og12 posted

5/17/2018 Og12 Posted - slidepdf.com

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/og12-posted 1/21

-1-

Spring 2012:AMI

OG1

CVE 710

RISK AND RELIABILITY

INSTRUCTOR

Dr. Anastasios (Tasos) M. Ioannides, Associate Professor, 730 ERC (ML 0071). Tel.: (513)556‐3137;

e‐mail: < [email protected]>; http://www.eng.uc.edu/~aioannid/

Class meets

Tu

‐Th

3:30

‐4:45

PM

in

661

BH.

TEACHING ASSISTANT

None Available OFFICE HOURS

Prof.: Tu‐Th 1:00‐3:15 PM. TA: None. Other times by appointment. Review Sessions to be scheduled as

needed.

REQUIRED TEXTS

Haldar, A. and Mahadevan, S. (2000), “Probability, Reliability and Statistical Methods in Engineering

Design,” John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY

Ioannides, A.M. (2005), “CEE 710‐Risk and Reliability: Supplementary Class Notes,” UC, Cincinnati, OH

HIGHLY RECOMMENDED

TEXTBOOKS

LHarr, M.E. (1987), “Reliability Based Design in Civil Engineering,” McGraw‐Hill, New York, NY

LMadsen H.O., Krenk, S., and Lind, N.C. (1986), “Methods of Structural Safety,” Prentice‐Hall Inc.,

Englewood Cliffs, NJ

LAng, A.H‐S. And Tang, W.H. (1975; 1984), “Probability Concepts in Engineering Planning and

Design,” Vols. I and II, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY

Note: Additional material will be introduced in class. Be sure to attend and take good notes!

GRADING SCHEME

4 Numerical Homeworks: 10%; 4 Multiple‐Choice Assignments: 10%; Unannounced Quizzes: 10%; 1

Midterm: 20%; 1 Project: 20%; Final Exam: 30%. TOTAL: 100%. Quizzes may be given during any class

session

and

will

last

less

than

10

minutes.

All

quizzes

will

be

closed‐

book,

except

for

one

8.5x11

in.

sheet,

and

will

pertain only to the material covered during the immediately preceding presentation. A missed quiz cannot be made

up for. You are strongly encouraged not to miss any quizzes by attending all class sessions!

GRADE RANGES

A:>93%; A‐:>90%; B+:>86%; B:>83%; B‐:>80%; C+:>76%; C:>73%; F:<73% (These limits may be revised

downward at the discretion of the Instructor, but will not be revised upward.)

EXPECTED CLASS PARTICIPATION

Attend classes; take notes; follow instructions; arrive promptly; bring textbook; stay alert; ask questions; respond to questions; read assignments; practice solving problems; take advantage of Office Hours and

Review Sessions; prepare neat submissions; you may work on homeworks in groups, but final write‐up

must be done individually; turn submissions in by due date unless extension is requested; improve with

time; be

original;

go

further

than

expected.

SAMPLE PERSONAL CARD

Line 1: HELM, Anna Abigail; <[email protected]>

Line 2: Structures (or Geotechnical, Environmental, Construction, Transportation); Advisor; Year 1 or 2.

Line 3: Statistics and Probability courses taken (or any other related course)

Line 4: Co‐op with Terracon Consultants, Dayton, OH for 2 years; Summer work with ODOT as

surveyor; Library assistant at UC for 3 months; RA for Prof. Smith since Aug. 05

Line 5: Thesis (MS or PhD) or NTO; UGS only or UGS+RA.



-2-

Spring 2012:AMI

OG1

CVE 710


CLASS CALENDAR

TUESDAY THURSDAY

Week 1 Mar. 27 I (xiii‐3) 29 I (4‐8)

Week 2 Apr. 03 II (9‐19)§ 05 II (19‐29)

Week 3 10 III (35‐49) 12 III (49‐58)

Week 4 17 IV (63‐81)† 19 IV (81‐99)

Week 5

24 V

(106

‐120)

26

V

(120

‐134)

Week 6 May 01 MIDTERM EXAM 03 VI (138‐155)

Week 7 08 VI (155‐173)‡ 10 VII (181‐201)

Week 8 15 VII (201‐222) 17 VIII (225‐234)

Week 9 22 VIII (234‐243) 24 VIII (243‐248)

Week 10 29 IX (250‐257)¤ 31 IX (257‐266)

FINAL EXAMINATION ‐ Thursday, June 7, 2:15 ‐ 4:15 p.m.

Note: Roman numerals following dates denote Chapter in textbook covered that day; Arabic

numbers in parentheses indicate page numbers for the reading assignments. Other symbols

mean the following: ‐No Class.; § Project Type due; † Project Proposal due; ‡ Project First Draft

due; ¤ Project Final Submission due.

CHAPTER TITLES

I. BASIC CONCEPT OF RELIABILITY

II. MATHEMATICS OF PROBABILITY

III. MODELING

UNCERTAINTY

IV. COMMONLY USED PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

V. DETERMINATION OF DISTRIBUTIONS AND PARAMETERS FROM OBSERVED DATA

VI. RANDOMNESS IN RESPONSE VARIABLES

VII. FUNDAMENTALS OF RELIABILITY ANALYSIS

VIII. ADVANCED TOPICS ON RELIABILITY ANALYSIS

IX. SIMULATION TECHNIQUES

Note: As a minimum, you are expected to solve ALL problems at the end of each Chapter, for practice.



-3-

Spring 2012:AMI

OG1

CVE 710


NUMERICAL HOMEWORKS

Numerical Homeworks will be assigned on Thursday, and will be due a week later at 5 pm, or (if

requested 24

hours

before

the

due

date)

on

Monday

before

noon.

Each

numerical

homework

will

consist

of up to 10 problems from the textbook and supplementary materials. You are advised to start working

on these Homeworks as soon as the material is covered in class. Please adhere VERY CAREFULLY to all

instructions below regarding your submissions:

a) The Solutions Manual for the textbook is available in the Engineering Library. Simply

reproducing essentially the same solution from the Manual will get you only 25% of the points. Your

own solution is expected, with complete and detailed explanations of every step you take. Make liberal

use of textual comments to guide the reader through your answer.

b) Solutions to numerical problems must be handwritten, in neat, bright, reasonably large and tidy

handwriting. Typing is often time consuming: typing equations is particularly discouraged.

c) Start your answer to each question on a new sheet of paper to allow for selective grading. Write

only on

one

side

of

the

paper.

