2D ESSENTIALSInstructor: Laura Gerold, PE

Catalog #10614113Class # 22784, 24113, 24136, & 24138

Class Start: January 18, 2012 Class End: May 16, 2012

“Jefferson had a precise and detailed sense of geography. Had he not been so busy with all of his other interests and obligations, one might imagine

him as an important mapmaker, with his passion for accurate

representation, his draftsmanship and devotion to the study of land.” Lions of the West by Robert Morgan (2011)

Class Drawing Project

Create a set of hand-sketched plans that include the following: Drawing Border Scale Six Orthographic Standard Views (page 165

text) Auxiliary Views (If Needed) Section View(s) Dimensions

Six Standard Orthographic ViewThe system of views is called multiview projection. Each view provides certain definite information (Chapter 5).

Class Drawing Project

Items Appropriate for the Project Items Not Appropriate for the Project

Key Project Due Dates

2/22/12 – Project Proposal Due (10 Points) Write a brief memo describing the object you

plan on drawing including plans for how to scale the object.

Memo should include the following information in the header: To: Laura Gerold From: Thomas Jefferson Date: February 22, 2012 Subject: Teakettle Project Plans for 2D

Essentials Memo should also include a photo or a

freehand sketch of your item.

Key Project Due Dates

4/4/12 – 50% Project Plans Due (30 points)

Turn in what you have drawn so far and comments will be added to your plans on Post-it notes.

Plans at this point should include: scale drawing border three views

Key Project Due Dates

5/9/12 – Final Plans Due including all elements (100 points)

5/16/12 – Plans returned with score (140 points total including proposal, 50% plans, and final)

ALPHABET OF LINES

Thick and Thin Drawing Lines

Freehand line technique

Line styles

• Visible Line – The line that you can see when viewing an object. It should indicate all visible edges of an object. They should stand out clearly in contrast to other lines so the shape of an object is apparent to the eye.

• Hidden Line - Used to show surfaces, edges, or corners of an object that are hidden from view

ALPHABET OF LINES

• Section Line – Used to indicate the surface in the section view imagined to have been cut along the cutting plane line.

• Centerline – Centerlines are used to show symmetrical features. Examples are the center of holes or roads.

• Symmetry – Symmetry lines are used when partial views of symmetrical parts are drawn.

ALPHABET OF LINES

• Dimension and Extension Lines– Used when dimensioning an object.

• Leaders – Used to indicate the part of the drawing to which the note or description refers. Arrowheads should touch the object lines.

ALPHABET OF LINES

• Cutting-plane Lines– Used to designate where an imaginary cutting took place.

• Viewing-plane lines – Used to indicate direction of sight when a partial view is used.

• Same lines used for both.

ALPHABET OF LINES

• Short-break Line– Used when it is desirable to shorten the view of a long part.

• Long-break Line– Same definition as short-break line

ALPHABET OF LINES

• Phantom Line – Used to indicate alternate position of moving parts, adjacent position of moving parts, adjacent position of related parts, and repetitive detail. It represents a feature or component that is not part of the specified part or assembly. E.g. billet ends that may be used for testing, or the machined product that is the focus of a tooling drawing.

• Stitch Line – Used for indicating a sewing or stitching process.• Chain Line - Used to indicate that a surface or zone to receive

additional treatment or considerations.

ALPHABET OF LINES

ALPHABET OF LINES

Coffee Mug Project (Freehand Draw) Visible Lines Hidden Lines Centerline Symmetry Line Dimension Line (make up a dimension!) Leader Cutting-plane Line Short-break Line

FREEHAND LINES

The main difference between an instrument or CAD drawing and a freehand sketch is in the appearance of the lines. A good freehand line is not expected to be precisely straight or exactly uniform, as is a CAD or instrument-drawn line. Freehand lines show freedom and variety.

Freehand construction lines are very light, rough lines. All other lines should be dark and clean.

MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

U.S. Customary Units

The Metric System

Dual-Dimensioned

DRAWING SCALE

• Drawing scale is the reduction or enlargement of the drawn object relative to the real object.

• On a scale of 1:2, the first number, 1 represents the size of the object on the drawing. The second number, 2, represents the size of the object in the real world.

Reduced and Enlarged Scale. Many drawings must be shown at reduced scale for the object to fit on the paper.

SPECIFYING THE SCALE ON A DRAWING

List the predominant drawing scale in the titleblock. (Courtesy of Dynojet Research, Inc.)

