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Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae) in Southwestern United States and Adjacent Northern Mexico Item Type Article Authors Johnson, Matthew B. Publisher University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ) Journal Desert Plants Rights Copyright © Arizona Board of Regents. The University of Arizona. Download date 14/07/2018 19:22:03 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/554312

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Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae) in SouthwesternUnited States and Adjacent Northern Mexico

Item Type Article

Authors Johnson, Matthew B.

Publisher University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ)

Journal Desert Plants

Rights Copyright © Arizona Board of Regents. The University of Arizona.

Download date 14/07/2018 19:22:03

Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/554312

Johnson Jatropha 21

Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae) inSouthwestern United States andAdjacent Northern Mexico

Matthew B. Johnson

Desert Legume ProgramThe University of Arizona2120 East Allen RoadTucson, Arizona 85719

Jatropha includes perhaps 200 species of trees, shrubs, andherbs found in various tropical and subtropical habitats inNorth and South America, Africa, and India. Some speciesare monoecious while others are dioecious. Seeds of somespecies of Jatropha are used as powerful purgatives and anumber of species are used in folk medicine and have otherlocal uses. Some are grown as ornamental plants.

The area covered by this study includes the portion of Texaswest of the Pecos River, southern New Mexico, southernArizona, and northern Mexico north of 28° latitude, includ-ing the state of Baja California, and portions of Sonora, Chi-huahua, and Coahuila. No Jatropha are native to California.Within this region there are eight taxa of Jatropha: J.cardiophylla, J. cinerea, J. cordata, J. cuneata, J. dioicavar. dioica, J. dioica var. graminea, J. macrorhiza var.septemfida, and J. malacophylla. J. cordata and J.malacophylla are restricted to Mexico while the other taxaoccur in both countries. The two varieties of J. dioica areconfined to the Chihuahuan Desert portion of the region. J.macrorhiza occurs in grassland and woodland habitats abovethe deserts. The other species are found in the SonoranDesert region.

In the southwestern United States, the shrubby species ofJatropha are often referred to as limberbush due to theirflexible stems. The names sangrengado or sangre de drago(blood of the dragon) refer to the sap which exudes from cutstems and turns red on contact with air. The sap from minorcuts of young twigs is often clear, but will change color as itdries. The sap has been used as a dye.

Limberbush offer unique landscape possibilities for warmdesert regions. The various species are strongly droughtdeciduous, and are leafless much of the year, displaying theattractive stems. When in leaf, the plants are distinctive withsome having larger leaves than many other desert plants.The yellow or red autumn foliage provides a brief splash ofcolor as the plants go dormant. Jatrophas are appropriate fordesert landscapes where they can be combined with otherdesert shrubs and succulents as accent plants, keeping inmind the minimum cold tolerance of each species. They may

be used as patio plants and are compatible in cactus andsucculent gardens. The various species make eye- catchingcontainer plants in or out of leaf. While some people objectto plants which "look like a bunch of sticks" for much of theyear, jatrophas can be appealing landscape subjects for thosepeople who appreciate plants with unusual character. Usedproperly, they can enhance a landscape. The plants are lowmaintenance and are not appetizing to rabbits and othercritters. Jatrophas are not likely to become widely used land-scape plants, but a few species can be found at some Ari-zona nurseries. Perhaps more nurseries will begin to propa-gate and market jatrophas as specialty landscape items. Mostspecies are easily grown from scarified seeds and many willroot from stem cuttings. Specific information on propaga-tion and horticultural characteristics is described below.

Jatropha cardiophylla (Torrey) Müller Limberbush,sangrengado, sangre de drago (Figure 1, Page 22)Shrubby plants, generally 0.3 -2 m (1 -6.5 ft) tall, with severalto 100 or more semi -succulent, erect or spreading, flexiblestems arising from the roots. The stems are sparinglybranched. The bark is smooth and dark reddish brown. Theleaves are drought deciduous; the blades are 2 -7 cm (0.75-2.75 in) long and heart- shaped with irregularly toothed mar-gins. Inconspicuous white flowers appear during the sum-mer. The fruits are green and contain a single rounded seed,ripening from August to October.