Use

paper

liberally,

so

that

your

submission

looks

attractive

and

not

crowded. Respect all 4 margins (1 inch, all around required). Submit your solutions in a plastic, see‐

through folder with adjustable spine to hold your papers together without a staple. Prepare a typed

cover page showing: Course number and name, Quarter, Instructor, Alphanumerical Homework

number and title (if any), list of questions attempted, your name, date of submission.

d) In many cases, the use of a computer is essential, or at least very highly recommended. You will

be penalized for NOT using the computer to a reasonable extent. Please include printouts from any

computer programs you use, e.g., from EXCEL. Retain all generated spreadsheets, program input and

output files, etc., until the end of the Quarter. In case of repetitive calculations, provide in your

submission the formulae you use, with one example showing the details of the calculation.

e) In preparing your submission, you are encouraged to follow the following procedure:

i.

Read

the

question

as

posed,

and

understand

the

problem;

ii. Identify and reread the sections in the textbook that provide clues to the guide your solution;

iii. Attempt to solve the problem on your own, making notes about what you achieve, and what

you need help with;

iv. Refer to the Solutions Manual, and make notes regarding additional clues regarding the

solution, and go back to the textbook for additional reading, if necessary;

v. Discuss the solution with any of your classmates, perhaps forming study groups;

vi. Prepare your submission, based on your notes and your discussions, ON YOUR own, on fresh

paper (not your notes);

vii. For a 10% bonus, submit your notes made during the process of answering each question as

an Appendix at the end of your submission.

Numerical

Homework No. Assigned Due Content

1 Th Wk2 04/05/12 04/12/12 Ch. 2 + Set Theory + Probability

2 Th Wk4 04/19/12 04/26/12 Ch. 3, 4 + Quality Control

3 Th Wk6 05/03/12 05/10/12 Ch. 5, 6

4 Th Wk8 05/17/12 05/24/12 Ch. 7, 8



-4-

Spring 2012:AMI

OG1

CVE 710


MULTIPLE‐CHOICE ASSIGNMENTS

Multiple‐Choice Assignments will be assigned on Tuesday, and will be due a week later at 5 pm, or (if

requested 24

hours

before

the

due

date)

on

Thursday

before

noon.

Each

of

these

assignments

will

require

you to compile fifteen (15) multiple‐choice questions from the textbook reading assignments,

supplementary materials, problems and lectures since the previous such assignment. You are advised to

start compiling your questions as the material is covered in class. A perfect question is one that can be

cut‐and‐pasted onto an exam, in content and format. Bonus equal to half the difference in grade from the

previous assignment will be awarded if improvement is noted. Please adhere VERY CAREFULLY to all

instructions below regarding your submissions:

1. Make your questions challenging, but not unfair, for a closed book exam.

2. Provide an indication of the correct selection, as well as evidence for this (10 words min., per

example below).

3.

Please formulate

your

questions

independently!

Some

of

your

questions

may

be

used

on

our

Exams.

3. Submit your questions by e‐mail (in the body of the message, not as an attachment), by 5 pm on

the due date.

Use the following in the Subject Line: CVE 710 MC Assgt 1 (or 2, 3, 4)

4. You may not submit the same questions twice.

5. Sample Question Format: YOU MUST ADHERE TO THIS FORMAT!

When parameters q and r in a beta distribution are both equal to 1, then the beta distribution becomes a:(A) Uniform distribution;(B) Normal distribution;(C) Poisson distribution;

(D) Geometric distribution.Correct Answer: (A). Textbook, p.72-“When q and r are both equal to one, the beta distribution becomesa uniform distribution.”

Additional instructions:

i. No fill‐in the blanks, nor True/False questions;

ii. No reverse questions, e.g., “The average is what?”;

iii. No excessive use of “All of the above” answers;

iv. Avoid making general statements into dogmatic assertions;

v. Spellcheck and be consistent;

vi. Avoid symbols and use names, e.g., <sigma>;

vii. No unnecessary blanks and capitalization;

viii. More

after

each

Assignment.

Multiple‐Choice

Assignment No. Assigned Due Contents

1 Tu Wk1 03/27/12 04/03/12 Preface, Ch. 1, Set Theory

2 Tu Wk3 04/10/12 04/17/12 Ch. 2, Ch. 3, + Probability + Quality Control

3 Tu Wk5 04/24/12 05/01/12 Ch. 4, Ch. 5

4 Tu Wk7 05/08/12 05/15/12 Ch. 6, Ch. 7



-5-

Spring 2012:AMI

OG1

CVE 710


EXAMINATIONS

The mid‐term as well as the final examinations will consist of two sections: (a) problems

analogous to those in the textbook and supplementary materials; (b) multiple‐choice questions. These

will be

approximately

in

equal

proportions

(50%

each

section).

The

Solutions

Manual

for

the

textbook

is

available in the Engineering Library. Simply reproducing essentially the same solution from the Manual

will get you only 25% of the points. Your own solution is expected, with complete and detailed

explanations of every step you take. Make liberal use of textual comments to guide the reader through

your answer. The multiple‐choice questions will be based up to 50% on those submitted by the class

during the Quarter.

All exams will be closed book, closed notes. You will be allowed to bring into the examination

room one (1) 8.5x11‐in. sheet, with any equations you think you might need. Charts and tables will be

provided, as needed. The mid‐term examination will cover only part of the course. The final

examination will be comprehensive.

EXAMINATION BONUS

POINTS

You may earn bonus points to be added to your mid‐term or to the final examinations by

submitting up to three Powerpoint presentations, extracted from the supplementary materials. You will

earn THREE such bonus points for each complete transcription submitted, plus a fourth point if your

transcription is submitted within two weeks of covering the Powerpoint material in the course. You must

obtain prior authorization before preparing a presentation to avoid repetitions (first come, first served;

three point penalty for failure to complete). Your submissions will NOT be returned, so keep a copy or

submit them by email as a .ppt file. The deadline is TUESDAY at 5 pm, each week (last one: 5/22/12).

Presentations must conform to the format of class presentations, and consist of at least 20 slides. Use of

color and graphics is encouraged, so that dry material is made interesting.