For a part that is shown on the paper at half its actual size, the scale is listed in one of these three ways:

SCALE: 1:2SCALE: 1/2SCALE: .5

Architectural drawings listthe scale based on the number of fractions of an inch on the drawing that represent one foot on the actual object. Example:

SCALE: 1/8" 1'

SCALES

Scales are measuring tools used to quickly enlarge or reduceDrawing measurements.

Types of Scales

ENGINEERS’ SCALESAn engineers’ scale (also called a civil engineers’ scales) is a decimal scale graduated in units of 1 inch divided into 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 parts.

Because the engineers’ scale divides inches into decimal units, it is convenient in machine drawing to set off inch dimensions expressed in decimals.

ENGINEERS’ SCALES

Engineers scales are usually used for large areas that you are trying to “scale down” for use on large scale plans or maps

Use Decimals 1:10 Scale, 1” = 1’, then each division is

equal to 0.1 ft. 1:10 scale is equal to 1” = 10’, 100’, 1000’ 10 Scale can be used as a ruler and can be

used to set off inch dimensions as decimals To make a half size drawing from an original

drawing that used a 10 scale, use a 20 scale

ENGINEERS’ SCALES

Measure Pipe and Stone Drains Length on Bioretention Plan

Apply an engineer scale to an object Draw a 62.5’ x 84.8’ Room

METRIC SCALES

The triangular scales have one full-size scale and five reduced-size scales, all fully divided.

Using these scales, a drawing can be made full size, enlarged sized, or reduced sized.

Full Size 1:1 scale

Half Size 1:2 scale

METRIC SCALES

Similar to engineer scale, but using metric system

Full Size is 1:1 scale Division is 1 mm in width with calibrations at

10 mm intervals Half Size is 1:2 Scale

Division is 2 mm in width with calibrations at 20 mm intervals

Used for maps, force diagrams, graphical constructions with scales such as 1 mm = 1 kg

ARCHITECTS’ SCALES

The architects’ scale is intended primarily for drawings of buildings, piping systems, and other large structures that must be drawn to a reduced scale to fit on a sheet of paper.

AutoCAD software users sometimes become confused using architectural units. When selecting architecturalunits and entering lengths, keep in mind that a value of 1 is one inch, not one foot.

How To Architect - Scale

ARCHITECTS’ SCALES

On an architect scale, 1/8” = 1’ Full Size

16 Scale – Sixteen divisions per inch Half Size

To create half size plans, use the full size scale and divide every dimension by two

Do not use the ½ scale, which is ½ = 1” Double Size

Use your full size scale and multiply everything by two

ARCHITECTS’ SCALES

1/16 or 1/8 scale is typically used for overall building plan dimensions

¼ is used for detail plans 3/8, ½, 1 are used for large details

(building sections) ¾ and 1 ½ are used for details

ARCHITECTS’ SCALES

Measure Plans Apply an architect scale to an object Draw a 15’-2” x 25’-4” Room

MECHANICAL ENGINEERS’ SCALES

Triangular combination scales are available that include full- and half-size mechanical engineers’ scales, several architects’ scales, and an engineers’ scale all on one stick.

Mechanical engineers’ scales are divided into units representing inches to full size, half size, quarter size, or eighth size.

To draw an object to a scale of half size, for example, use the mechanical engineers’ scale marked half size, which is graduated so that ever ½” represents 1". In other words, the half-size scale is simply a full-size scale compressed to half size.

LETTERINGLettered text is often necessary to completely describe an object or to provide detailed specifications. Lettering should be legible, be easy to create, and use styles acceptable for traditional drawing and CAD drawing.

Engineering drawings use single-stroke sans serif letters because they are highly legible and quick to draw.

Sans serif means without serifs, or spurs

LETTERING STANDARDS

An Example of Lettering and Titles Using CAD

• Most hand-drawn notes use lettering about 3 mm (1/8") high.

• CAD notes are set using the keyboard and sized to be in the range of 3 mm (1/8") tall according to the plotted size of the drawing.• CAD drawings typically use a Gothic lettering style but often use a Roman style for titles.

When adding lettering to a CAD drawing, a good rule of thumb is not to use more than two fonts within the same drawing.

Vertical Capital Letters

and Numerals

The proportionsof vertical capital letters and numbers are shown

Vertical Lowercase Letters

When large and small capitals are combined, the smallcapitals should be three fifths to two thirds the height of thelarge capitals.

