

www.microenergysystems.tu-berlin.de/conference2011




Extraction Distribution

Secondary and final losses of the system

End-useConversion

Auxiliary energy input to the energy system

Primary renewable resource

Fossil resource

stock

Useful energy

Primary losses



Content

1. Introducing the research project

2. Characterizing rural bioenergy systems

3. Research question




7. Discussion & outlook

optimizing bioenergy systems for rural areas · 2013-05-05 · optimizing bioenergy systems for...

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