Spring 2012:AMI EB1

CVE 710 RISK AND RELIABILITY

PROJECT In order to complete this Assignment, you will need to make use of a wide variety of resources beyond those provided

in Class, most notably the World Wide Web and the University Library. A list of resources used must be provided

in an Appendix to your Project submission. In a second Appendix, provide approximately 20 pages of Web

printouts and/or copies from the literature consulted. Please refer to the Suggestions for High‐Quality Submissions

for guidance in preparing your Project submission, whose format, volume and quality should be commensurate to

that of a technical note submitted for publication in a refereed Journal in Civil Engineering, and more specifically

one of the ASCE Journals.

1. In consultation with your advisor and with the Instructor, select an appropriate topic relevant to

your graduate specialty and to the application of the principles of reliability, risk, probability and/or

statistics, in order to complete this assignment. Alternatively, and only if you are unable to select your

own Project topic, you may, again in consultation with the Instructor, select from among the topics in a

list to be provided upon request, in order to complete this assignment.

2. Select the type of Project you wish to work on, among the following: Literature Review; Design

Application; Theoretical Development; Data Analysis; Data Collection; Combination of two or more of

the above. Length: 1 ‐ 2 pages, single‐spaced, in body of e‐mail. Deadline for topic and project type

selection: Tuesday, April 3, 2012, 5:00 PM. 3. Prepare a Proposal describing the Project you intend to pursue. Length: 3‐ 5 pages, in ASCE

format, hard copy in binder. Submit it to the Instructor for feedback by Tuesday, April 17, 2012, 5:00 PM. 4. Proceed with the completion of your Project, incorporating adequately the feedback received on

your proposal. Length and format per ASCE, hard copy in binder. Submit your Project draft for review

and grading by Tuesday, May 08, 2012, 5:00 PM. 5. Revise your Project in a manner addressing the concerns noted in the review. Length and format

per ASCE, hard copy in binder. Submit your Final Project manuscript for a second grade by Tuesday, May 29, 2012, 5:00 PM. Pointers for a successful Project:

1. This

is

a reliability

project,

not

a project

for

structures

or

geotech,

etc.

The

focus

of

everything

you

do

must be on the content of CVE 710, not on the technical issues related to your thesis or your specialty.

2. Select a very narrow project, so that your reliability treatment of it can be very deep.

3. Select a project about a technical issue that is simple and well known, so that you can focus on learning

the reliability techniques you will apply.

4. Keep your scope manageable. “Reliability Methods in Structural Engineering: A Literature Review”

would call for several volumes, so avoid!

5. Be specific about what contents of CVE 710 you will be focusing on.



Spring 2012:AMI EB1


PROJECT: INSTRUCTIONS FOR PROPOSALS 1. All projects must include a Literature Review, for which you must include the following items

along with the main body of your proposal:

(a) A list of 4 journals to be examined for references in the last 5 years;

(b) A time schedule, indicating the tasks you propose and their duration within the time‐frame of this

project;

(c) A list of 5 to 10 references consulted in preparing the proposal.

2. As you proceed to prepare your first draft, please keep in mind the following:

(a) Stay focused on issues pertinent to CVE 710, i.e., reliability, risk, statistics, probability, variability,

uncertainty, safety, etc.;

(b) Stay in close consultation with your advisor and the Instructor;

(c) Spread the work out over each couple of days.

3. With regard to FORMAT:

(a) Consult the ASCE format for its Journals and adhere to it, especially in citing references.

4. With regard to SYNTAX:

(a) Consult the Suggestions for High Quality Submissions , as well as standard texts on writing style, and

follow the advice given;

(b) Have a friend read and critique your work;

(c) Certainly proof‐read your own work, use spell‐check, etc.

5. With regard to CONTENT:

The following section headers are suggested: (a) Statement of Problem; (b) Objectives of Study; (c)

Methodology; (d) Time Schedule; (e) List of Journals to be searched; (f) References cited.

6. Additional advice:

(a) Use page numbers. A footer is recommended, with the date on the left, your initials on the right and

the page number in the center.

(b) A header on the first text page is recommended, listing the writer’s name, Course number and title,

Title and type of Project, date of submission.

(c) A

cover

page

is

recommended,

listing

Course

number

and

title,

Quarter,

Title

and

type

of

Project,

the

writer’s name, date of submission, Word count.

(d) Leave two blank spaces after a period (.).

(e) Avoid abbreviations, e.g., can’t.

(f) Avoid “However” and “But” at the beginning of a sentence. If possible, never use “however.”



Spring 2012:AMI EB1


ORGANIZATION OF TECHNICAL PAPER COVER PAGE: Title (limited to 75 characters including blanks)

Author(s), Affiliation(s), Address(es), Contact information

Word Count

Journal Name

Date of submission

ABSTRACT (with Key Words; limited to 250 words)

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS (alphabetically by Latin, then by Greek alphabets)

INTRODUCTION (5%)H

State problem; define scope and objectives of paper; outline paper structure.

DEFINITION AND ENUMERATION OF TECHNICAL ISSUES (15%)

Must include literature review, which must provide synthesis and discussion, pointing out points

of agreement and disagreement among authors, not merely enumeration of papers reviewed.

METHODOLOGY TO ADDRESS ISSUES (15%) PRESENTATION OF DATA AND OTHER EVIDENCE (15%)

May include case histories, numerical data, witness by previous authors, as well as your own

calculations.

DISCUSSION OF DATA, EVIDENCE AND ISSUES (40%) This is THE most important segment of the paper, on which publication hinges primarily.

CONCLUSIONS (10%) This may include a summary of preceding information, but its main purpose to articulate what

we know now, after this paper has been written, that we did not know before. Each conclusion must be

rationally based on the information and discussion, with no new issues raised, except to point out those

for which further research is needed.

REFERENCES TABLES FIGURES APPENDICES

HPercentages given are recommended portions of the total length of the paper for each section.



Spring 2012:AMI EB1


PROJECT: ADDITIONAL

INSTRUCTIONS

FOR

PROPOSALS

USE A.... A FOR CITATIONS!!! ABSOLUTELY NO PLAGIARISM!!! 1. You MUST adhere to the agreement between you and the Instructor, as established at your

consultation with him. Changes are permissible, but only after the Instructor has agreed to them.

2. Use a single font (e.g., Times Roman), and one font size (12 is preferred) throughout your paper.

3. Do not use right justification.

4. Focus on the issues at hand, and avoid extraneous information that me ay be deemed irrelevant

or simply too basic.

5. Remember: this is a reliability project. Almost all of your space must be devoted to reliability, not

to your specialty.