Ridges, slopes, valleys, arroyos, and (southward) plains inSonoran Desertscrub, thornscrub, occasional in tropical de-ciduous, and lower semidesert grassland. 65 -1270 m (200-4000 ft) elevation. Arizona in central and eastern Pima County,southern Pinal County and southeast Maricopa County, ex-tending southward through much of lowland Sonora, Mexico.It is absent from the drier areas in northwest Sonora.

Limberbush is widespread and locally common but is incon-spicuous when not in leaf. It frequently grows among otherplants as well as in the open, and seems equally at homealong sandy arroyos and on rocky hillsides. The plants pro-duce leaves only during the summer months in response torain. Limberbush will not leaf out before June in southernArizona even if regularly watered although small leaves typi-cally appear a few weeks before the onset of the summerrainy season. The leaves turn bright yellow änd quickly fallin late September or October. Limberbush grows in areaswhich receive 200 -500 mm (8 -20 in) of annual rainfall.

Cut stems exude a watery sap which turns red and can stainclothing. Felger and Moser (1985) report that the roots arecrushed and used as a red dye. The roots have also beenused in tanning leather (Standley 1923). The stems containsmall amounts of rubber. Limberbush is not specifically re-ported to be poisonous, however, other species of Jatrophaare known to be toxic if eaten.

22 Desert Plants 1998

Limberbush is easily grown from scarified seeds. Clipping asmall section of the seed coat is sufficient to accomplishthis. Approximately 80 percent germination was obtainedfrom scarified seeds direct -sown in gallon containers with adaily air temperature range of 21 -40° C (70- 104° F). Germina-tion takes 5 -8 days. Caution should be observed to preventsmall ants from burrowing into the soil and destroying theseeds before they germinate. Plants were 30 -40 cm (12 -16 in)tall at four months after germination. Limberbush may begrown from stem cuttings taken in the summer and treatedwith IBA. Cuttings are slow to establish and develop. Divi-sion is an effective method of propagation and the plantsestablish more rapidly than do those propagated from cut-tings. Bare -rooted field -salvaged limberbush transplant with-out much difficulty although the plants should be quicklyreplanted to prevent them from drying out. Limberbush sus-tains stem damage at -5.5 to -6.5° C (20 -22° F) but recoversrapidly the following summer. The plants are drought resis-tant but require regular irrigation during the summer for op-timum growth. Limberbush will grow in full sun or partialshade. Red spider mites are an occasional problem onlimberbush in the greenhouse. There are no other signifi-cant pest or disease problems and the plants are not browsedby rabbits or rodents. Limberbush makes an interesting ac-cent plant in the ground or in a large container.

Figure 1. Jatropha cardiophylla

Jatropha cinerea (Ortega) Müller Ashy limberbush,sangrengado, lomboy (Figure 2, Page 23; front cover)Usually shrubs, 1 -4 m (3 -14 ft) tall with several semi- succu-lent stems. The bark is smooth and grayish. Leaves aredrought deciduous; the blades are 1.5 -6.5 cm (0.6 -2.5 in)

long, and are kidney- or heart- shaped with entire or shal-lowly lobed margins. Flowers are bell- shaped and pink, ap-pearing primarily in the summer and autumn. The 2 -3 seededcapsules ripen in the late summer and autumn.

Most abundant in deeper soils of valleys and plains inSonoran Desertscrub and coastal thornscrub. Near sea level -925 m (2935 ft) elevation. Local in Arizona in Organ PipeCactus National Monument near the Mexican border andcommon and widespread in much of the Baja California pen-insula and western Sonora to northwest Sinaloa.

Ashy limberbush is common along both sides of the Gulf ofCalifornia and sometimes grows abundantly on coastal dunes.The northern limits of its range are determined by winterfreezing. Plants in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monumentare generally less than 2 m (6.5 ft) tall and periodically sufferfreeze damage. Ashy limberbush grows in areas which re-ceive 150 -350 mm (6 -14 in) of yearly rainfall. This species hasbeen used as a mordant in dyeing, and has been used me-dicinally to treat warts and sore throats, and for hardeningthe gums (Standley 1923). The sap is used to treat hemor-rhoids (Roberts 1989). Felger and Moser (1985) report thatashy limberbush is used by the Seri for a variety of purposesincluding dolls and headressess made from the stems, andarrow poison from the sap. Debarked roots of young plantsare crushed and made into a tea to treat dysentery.

