Jatropha seeds Jatropha oil extraction

Jatropha oil Oil / biodiesel in car

Jatropha cake Jatropha cake as manure

CakeNo

Cake

RECURRENT FUEL PROBLEMS IN ZAMBIA Available Options

Presented at the Economics Association of Zambia Discussion Forum, 18 February 2010, Hotel Edinburgh, Kitwe.

By Prof. Thomson Sinkala

tsinkala@gmail.com

CHAIRMAN, Biofuels Association of Zambia

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CONTENT OF PRESENTATION

1.Introduction2.Major transport fuels/energies3.Government policy, regulations, etc4.Choice of liquid biofuels feedstocks5.Participation by Zambians6.The liquid biofuels market7.Country-wide industrialization8.Conclusions9.Recommendations / missing link

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INTRODUCTION

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POPULATION 11.2 million

LAND MASS 75.2 million hectares

LAND UNDER CUSTOMARY TENURE 70% (About 52.6 million ha)

ARABLE LAND 42 million hectares

ARABLE UTILIZED 6 million hectares

NUMBER OF FARM FAMILIES 900,000

Small scale 75% (About 675,000)

Medium scale 17% (About 153,000)

Large scale 8%(About 72,000)

WATER RESOURCES 35% of SADC Water Resources

Some Underlying Data

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Zambia, though totally landlocked, is totally landlinked to 8 neighbouring countries.

The country lies between 10-18oS of equator.

It is a tropical country, and the high altitude (900-1500m above sea level) gives conducive climate.

The land has potential for a large array of crops, livestock and fish production.

Distinct seasons provide exceptional natural advantages for agriculture.

Agriculture is currently largely rainfall dependent, and the country is divided into 3 agro-ecological zones based on rainfall.

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Agroecological zones of Zambia Zone I: Zone 1 is a relatively dry area with

less than 800 mm annual rainfall.

Zone IIa: This has annual rainfall in the range of 800 mm to 1000 mm.

Zone IIb: covers the Kalahari sand plateau and Zambezi flood plains.

Zone III: This is a high rainfall area with amounts exceeding 1000 mm per year.

SOURCE: USAID. 2007. “Annual Harvest Analysis Report for the 2006/07 Production Season”. October.

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Irrigation Potential

AreaExisting

irrigation (ha)

Additional potential

(ha)

Total potential

(ha)

Area as % of

national potential

Upper Zambezi Basin 2,000 110,000 112,000 26.48

Kafue Basin 13,000 152,000 165,000 39.01

Luangwa Basin - 14,000 14,000 3.31

Luapula and Tanganyika Basin 2,000 62,000 64,000 15.13

Commercial farms in different basins

8,000 - 8,000 1.89

TOTAL 25,000 398,000 423,000 100

FROM: Pope A and Chitembo A. 2009. Report on deliberations of the workshop for the “Establishment of the Zambia National Sugar Strategy”. Held at the Cresta Golfview Hotel, Lusaka on 11th March 2009.

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CROP ANNUAL YIELDS (Metric tonnes)2005/2006 2006/2007

Cereal CropsMaize 1,424,439 1,366,158Wheat 93,959 115,843Millet 48,259 21,707Sorghum 21,047 12,773Rice 13,964 18,317Non-Cereal CropsGroundnuts 84,010 55,215Soybeans 57,815 55,194Cotton 118,426 54,886Mixed beans 27,697 24,164TubersCassava 1,059,887 1,185,600

SOME CROP PRODUCTION IN ZAMBIA

SOURCE: USAID. 2007. “Annual Harvest Analysis Report for the 2006/07 Production Season”. October.8

National Energy Mix (%)

SOURCE: Energy Statistical Bulletin (2007) 9

Diesel and Petrol Consumption

SOURCE: Energy Regulations Board (2009)

Petrol (2009) 180,023,209 lit

Diesel (2009) 509,291,904 lit

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LOCATION

PUMP PRICE

Petrol Diesel Kerosene

Kwacha US$ Kwacha US$ Kwacha US$

Lusaka 6, 691 1.55 6,300 1.45 4,409 1.02

Kasama 7,508 1.73 7,119 1.64 5,114 1.18

Livingstone 7, 148 1.65 6, 757 1.56 4, 804 1.11

Solwezi 6,943 1.60 6,552 1.51 4,314. 1.00

Kabwe 6, 661 1.54 6, 270 1.45 4, 384 1.01

Chipata 7, 347 1.70 6, 958 1.61 4,976 1.15

Mansa 7, 370 1.70 6, 981 1.61 4, 996 1.15

Mongu 7,455 1.72 7,066 1.63 5,069. 1.17

Ndola 6,579 1.52 6,188 1.43 4,314 1.00

National Pump Price Disparities

1 US$ = K4330 January 2010 11

MAJOR TRANSPORT FUELS/ENERGIES

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Comparison of major transport fuels/energiesTRANSPORT SYSTEM MAIN FUEL/ENERGY REMARKS

Road transport Liquid fuel, gas, electricity Flexible

Rail transport Electricity, liquid (diesel)

Rigid / expensive infrastructure

Water Liquid, electricity (nuclear)

Limited water routes

Air Liquid Expensive/limited

Most common liquid fuel is fossil/petroleum fuel, which has become a major problem.

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http://www.iea.org/Textbase/speech/2009/Tanaka/clingendael.pdf

TOO MANY RISKS IN PETROLEUM FUELS SUPPLY MAKE ZAMBIA’S ECONOMY VOLATILE AND INSECURE

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For Zambia, biofuels are therefore a solid and sustainable option.

We will soon see why.

WHICH WAY ZAMBIA?

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WHAT ARE BIOFUELS?

Biofuels can be defined as combustible fuels produced from biomass.

These fuels are generally in the form of alcohols, esters, ethers, and other chemicals produced from biomass.

THE MAJOR FUELS FOR THIS DISCUSSION ARE:

1. Bioethanol (as a petrol substitute), and

2. Biodiesel / pure plant oil (as a diesel substitute)16

GOVERNMENT POLICY, REGULATIONS, ETC in support of biofuels

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