6. The Problem Statement must define the problem clearly. Answer the question: What problem are

you trying to solve by this paper?

7. The Objectives must list the goals to be pursued clearly. Answer the question: What solutions are

you trying to formulate by this paper?

8. The Methodology must enumerate succinctly the steps you plan to take in order to meet the objectives. Answer the question: What are the tasks that you intend to complete, and how will you

proceed to perform these tasks?

9. The time schedule can be broken down by day (finest), or by week (coarsest), or somewhere in

between.

10. Avoid using bold, italics or underlining in the main text of the paper.

11. You MUST adhere to the ASCE format, especially with regard to references and citations. A

complete citation consists of the following elements: Author(s), Year, Title, Volume, Issue, Publisher,

City, State,

Country

(if

not

USA),

page

nos.

Avoid

abbreviations

in

citations.

12. Provide full citations for the Journals you intend to research.

13. Submit your proposal in a three ring binder with a transparent cover for your cover page.

Include: Course number and name, Quarter, Instructor, Project title and type, Submission type, Your

name, Date of submission, Word count.

14. Also consult Instructions for First Drafts and Final Drafts, wherever applicable.



Spring 2012:AMI EB1


PROJECT: INSTRUCTIONS

FOR

FIRST

DRAFTS

1. You MUST adhere to the ASCE format. Please include a copy of the instructions you have

followed in your Appendix. If you really prefer another format, you MUST discuss this with the

Instructor first.

2. Pay particular attention to how you cite references. You MUST provide publisher, city, state (or

country, if not USA), and page numbers for each reference. The list at the end of your paper must contain

ALL references cited. ALL references in the list must be cited at least once in your text. It is anticipated

that your reference list will contain at least 10 citations.

3. If you quote more than 5 words in a row from any given publication, you MUST include the

quote between quotation marks, and cite the reference. Otherwise, you might be deemed as committing

PLAGIARISM, one of the worst academic offenses. Please append copies of the three papers from which

you obtained most of your information.

4. Define ALL symbols and abbreviations when they are first used in your text. Compile a list of

symbols and abbreviations, per the ASCE format.

5. You will find it more convenient to provide all Tables and Figures at the END of your paper,

BEFORE the appendix, rather than embedding them in the text.

6. Watch you spacings, both between lines and along a line. Extra spaces must be deleted. Leave

TWO spaces after a period, and ONLY ONE after a comma or between words.

7. RUN SPELL CHECK! PROOFREAD your paper before submitting it! Consider proofreading each

otherʹs papers.

8. Provide the WORD COUNT for your paper on the front page. ASCE allows a maximum of 3,500

word equivalents. I suggest your paper should not be shorter than 75% of the maximum,

and more than half of it should be regular text.

9. Submit your final draft by the deadline stated, along with your graded proposals and drafts.

10.

Use a single

font

(e.g.,

Times

Roman),

and

one

font

size

(12

is

preferred)

throughout

your

paper.

11. Check the ASCE format for the preferred line spacing, the style for Tables and Figures, etc.

12. Avoid familiar language, especially when referring to your experience/knowledge from our

Class.

13. The Instructor will be happy to respond to specific questions that arise, individually or during

Class.



Spring 2012:AMI EB1

CEE 710 RISK AND RELIABILITY

INSTRUCTIONS FOR FINAL DRAFTS 1. Fix weaknesses in your draft identified by Instructor.

2. Pay particular attention to: Problem Statement, Objectives and Methodology, esp. if these have

been tagged.

3. Fix your references per ASCE format, plus the required details (see Rubric).

4. Prepare your final draft, emphasizing, sharpening, and strengthening the Discussion section so

that your own CVE 710 work becomes apparent.

5. You will be graded for the changes, additions, deletions, substitutions, improvements, etc. you

have made to your draft in producing the final submission.

USE A.... A FOR CITATIONS!!! ABSOLUTELY NO PLAGIARISM!!! PROVIDE A LOT MORE OF YOUR OWN DISCUSSION OF INFORMATION PRESENTED!!! Fill in gaps in Draft Submission.

Provide a synthesis, not an enumeration, of papers reviewed.

Avoid telling everything you know.

Avoid telling the obvious; you may assume some knowledge on the part of the reader.

Clarify what is yours and what is extracted from the literature.

Watch your tenses: present, past, past perfect. Use the present tense in the main body of the text, if

possible.

Avoid first person.

Use the Equation Editor.

Do not use: *, ^, and ’ (apostrophe). Use H , superscript, and N (prime).

Do not

use

justification.

USE THE ASCE FORMAT!

Specify which Journal you are writing for.

Punch to center in 3‐ring binder.

Your final submissions will not be returned. Retain all previous submission in your 3‐ring binder.



Units and Dimensions

QUANTITY DIMENSION UNIT (mks or S.I.) UNIT (cgs) UNIT (fps or American)

Length [L] meter, m centimeter, cm foot, ft

Force [F] newton, N dyne, dyne pound, lb

Time [T] second, s second, s second, s

Mass [M] or [FT2L-1] kilogram, kg gram, g slug, slug

Pressure [FL-2] pascal, Pa or N/m2 gf/cm2 psi or psf

Density [ML-3] kg/m3 g/cc lbm/ft3

Unit weight [FL-3] N/m3 gf/cc pcf

Temperature [Θ] oC oC oF

Areal stiffness [FL-3] MPa/mm kgf/cc psi/in.