The plants are readily propagated from seeds in the samemanner as for Jatropha cardiophylla. Dormant stem cut-tings taken in November failed to root, but Roberts (1989)reports that cut stems of this species are planted in parts ofBaja California and root to form living fences. Ashylimberbush suffers severe stem damage below -4° C (25° F).In cultivation in Arizona it should be planted in a protectedsite. This species has similar horticultural requirements to J.cardiophylla but will remain in leaf for most of the year withsufficient moisture and warmth. Ashy limberbush is suitableas a specimen or container plant.

Jatropha cordata (Ortega) Müller Tree limberbush, copalfo,torote papelio, miguelito (Figure 3, Page 23; Figure 8, Page 27)Large shrubs or small, rather upright trees 3 -10 (12) m [10 -33(40) ft] tall with one or several well -developed succulenttrunks. The bark is smooth and green, becoming straw col-ored and exfoliating in papery sheets. The leaves are droughtdeciduous; the blades are 3 -8.5 cm (1.2- 3.3in) long, heart -shaped or occasionally palmately 3- or 5- lobed; the marginsare mostly entire or with small teeth bearing small, stalkedglands. Pink or white flowers appear in the summer. Fruitsare 2 -3- seeded capsules ripening in August and September.

Plains, valleys, slopes, and ridges in Sonoran Desertscrub,thornscrub, tropical deciduous forest and occasionally loweroak woodland. Near sea level -1000 m (3280 ft) elevation.Widespread in much of lowland Sonora except the arid north-west and west central areas, ranging south to Jalisco.

Johnson Jatropha 23

Figure 2. Jatropha cinerea

Figure 3. Jatropha cordata

24 Desert Plants 1998

Tree limberbush is a distinctive plant which resembles somespecies of Bursera when not in leaf, but lacks the aromaticsap of the latter. The peeling bark is unique among jatrophasin the region. Walking on a hillside during the dry seasonamong groves of leafless tree limberbush and Bursera as thewind rustles the peeling bark on the trunks and limbs ismemorable experience. Tree limberbush grows in areas ofSonora which average 250 -700 mm (10 -28 in) of yearly rain-fall. This species is most abundant in thornscrub and tropi-cal deciduous forest. It enters the Sonoran Desert along thesubtropical southeast margin where summer rainfall is high-est and winters are often frost -free. Leaves appear with thesummer rains and are strongly drought- deciduous in theautumn. The northern limit of the distribution of this speciesis directly related to freezing temperatures in winter. At itsnorthern and elevational limits, plants have multiple trunksand frequently show evidence of past freezes. The wood issoft and is used by the Mayo andYaquí people in Sonora tocarve ceremonial masks. Martin et al. (1998) indicate thatsheets of bark of this species were once used to wrap cheeseto keep it fresh. Seed propagation is as for the other species.Larger stems will root. Cut trunks used for fence posts havebeen observed to root and develop into new trees in theAlamos area in southern Sonora. Tree limberbush will sus-tain severe stem damage below -4° C (25° F). It would makean exceptional patio tree or landscape specimen for nearlyfrost -free locations, planted singly or in groups.

Jatropha cuneata (Wiggins and Rollins) Shrubbylimberbush, sangrengado, matacora (Figure 4; Figures 9 and10, Page 28)Much -branched spreading shrubs, 0.5 -2 m (1.5 -6.5 ft) tallwith semi -succulent stems. The bark is smooth or wrinkledand yellowish gray to brown. The leaves are produced inresponse to moisture throughout the year, falling withdrought. The leaves are nearly sessile, 0.5 -2.1 cm (0.2 -0.8 in)long; those of mature stems are obovate or spatulate withentire margins while leaves of vigorously growing stemsmay occasionally be lobed. Small white flowers appear in thesummer and are followed by single- seeded capsules whichripen in the late summer and autumn.