Lowercase letters are rarely used in engineering sketches except for lettering large volumes of notes. Vertical lowercase letters are used on map drawings, but very seldom on machine drawings.

Inclined Capital Letters

and Numeral

sInclined (italic) capital letters and numerals, are similar to vertical characters, except for the slope. The slope of the letters is about 68° from the horizontal.

FRACTIONS

Do’s & Don’t

• Never let numerals touch the fraction bar.

• Center the denominator under the numerator.

• Avoid using an inclined fraction bar, except when lettering in a narrow space, as in a parts list.

• Make the fraction bar slightly longer than the widest part of the fraction.

USING GUIDELINESUse extremely light horizontal guidelines to keep letter height uniform…

Do not use vertical guidelines to space the distance from one letter to the next within a word or sentence.

For even freehand letters:

• Use 1/8" gridded paper for drawing to make lettering easy.• Use a scale and set off a series of spaces, making both the letters and the spaces between lines of letters 1/8" high.• Use a guideline template like the Berol Rapidesign 925• For whole numbers and fractions, draw five equally spaced guidelines.

SPACING OF LETTERS AND WORDS

Spacing between WordsSpace letters closely within words to make each word a compact unit, but space words well enough apart to clearly separate them from adjacent words.

Spacing between RowsBe sure to leave space between rows of lettering, usually equal to the letter height.

Spacing between LettersUniform spacing between letters is done byeye. Contrary to what might seem logical,putting equal distances from letter to lettercauses them to appear unequally spaced.

LETTERING FOR TITLES

In most cases, the title and related information are lettered in title boxes or title strips

When lettering by hand, arrange the title symmetricallyabout an imaginary centerline

LETTERING

How to Write Like an Architect Use a Ruler for even lines Use the Ames Lettering Guide Lettering Example (Worksheet 2) Lettering Example (Finish Plan)

DRAWING PENCILS

High-quality drawing pencils help produce good quality technical sketches and drawings.

HardThe hard leads in thisgroup (left) are usedwhere extremeaccuracy is required,as on graphicalcomputations andcharts and diagrams.The softer leads in thisgroup (right) aresometimes used forline work onengineering drawings,but their use is limitedbecause the lines areapt to be too light.

MediumThese grades are forgeneral-purpose work intechnical drawing. Thesofter grades (right) areused for technical sketching,lettering, arrowheads,and other freehand workon mechanical drawings.The harder leads (left) areused for line work onmachine drawings andarchitectural drawings. TheH and 2H leads are widelyused on pencil tracings forreproduction.

SoftThese leads are toosoft to be useful inmechanical drafting.They tend to producesmudged, rough linesthat are hard to erase,and the lead must besharpened continually.These grades are usedfor artwork of variouskinds, and for full-sizedetails in architecturaldrawing.

Style of PencilYou might be surprised how much your drawings benefit from finding a style of pencil that suits your use. Soft pencils, such as HB or F, are mainly used in freehand sketching.

Choose a pencil that:

• Is soft enough to produce clear black lines, but hard enough not to smudge too easily. • Is not so soft that the point breaks easily.• Feels comfortable in your hand.• Grips the lead without slipping.

SKETCHING AND DRAWING MEDIA

Many choices of media (paper and other) are available for particularsketching or drawing purposes. Whether you are sketching or are plotting a drawing from a CAD workstation, choose the type of sheet and size that suits your needs.

Small notebooks or sketch pads are useful when working at a site or when it is necessary to quickly record information.

Sketch on Graph Paper

Graph paper can be helpful in making neat sketches

STANDARD SHEETSThere are ANSI/ASME standards for international and U.S. sheet sizes. Note that drawing sheet size is given as height width. Most standard sheets use what is called a “landscape” orientation.

* May also be used as a vertical sheet size at 11" tall by 8.5" wide.

Typical Sheet Sizes and Borders• Margins and Borders• Zones

Title BlockThe title block is located in the lower right corner of the format. Standard areas in the title block provide the information as shown below.

PLANNING YOUR DRAWING OR SKETCH

When laying out a drawing sheet, you willneed to consider:

• the size and scale of the object you will show

• the sheet size

• the measurement system (units) for the drawing

• the space necessary for standard notes and title block.

The object you are drawing is the “star” of the sketch. Keep the object near the center of the sheet. It should be boldly drawn, usingthick visible lines. Make it large enough to fill most of the sheet and so that details show clearly