Work [FL] joule, J (=1 N-m) erg (=1 dyne-cm) ft-lb

Power [FLT-1

] watt, W (=1 J/s) erg/s ft-lb/s (=1/550 hp)

Abs. Viscosity [FTL-2] N-s/m2 poise (=1 g/cm-s) lb-s/ft2

Kin. Viscosity [L2T-1] m2/s stoke (=1 cm2/s) ft2 /s

USEFUL CONVERSION FACTORS

1 in. = 25.4 mm 1 MPa = 145.04 psi = 1 N/mm2 1 mil = 0.001 in. = 25.4 µm 1 pcf = 157.1 N/m3

1 kgf = 2.2046 lb 1 gf/cc = 62.428 pcf = 9.81 kN/m3 1 psi = 6.895 kPa 1 pcf = 16.02 kgf/m3

1 lb = 4.4482 N 1 gf/cc = 1000 kgf/m3 oF = oC * (9/5) + 32 1 pcf = 0.016 gf/cc

1 lb = 453.618 gf 1 kgf = 9.81 N 1 oC = 1.8 oF 1 lb/yd3=0.5938kgf/m

1 slug = 14.594 kg 1 lb = 1 slug-ft/sec2 1 slug = 1 lb-sec2/ft 1 slugf = 32.2 lb

1 g=1 dyn-sec2/cm 1 dyn = 0.00001 N 1 MPa/mm = 3684 psi/in. 1 kN/m3 = 6.36 pcf

1 tsf = 13.89 psi 1 tsf = 95.76 kPa 1 N = 0.2248 lb 1 gallon = 3.785 liter

TYPICAL PROPERTIES AND VALUES USEFUL CONSTANTS

Thickness, h 10 in. = 254 mm = 0.254 m Unit weight of water,γw =1 gf/cc=62.4 pcf=9.81 kN/m3

Applied pressure, p 100 psi = 689.5 kPa =980 dynes/ccModulus of elasticity, E 4 Mpsi = 27.6 GPa Density of water,ρw = 1000 kg/m3

Applied load, P 10000 lb = 44.5 kN Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2

Deflection, ∆ 10 mils = 0.010 in. = 254 µm Atmosph. pressure, pa =1.058 tsf=101.3 kPa =14.65pSubgrade modulus, k 200 psi/in. = 0.0543 MPa/mm

METRIC PREFIXES

tera, T = 10+12

giga, G = 10+9

mega, M = 10+6

kilo, k = 10+3

hecto, h = 10+2

deca, da = 10deci, d = 10-1

centi, c = 10-2

milli, m = 10-3

micro, µ = 10-6

nano, n = 10-9

pico, p = 10-12

femto = 10-15

atto = 10-18



CEE 710


SUGGESTIONS FOR HIGH-QUALITY SUBMISSIONS

Avoid abbreviations (“it is” not “it’s”) and typographical symbols (“and” not “&”)

Be careful when using “however”: Avoid it altogether, otherwise enclose it in commas (...., however, ...). Do not start

a sentence with “However”, “And”, “Where”, “Whereas”, or other conjunctions

Write in complete sentences

Avoid long sentences

Watch for mixed numbers and mixed tenses

Do not write the way we speak

In studying Figures, look for the “Big Picture”, not just the x and y.

Distinguish between “cement” and “concrete.”

Just “asphalt” means “asphalt cement” not “asphalt concrete”

Do not use “asphalt cement mix”

Use “pavement” for the whole system of constructed layers, supporting soil, and loads: consider using “layer”,

“asphalt concrete” or “mix” first.

Distinguish between “equal” and “equivalent”; “affect” and “effect”; “it’s” and “its”; “e.g.” and “i.e.”; “principle”

and “principal”; “coarse” and “course”

Distinguish between “determine” and “quantify, assess, evaluate”

The singular is “phenomenon”, the plural is “phenomena”

The singular is “parenthesis”, the plural is “parentheses”

Always enclose between commas: ..., i.e., ..., e.g., ..., therefore, ...., however, ...

The symbol for degrees Fahrenheit is “ oF “ or “deg-F”

Do not start a sentence with an abbreviation: “Fig. 2 shows that...”

Make sure you understand your answers: if unsure, ask questions

WRITE A DRAFT, PROOF-READ AND RE-WRITE! USE THE SPELL CHECKER!

GIVE YOUR SOURCES! USE YOUR OWN WORDS!

Define all symbols used, especially if they are not standard ones!

Make sure you give the units after every number (if applicable)!

Do not let the computer draw your lines or curves!

Use pencil and flexicurve (or straight edge) for lines or curves!

Use graph paper (not engineering paper) for plots!

Use a straight edge when highlighting or underlining!

Avoid just “telling all” you know!

Use and cite additional references, not just the textbook!

Respect the four margins!

Write or type on one side of the paper only!

Always include some verbal comments to guide reader through your solution!



Code of Ethics for EngineersPreamble

Engineering is an important and learned profession. As members of this profes -

sion, engineers are expected to exhibit the highest standards of honesty andintegrity. Engineering has a direct and vital impact on the quality of life for allpeople. Accordingly, the services provided by engineers require honesty, impartial-

ity, fairness, and equity, and must be dedicated to the protection of the public health,safety, and welfare. Engineers must perform under a standard of professional behav-ior that requires adherence to the highest principles of ethical conduct.

I. Fundamental CanonsEngineers, in the fulfillment of their professional duties, shall:

1. Hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public.2. Perform services only in areas of their competence.3. Issue public statements only in an ob jective and truthful manner.4. Act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees.5. Avoid deceptive acts.6. Conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully so as to

enhance the honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession.

II. Rules of Practice1. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public.a. If engineers’ judgment is overruled under circumstances that endanger

life or property, they shall notify their employer or client and such other

authority as may be appropriate.b. Engineers shall approve only those engineering documents that are in

conformity with applicable standards.c. Engineers shall not reveal facts, data, or information without the prior

consent of the client or employer except as authorized or required by law

or this Code.d. Engineers shall not permit the use of their name or associate in business

ventures with any person or firm that they believe is engaged in

fraudulent or dishonest enterprise.e. Engineers shall not aid or abet the unlawful practice of engineering by a

person or firm.f. Engineers having knowledge of any alleged violation of this Code shall

report thereon to appropriate professional bodies and, when relevant, also

to public authorities, and cooperate with the proper authorities infurnishing such information or assistance as may be required.

2. Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their competence.

a. Engineers shall undertake assignments only when qualified by education

or experience in the specific technical fields involved.b. Engineers shall not affix their signatures to any plans or documents

dealing with subject matter in which they lack competence, nor to any

plan or document not prepared under their direction and control.c. Engineers may accept assignments and assume responsibility for

coordination of an entire project and sign and seal the engineering

documents for the entire project, provided that each technical segment is

signed and sealed only by the qualified engineers who prepared the

segment.3. Engineers shall issue public statements only in an ob jective and truthful

manner.a. Engineers shall be objective and truthful in professional reports,

statements, or testimony. They shall include all relevant and pertinentinformation in such reports, statements, or testimony, which should bear

the date indicating when it was current.b. Engineers may express publicly technical opinions that are founded upon

knowledge of the facts and competence in the subject matter.

c. Engineers shall issue no statements, criticisms, or arguments on technical

matters that are inspired or paid for by interested parties, unless they haveprefaced their comments by explicitly identifying the interested parties

on whose behalf they are speaking, and by revealing the existence of any

interest the engineers may have in the matters.4. Engineers shall act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees.

a. Engineers shall disclose all known or potential conflicts of interest that

could influence or appear to influence their judgment or the quality of

their services.b. Engineers shall not accept compensation, financial or otherwise, from

more than one party for services on the same project, or for services

pertaining to the same project, unless the circumstances are fully disclo

agreed to by all interested parties.

c. Engineers shall not solicit or accept financial or other consideration, directly or indirectly, from outside agents in co

with the work for which they are responsible.d. Engineers in public service as members, advisors, or employ

governmental or quasi-governmental body or department s

participate in decisions with respect to services solicited or pro

them or their organizations in private or public engineering prae. Engineers shall not solicit or accept a contract from a governmen

on which a principal or officer of their organization serves as a m5. Engineers shall avoid deceptive acts.

a. Engineers shall not falsify their qualifications or permit misrepre

of their or their associates’ qualifications. They shall not misrep

exaggerate their responsibility in or for the subject matter

assignments. Brochures or other presentations incident to the soof employment shall not misrepresent pertinent facts co

employers, employees, associates, joint venturers, o

accomplishments.

b. Engineers shall not offer, give, solicit, or receive, either diindirectly, any contribution to influence the award of a contract bauthority, or which may be reasonably construed by the public a

the effect or intent of influencing the awarding of a contract. T

not offer any gift or other valuable consideration in order to secu

They shall not pay a commission, percentage, or brokerage fee in

secure work, except to a bona fide employee or bona fide estcommercial or marketing agencies retained by them.

III. Professional Obligations1. Engineers shall be guided in all their relations by the highest stan

honesty and integrity.a. Engineers shall acknowledge their errors and shall not distort or

facts.b. Engineers shall advise their clients or employers when they b

project will not be successful.

c. Engineers shall not accept outside employment to the detrimenregular work or interest. Before accepting any outside engemployment, they will notify their employers.

d. Engineers shall not attempt to attract an engineer from another e

by false or misleading pretenses.e. Engineers shall not promote their own interest at the expens

dignity and integrity of the profession.2. Engineers shall at all times strive to serve the pub lic interest.

a. Engineers shall seek opportunities to participate in civic affair

guidance for youths; and work for the advancement of the safety

and well-being of their community.b. Engineers shall not complete, sign, or seal plans and/or speci

that are not in conformity with applicable engineering standard

client or employer insists on such unprofessional conduct, th

notify the proper authorities and withdraw from further servic

project.c. Engineers shall endeavor to extend public knowledge and apprec

engineering and its achievements.3. Engineers shall avoid all conduct or practice that deceives the pub

a. Engineers shall avoid the use of statements containing a

misrepresentation of fact or omitting a material fact.b. Consistent with the foregoing, engineers may advertise for recru

personnel.c. Consistent with the foregoing, engineers may prepare articles fo

or technical press, but such articles shall not imply credit to the a

work performed by others.4. Engineers shall not disclose, without consent, confidential informa

cerning the business af fairs or technical processes of any present oclient or employer, or public body on which they serve.a. Engineers shall not, without the consent of all interested parties,

or arrange for new employment or practice in connection with a

project for which the engineer has gained particular and sp

knowledge.



b. Engineers shall not, without the consent of all interested parties,

participate in or represent an adversary interest in connection with a

specific project or proceeding in which the engineer has gained particularspecialized knowledge on behalf of a former client or employer.

5. Engineers shall not be influenced in their professional duties by conflictinginterests.a. Engineers shall not accept financial or other considerations, including

free engineering designs, from material or equipment suppliers for

specifying their product.b. Engineers shall not accept commissions or allowances, directly or

indirectly, from contractors or other parties dealing with clients oremployers of the engineer in connection with work for which the

engineer is responsible.6. Engineers shall not attempt to obtain employment or advancement or profes-

sional engagements by untruthfully criticizing other engineers, or by otherimproper or questionable methods.a. Engineers shall not request, propose, or accept a commission on a

contingent basis under circumstances in which their judgment may be

compromised.b. Engineers in salaried positions shall accept part-time engineering work

only to the extent consistent with policies of the employer and in

accordance with ethical considerations.c. Engineers shall not, without consent, use equipment, supplies,

laboratory, or office facilities of an employer to carry on outside private

practice.7. Engineers shall not attempt to in jure, maliciously or falsely, directly or

indirectly, the professional reputation, prospects, practice, or employmentof other engineers. Engineers who believe others are guilty of unethical or il-legal practice shall present such information to the proper authority foraction.a. Engineers in private practice shall not review the work of another

engineer for the same client, except with the knowledge of such engineer,or unless the connection of such engineer with the work has been

terminated.b. Engineers in governmental, industrial, or educational employ are entitled

to review and evaluate the work of other engineers when so required by

their employment duties.c. Engineers in sales or industrial employ are entitled to make engineering

comparisons of represented products with products of other suppliers.8. Engineers shall accept personal responsibility for their professional activities,

provided, however, that engineers may seek indemnification for services aris-

ing out of their practice for other than gross negligence, where the engineer’sinterests cannot otherwise be protected.a. Engineers shall conform with state registration laws in the practice of

engineering.

b. Engineers shall not use association with a nonengineer, a corporation, orpartnership as a “cloak” for unethical acts.

9. Engineers shall give credit for engineering work to those to whom credit isdue, and will recognize the proprietary interests of others.a. Engineers shall, whenever possible, name the person or persons who may

be individually responsible for designs, inventions, writings, or other

accomplishments.

b. Engineers using designs supplied by a client recognize that the

remain the property of the client and may not be duplicated by the

for others without express permission.c. Engineers, before undertaking work for others in connection wi

the engineer may make improvements, plans, designs, inventions

records that may justify copyrights or patents, should enter into a

agreement regarding ownership.d. Engineers’ designs, data, records, and notes referring exclusive

employer’s work are the employer’s property. The employe

indemnify the engineer for use of the information for any purpo

than the original purpose.e. Engineers shall continue their professional development through

careers and should keep current in their specialty fields by engprofessional practice, participating in continuing education

reading in the technical literature, and attending professional m

and seminars.