Figure 4. Jatropha cuneata

Ridges, slopes, plains, and arroyos in Sonoran Desertscrub.Near sea level - about 1000 m (3280 ft) elevation. Shrubbylimberbush is found in Arizona from southeastern Yuma Countyto Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument and is widespread inBaja California and western Sonora to northwest Sinaloa.

Jatropha cuneata is a characteristic plant of desert habitatsalong the Gulf of California where it is often one of the domi-nant species, growing with J. cinerea and species of Bursera.It is found on most islands in the Gulf. Shrubby limberbushgrows in areas which receive 100 -300 mm (3 -12 in) of yearlyrainfall. This species grows in the hottest and driest habitatsof any species of Jatropha in the region and the leaves aresmaller than those of the other species. J. cuneata resemblesEuphorbia misera and the two plants can be found growingtogether in parts of Baja California. The milky white sap of thelatter readily distinguishes these species. The stems are usedby the Seri for making baskets and headrings. Felger and Moser(1985) report that some Seri use the sap for arrow poison whileothers claim that it is not toxic. The bark is used for tanning, thestems yield a red dye, and the plant is used medicinally for avariety of purposes including the treatment of dysentery andsore throats (Standley 1923). This species is propagated fromseeds in the same manner as the other species. Plants in 10 cmcontainers were 12 -15 cm (4.75 -6 in) tall at four months aftergermination. No information is available on vegetative propa-gation. The plants sustain severe stem damage below -3° C (26°F). Horticultural requirements for shrubby limberbush are simi-lar to the previous species. It is suitable as a specimen plant fornearly frost -free landscapes and makes an attractive containerplant when larger. It naturally develops a bonsai appearance inhabitat and this can be encouraged in cultivation.

Jatropha dioica Cerv. Leatherstem, rubber plant,sangrengado, sangre de dragoPlants shrubby, with dozens of semi -succulent stems aris-ing from a spreading underground root system. Old plantscan develop patches over 3 m (10 ft) across with stems usu-ally less than 1 m (3.3 ft) tall. The bark is smooth and darkreddish brown. In var. dioica, the leaves are commonly 1.5-3.O cm (0.6 -1.2 in) long by 6 -10 mm wide and obovate tospatulate, while those of var. graminea are often 2.5 -5.0 cm(1 -2 in) long by 1 -4 mm wide and linear to narrowly oblan-ceolate. Leaf margins are commonly entire, but on vigor-ously growing stems they can be lobed. The leaves are clus-tered on numerous short spur branches. The flowers aresmall and white, and appear in the summer and autumn. Thefruits are single- seeded capsules which ripen in the autumn.

Jatropha dioica var. dioica: Plains, valleys, slopes, andridges in Tamaulipan thornscrub and the lower margin ofoak woodland. 30 -610 (and southward to 1525 +) m (100 -2000(5000 +) ft) elevation. Ranging from the southern EdwardsPlateau and the south Texas plains through the northeast-ern Mexican states to central Mexico.(Figure 5, page 25)

J. dioica var. graminea: Slopes, ridges, and plains inChihuahuan Desertscrub and the lower margin of semidesertgrassland. 520 -1220 (and southward to 1675 +) m (1700 -4000(5500 +) ft) elevation. Leatherstem ranges from southwestTexas near the Rio Grande through parts of Chihuahua,Coahuila, San Luis Potosí, and Zacatecas, in Mexico.(Figure6, Page 25; Figure 11, Page 28)

Johnson Jatropha 25

Figure 5. Jatropha dioica var. dioica

Jatropha dioica will leaf out in mid -spring and will remain inleaf until frost if sufficient moisture is available. The leavesof var. dioica turn yellow in the autumn while those of var.graminea turn red, making the plants especially attractive.Grass -leaf leatherstem, var. graminea, grows in drier habi-tats in the Chihuahuan Desert in areas which receive 150-375 mm (6 -15 in) of rainfall. It often grows on rocky limestoneledges and slopes. It is replaced eastward by var. dioicawhich is found in the southwest portion of the EdwardsPlateau and is widespread in Tamaulipan thornscrub to theeast of the Chihuahuan Desert in areas which receive 375-625 mm (15 -25 in) of annual precipitation. The stems ofleatherstem are reported to contain small amounts of rubber.Stems are used for hardening gums in Mexico. The seeds arewidely reported to be eaten by white -wing doves and Powell(1988) reports that seeds are eaten by people in some partsof Texas. Since many jatrophas are known to be toxic, eatingthe seeds is not recommended. Stems of var. dioica are toxicif eaten by sheep or goats (Everitt and Drawe 1993).

Seed propagation is the same as for the other species. Plantsmay be rooted from stem cuttings which are initially slow todevelop, but are easily propagated by division. Leatherstemsustains stem damage at -5.5 to -6.5° C (20 -22° F) but usuallyrecovers the following summer. Plants are easily cultivatedand respond to regular irrigation in warm weather.Leatherstem may be used as a unique accent plant in desertlandscapes and combines well with cacti and other succulents.

Figure 6. Jatropha dioica var. graminea

Jatropha macrorhiza (Bentham) (Figure i2, Page 28)Herbaceous stems to 0.5 m (1.6 ft) tall are produced from alarge underground root during the summer months. The stemdies back completely in the fall. Large, palmately 5- or 7-lobed, blue -green leaf blades are up to 18 cm (7 in) long andhave toothed margins. Showy pink flowers are produced inthe summer. The fruits are 3- valved capsules which ripen inthe summer and quickly release the rounded seeds.

Hills and slopes in semidesert grassland and oak woodland.1130 -1750 m (3700 -5740 ft) elevation. Found in Cochise, SantaCruz, and southeast Pima Counties, Arizona, southwest NewMexico, and southwest Texas (one locality in Presidio Countyaccording to Powell, 1988), and in Chihuahua and northeastSonora, Mexico.

The northern variety is var. septemfida while var. macrorhizaoccurs in central Mexico. Jatropha macrorhiza grows inareas which receive 300 -500 mm (12 -20 in) of annual rainfall.Plants are locally common in the late summer in grasslandand scrub areas in southeast Arizona. The clusters of pinkflowers are attractive. The leaves and stems turn yellow anddry in the autumn months. Many references report that J.macrorhiza is toxic if eaten and Kearney and Peebles (1951)indicate that the roots are strongly purgative. This speciesis propagated from seeds which may be scarified. First -yearseedlings produce two oblong cotyledons as their onlyleaves. The adult leaves are produced in subsequent years.The plants respond to regular irrigation when growing. Thisspecies would make an attractive addition to a rock gardenor low -water use perennial flower garden.

Jatropha malacophylla (Standley) Sycamore -leaflimberbush, sangrengado (Figure 7, Page 26)Shrubs or rarely small trees 2 -5 m (6.5 -16.5 ft) tall, with semi -succulent stems arising from a short trunk. The bark of oldersterns is smooth and gray, with soft, short pubescence onyoung twigs. The leaves are drought -deciduous; the bladesare 12 -20 cm (4.75 -8 in) long, soft -fuzzy to the touch, and arepalmately 5 -lobed with sparsely- toothed margins. White flow-ers appear with the new leaves in the summer. The fruits are3- seeded capsules which ripen in the late summer and autumn.

Slopes, valleys, canyons, and streamcourses in tropical de-ciduous forest. 260 -1000 m (855 -3280 ft) elevation. Extend-ing north of the 28th parallel only at lower elevations in thevicinity of Yécora, in eastern Sonora. It ranges southward inMexico to Oaxaca.

Sycamore -leaf limberbush is distinctive with its large, softleaves, resembling those of species of sycamore (Platanusspp.). It is typically an understory plant in tropical decidu-ous forest and is sometimes found in moist situations alongseasonal streams. The plants also occur in rocky habitatswith cacti and drought -tolerant trees and shrubs. Plantsgradually defoliate during the autumn and winter. Sycamore -leaf limberbush is found in areas of Sonora which receive

26 Desert Plants 1998

Figure 7. Jatropha malacophylla. Note that stem and leaf are different scale.