As Revised January 2003

“By order of the United States District Court for the District of Cformer Section 11(c) of the NSPE Code of Ethics prohibiting competitive

and all policy statements, opinions, rulings or other guidelines interpreting have been rescinded as unlawfully interfering with the legal right of engintected under the antitrust laws, to provide price information to prospectiv

accordingly, nothing contained in the NSPE Code of Ethics, policy statemeions, rulings or other guidelines prohibits the submission of price quotacompetitive bids for engineering services at any time or in any amount.”

Statement by NSPE Executive CommitteeIn order to correct misunderstandings which have been indicated

instances since the issuance of the Supreme Court decision and the entry of Judgment, it is noted that in its decision of April 25, 1978, the Supreme CouUnited States declared: “The Sherman Act does not require competitive bi

It is further noted that as made clear in the Supreme Court decision:1. Engineers and firms may individually refuse to bid for engineering 2. Clients are not required to seek bids for engineering services.3. Federal, state, and local laws governing procedures to procure eng

services are not af fected, and remain in full force and ef fect.4. State societies and local chapters are free to actively and aggressiv

legislation for professional selection and negotiation procedures bagencies.

5. State registration board rules of professional conduct, includi

prohibiting competitive bidding for engineering services, are notand remain in full force and ef fect. State registration boards with to adopt rules of professional conduct may adopt rules governindures to obtain engineering services.

6. As noted by the Supreme Court, “nothing in the judgment prevenand its members from attempting to influence governmental action

Note:In regard to the question of application of the Code to corporations vis-a-vis real

persons, business form or type should not negate nor influence conformance of individ-uals to the Code. The Code deals with professional services, which services must beperformed by real persons. Real persons in turn establish and implement policies

within business structures. The Code is clearly written to apply to the Engineer, and itis incumbent on members of NSPE to endeavor to live up to its pro visions. Thisapplies to all pertinent sections of the Code.

1420 King Street

Alexandria, Virginia 22314-2794703/684-2800 • Fax:703/836-4875

www.nspe.orgPublication date as revised: January 2003 • Publication #1102



You Are My SunshineWords and Music by

Jimmy Davis and Charles Mitchell

The other night, dear As I lay sleeping

I dreamed I held you in my arms.When I awoke, dear

I was mistakenAnd I hung my head and cried;

CHORUS:You are my sunshine

My only sunshineYou make me happyWhen skies are grey

You'll never know dear How much I love you

Please don't take my sunshine away.

I'll always love youAnd make you happy

If you will only say the sameBut if you leave me

To love another You'll regret it all some day;

CHORUS

You told me once, dear You really loved me

And no one else could come betweenBut now you've left me

And love another You have shattered all my dreams;

CHORUS

Sheet Music Listen to MID



I encourage you to form study groups to discuss the text and lecture material. But, eachassignment you turn in must represent your own work. While you are encouraged to consult withyour colleagues on common problems, you are not free to incorporate someone else’s workinto your assignment, in whole or in part, without permission and public acknowledgment.This includes copying, but not citing, material from journals, magazines, books, diskettes,interviews and Internet sites. Copying part of another person’s work and submitting it as

your own work constitutes plagiarism and will receive a grade of zero with no re-submissions allowed. Please note that all papers and presentation materials are checkedfor plagiarism against web sites, previous CST-program papers, and other resources.

Most of the plagiarism problems encountered in this class can be simply taken care of if you keepa few things in mind. Don't copy material directly from texts, journals, or the Internet to use asanswers to questions. Instead, read the material, then synthesize and summarize it in your ownwords. If you don't understand the material, see me and we'll work on it together. Use quotedmaterial only when it adds something useful to the discussion. Don't use quoted material tosimply take up space. Learn how to cite the material you do use from other sources. Finally, giveyourself time to get the assignment done. Much plagiarism is the result of panic over missing adue date. I'll be happy to help you with any concerns you have about plagiarism.

http://www.rwc.uc.edu/waldrop/CompOrg/syllabus.htm

History Department Plagiarism PolicyAcademic misconduct will be punished according to the guidelines in the Student Code of Conduct. The

Department of History rule is

that a student who is discovered plagiarizing on any assignment will automatically receive a grade of zero

for that assignment and the

assignment cannot be redone to obtain a different grade on the plagiarized assignment. A second incidence

of plagiarism will result in

automatic failure of the course. For further details on the issue of academic misconduct, including

plagiarism, see the Department

website http://www.artsci.uc.edu/history/undergrad.shtml

The Student Code of Conduct available on the UC website http://www.uc.edu/studentlife/conduct

http://www.artsci.uc.edu/history/pdfs/courses2009-10.pdf



Plagiarism - Its Nature and Consequences

Introduction: Our Ideas Emerge Against the Backdrop of Previous Formulations

Rarely, if ever, do we develop ideas in our individual minds, free of the effects and influences of others’

previous findings, claims, and analyses. This is not to suggest that writers never forge new ideas; rather, themajority of one’s thoughts—and certainly the intellectual thinking that we do in university settings—is

prompted, shaped, and changed in response to and in light of what has already been stated by others. Our

ideas emerge in response to reading others’ texts, in sites of conversation and verbal exchange, with and

against the grain of the words and formulations of others.

It is appropriate to think of the university as a vast society of influences, composed of various formal sites

of critical discussion, reporting, and debate, both verbal and written. University persons—both scholars and

students—gain status and authority by dint of their intellectual involvement in written and verbal exchange

(detailing their findings, casting written arguments, offering careful analyses of their objects of study).

Since the university values the public thinking of its faculty and students, it requires that its members

formally recognize who has made which sorts of statements in what settings. Scrupulously citing the origin

of quotations, summaries, and other borrowed material included in your paper enables the social value of

respect to exist within intellectual circles of research and scholarship around the globe. Not to formallyrecognize the work and influences of others in your writing is to plagiarize, violating an ethic of mutual

regard.

The Academic Community’s Guidelines: The Practice of Documentation

It has become commonplace to envision the verbal and written exchanges between speakers and listeners,

readers and writers, researchers and their sources, as interactions constituting communities of discourse.

Discourse communities share interpretive, analytic, and argumentative conventions. Academic discourse

communities (often shaped as "disciplines" or "fields of inquiry") agree to refer scrupulously to one

another’s writings and research findings by explicitly linking quoted materials to the name of the person or

persons who uttered or wrote them, and by carefully describing the influence others have had upon them.