500 -700 mm (20 -28 in) of annual rainfall. This is the leastxeromorphic species of Jatropha in the region. Germinationrequirements are as for the other species. Growth from seedsis rapid. Stem damage occurs below about -3° C (26° F). Theinteresting foliage provides a tropical effect and this plantcould be used as an accent or container plant in a subtropi-cal patio or minioasis setting.

AcknowledgementsThe information presented in this study is based on obser-vations of plants in habitat and of cultivated plants in Tuc-son, Arizona, on specimens at The University of Arizonaherbarium, and on a review of the literature. Illustrations andphotographs are by the author. I thank Richard Felger for hissuggestions.

Citations and ReferencesBenson L. and R. A. Darrow. 1980. Trees and shrubs of the

southwestern deserts, 3rd edition. The University of Ari-zona Press, Tucson. 417pp.

Correll D. C. and M. C. Johnson. 1970. Manual of the vascu-lar plants of Texas. Texas Research Foundation, Renner,Texas. 1880pp.

Everitt J. H. and D. L. Drawe. 1993. Trees, shrubs, and cactiof south Texas. Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock.213pp.

Felger R. S. and M. B. Moser. 1985. People of the desert andsea - ethnobotany of the Seri Indians. The University ofArizona Press, Tucson. 435pp.

Felger R. S. and M. B. Johnson. In press. The trees of Sonora,Mexico. Oxford University Press.

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Johnson Jatropha

Johnson M. B. 1990. Limberbush - Jatropha cardiophylla(Euphorbiaceae). The Plant Press :14(2):8 -10.

Kearney T. H. and R. H. Peebles. 1951. Arizona flora. Univer-sity of California Press, Berkeley. 1085pp.

Martin P. S., D. Yetman, M. Fishbein, P. Jenkins, T. R. VanDevender, and R. K. Wilson. 1998. Gentry's Rio Mayoplants - the tropical deciduous forest and environs ofnorthwest Mexico. The University of Arizona Press, Tuc-son. 557pp.

Mielke J. 1993. Native plants for southwestern landscapes.University of Texas Press, Austin. 310pp.

Powell M. A. 1988. Trees and shrubs of Trans -Pecos Texasincluding Big Bend and Guadalupe Mountains NationalParks. Big Bend Natural History Association, Inc. 536pp.

Roberts N.C. 1989. Baja California plant field guide. NaturalHistory Publishing Company, La Jolla. 309 pp.

Sacamano C. M. and W. D. Jones. 1975. Native trees andshrubs for landscape use in the desert southwest. TheUniversity of Arizona, College of Agriculture, Coopera-tive Extension Service, Bulletin A -82, Tucson. 4Opp.

Schmutz E. M. and L. B. Hamilton. 1979. Plants that poison.Northland Press, Flagstaff, AZ. 338pp.

Standley P. C. 1923. Trees and shrubs of Mexico. Contribu-tions to the U.S. National Herbarium 23.

Steinman V. W. and R. S. Felger. 1997. The Euphorbiaceae ofSonora, Mexico. Aliso 16(1):1 -71.

Turner R. M., J. E. Bowers, and T. L. Burgess. 1995. SonoranDesert plants - an ecological atlas. The University ofArizona Press, Tucson. 501pp.

Vines R. A. 1960. Trees, shrubs and woody vines of thesouthwest. University of Texas Press, Austin. 1104pp.

Warnock B. H. 1970. Wildflowers of the Big Bend country,Texas. Sul Ross State University, Alpine, Texas. 157pp. Figure 8. Jatropha cordata in tropical deciduous forest near

Warnock B. H. 1974. Wildflowers of the Guadalupe Moun- Alamos, Sonora. March 1989.tains and the sand dune country, Texas. Sul Ross StateUniversity, Alpine, Texas. 176pp.

Wiggins, I. L. in Shreve F. and I. L. Wiggins. 1964. Vegetationand flora of the Sonoran Desert. Stanford UniversityPress, Stanford, California. 1740pp.

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