In fact, a mark of strong academic writing is the practice of situating one’s claims and findings within atradition of inquiry into the subject, detailing the nature of the exchanges that have preceded the present

foray into the ongoing conversation, at times indicating one’s affinities or disagreement with one or another

avenue of thought. Ethos and authority are enhanced when writers demonstrate their uses of others’

statements, texts, and representations, and when they appropriately identify these sources in their

arguments and analyses. This practice is called documentation. Guidelines for how to correctly cite

materials used within your writing, and rules for assembling the list of works that you cite in your paper are

compiled by academic organizations which produce style manuals. Information from these style manuals

can be accessed in the Citing Sources section of the Library web page.

Plagiarism Defined

Academic communities, then, demand that writers credit others for their work, and that the source of their

material clearly be acknowledged. Not to do so is to plagiarize, to intentionally or unintentionally

appropriate the ideas, language, key terms, or findings of another without sufficient acknowledgment thatsuch material is not one’s own. As the Modern Language Association defines this transgression:

Scholarly authors generously acknowledge their debts to predecessors by carefully giving credit to each

source. Whenever you draw on another’s work, you must specify what you borrowed whether facts,

opinions, or quotations and where you borrowed it from. Using another person’s ideas or expressions in

your writing without acknowledging the source constitutes plagiarism. Derived from the Latin plagiarius

("kidnapper"), plagiarism refers to a form of intellectual theft. . .In short, to plagiarize is to give the

impression that you wrote or thought something that you in fact borrowed from someone, and to do so is a



violation of professional ethics. (Joseph Gibaldi, MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing.

2nd. ed, New York: MLA, 1998: 151).

Plagiarism encompasses a range of errors and violations. Though the charge of plagiarism can be leveled

against writers who incorrectly or neglect to cite borrowed materials, it most often tempts students who find

themselves in the dire straits of having to complete a written assignment without previously having

undertaken the laborious and time-consuming process of research, reading, note-taking, interpretation, andanalysis. Wholesale copying from sources is an easy way to fill up the page and to turn something—

anything—in on time. In all cases, it is far better to contact one’s instructor and honestly to discuss with

him or her a strategy for completing an assignment rather than to risk humiliation and judicial redress.

Instructors will, within reason and to the best of their abilities, help you to get your papers started and help

you to make progress with your work. You will do yourself and your instructors justice if you openly and

squarely discuss the circumstances of your progress or lack thereof.

On occasion, students accused of plagiarism have claimed that their plagiarism has occurred without their

knowledge or intent. Since ignorance of convention is not a reasonable defense, it is best to become

thoroughly acquainted both with the various ways in which plagiarism is construed, and with the

conventions of source attribution and proper documentation. Some students seem to believe that there are

different degrees of plagiarism, some not as a bad as others. No distinctions are made between any of the

following acts. All constitute instances of plagiarism as outlined in Duke University's Bulletin of Information & Regulations, and all constitute transgression of the University's Community Standard. You

will be charged with plagiarism if you:

• Copy from published sources without adequate

documentation.

• Purchase a pre-written paper (either by mail or

electronically).

• Let someone else write a paper for you.

• Pay someone else to write a paper for you.

• Submit as your own someone else’s unpublished work, either

with or without permission.

If the final work you submit—all of it—is not yours, it does not matter how you came by it. If you use

another person’s work to further your own understanding of a subject, you must credit the source. If a

situation arises in your own work not covered below, you should ask your instructor for help before turning

in your work, or visit The Writing Studio, Duke’s tutorial facility for undergraduate writers, where a

consultant will, free of charge, advise you about best practices.

Consequences to Plagiarizing at Duke

As a violation of the Honor Code, charges of plagiarism are brought to the attention of Judicial Affairs,

which initiates an investigation that may lead to formal charges made at an Undergraduate Judicial Board

hearing. The process for the investigation and the adjudication of charges may be accessed at the Office of Judicial Affairs’ Online Guide to The Disciplinary Process at Duke. Plagiarism is a serious offense that can

result in a variety of sanctions (failure of the course in which the plagiarism occurred and suspension from

the University among them). The Duke University Honor Council devotes itself to educating the University

community about the importance of maintaining an ethic of academic integrity. Their online materials

provide useful information regarding special events, workshops, and ongoing discussions about ethical

intellectual conduct at Duke. You can also visit the Library's web tutorial on Citing Sources and Avoiding

Plagiarism.

This essay was written by Van E. Hillard; it has been edited to add links to new resources.



Citing Sources

Whenever you quote, paraphrase, summarize, or otherwise refer to the work of another, you are

required to cite its source, either by way of parenthetical citation or by means of a footnote, as well as

a complete reference in a bibliography.

• Avoiding Plagiarism

Plagiarism occurs when a student, with intent to deceive or with reckless disregard for proper scholarly

procedures, presents any information, ideas or phrasing of another as if they were his/her own and/or does

not give appropriate credit to the original source. Proper scholarly procedures require that all quoted

material be identified by quotation marks or indentation on the page, and the source of information and

ideas, if from another, must be identified and be attributed to that source. Students are responsible for

learning proper scholarly procedures (from Duke University's Bulletin of Information & Regulations).

Plagiarism charges can be brought against you for the following offenses:

• Copying, quoting, paraphrasing, or summarizing from any source without adequate documentation

•

Purchasing a pre-written paper (either by mail or electronically)• Letting someone else write a paper for you

• Paying someone else to write a paper for you

• Submitting as your own someone else's unpublished work, either with or without permission

Warning Signs & Prevention

To avoid plagiarism, it helps to understand the warning signs. The scenarios in this section illustrate some

of the common situations that can lead to trouble. Stress and poor time management can result in sloppy

work and perhaps even trigger a last-minute decision to cheat. A lack of information about the best way to

cite sources is another source of confusion. For international students, sometimes plagiarism is the result of

confusion about American conventions for documenting sources. Patchworking, or simply rearranging

what someone else has written, is a form of plagiarism that might be tempting for students who are having

difficulty understanding the material.

So, what do you do when you find yourself in an emergency situation with your academic work? In the

following examples we relate the experiences of students and outline the choices before them. We also

offer information about the organizations and people on campus who can provide support.

Confused Don't know whether to quote or cite?

Stressed The pressure to get an A is more than you can take

Swamped You're overwhelmed and running out of time

Frustrated and embarrassed You're trying to use difficult material



http://library.duke.edu/research/citing/

og12 posted

Documents