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5/24/14
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THE NEURO EXAM IN THE ALTERED PATIENT
Hugh H. West, M.D. Associate Professor UCSF Dept. of EM HREM 5/24/2014
OBJECTIVES:
• 1) REVIEW THE NEURO EXAM IN AMSE PTS • 2) DISCUSS NEURO EXAM "SIX EASY PIECES"
• 3) REVIEW THE CATEGORIES OF AMSE PTS
• 4) LEARN AN APPROACH TO ALL AMSE PTS
• 5) LEARN TO “DANCE” W/ THE PATIENT’S CNS
• 6) LEARN TO GATHER INFO ON AMSE PT'S CNS
PATIENT #1
• 41 YOM BIBA intoxicated streeXighter • Not a forthcoming historian
• HX is mostly exple\ve deleted
• No I.D. on him, so no old records
• One R.N. recognizes him
• “Frequent Flier” for ETOH abuse
EXAM
• P=110, BP=135/85, RR=15, T=37C, Sat=99%RA • Odor of alcohol noted on his breath, red wine • Mul\ple minor abrasions on face and hands
• Lungs clear, Heart no gmr, Abd bs ok, nhp
• Neuro "noncoop" • Plan-‐ MTF
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NEURO EXAM TYPES
• NONCOOP (we've got this one) • NONE (NR, NA, or leave it blank) • NONFOCAL (brief needs backup) • NEUROLOGIST’S (\me and IQ)
• HIREM’S “DANCE” (more to come)
Jack Nicholson Five Easy Pieces
SIX EASY PIECES (5+1) NEURO EXAM
1. MSE – Cortex
2. CNN – Brainstem
3. MOTOR
4. SENSORY
5. DTRS – Monosynap\c reflex arc
6. COOR – Cerebellar, Gait, Sythesis
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HIREM’S NEURO EXAM “THE DANCE”
• A dance is a dialog, a conversa\on • Think about the waltz, the tango, slow dancing, boogie down
• HIREM’s Neuro Dance means that your CNS is dancing with the pa\ent's CNS
• Here's the secret, it's not voluntary for them, they can't help but dance with you!
• Right ques\ons lead to right answers
AMSE PATIENT EXAMPLES
• STRUCTURAL “The Blameless Exam” • ALTERED BASELINE “The Old CVA+ Exam”
• DEMENTED “Old Timer's Disease Exam”
• IMPAIRED “The Tox/ Metab/ Inf Exam”
• PSYCHIATRIC “The Crazy Exam”
• FABICATION “The Phony Exam”
• OTHERS “Seizure Related, Pos\ctal”
PIECE #1 THE CORTEX/ MSE
• Alert to obtunded spectrum, Remember IICP
• Oriented requires the ques\ons • The Glasgow Coma Scale is your friend – 4 EYES – spontaneous/voice/pain/none – 5 VERBAL – oriented/confused/inappropriate/incomprehensible/none
– 6 MOTOR – commands/localizes pain/withdraws to pain/flexes to pain/ extends to pain/no response
BRAINSTEM – THE CRANIAL NN
CN I – Olfactory CN VII – Facial CN II – Op\c CN VIII – Ves\bulocochlear
CN III – Oculomotor CN IX – Glossopharyngeal CN IV – Trochlear CN X – Vagus CN V – Trigeminal CN XI – Accessory
CN VI – Abducens CN XII – Hypoglossal
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EASY PIECE #2 TESTING CRANIAL NN
• 1: Smell not noxious smelling salts = 5 • 2,3,4,6: Light, threat, pupils, EOMS, eyes
• 5,7: Cornea reflex (AFF 5, EFF 7) (EFF = exit) • 8: Noise, calorics (COWS mnemonic)
• 9,10: Gag reflex (AFF 9, EFF 10), palate • 11: SCM mm, trapezius mm
• 12: Tongue was\n, fasicula\ons
ANISOCORIA
DISCONJUGATE GAZE THE REST OF THE BRAINSTEM
• 5,7: Corneal reflexes (AFF 5, EFF 7) (EFF=EXIT) – Moist cohon swab, avoid central axis of vision
• 8: Noise, calorics (COWS mnemonic) – Cold Opposite Warm Same quick phase nystagmus
• 9,10: Gag reflex (AFF 9, EFF 10), Palate – Watch for the supine emesis syndrome
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UNILATERAL WEAKNESS, CN 10 EASY PIECES #3, 4, 5 S/ M/ DTR
• Sensory input tendon stretch receptor • Monosynap\c Reflex Arc in the cord
• Motor output "The Muscle Jerk"
• Involuntary (CNS not involved) and... • Asymmetry is the issue
• Also TONE is a part of the Motor Exam
• Flaccid, spas\c, paratonia, cog-‐wheeling
MOTOR EXAM POINTS
• Collapsing weakness • Alternate heel test • Arm drop test
• All SSX of psychogenic overlay • DX of last resort: Be Careful
EASY PIECE #6 COORDINATION
• Cerebellar • Synthesis of easy pieces 1-‐5 • Gait • Remeber Wernickes Traid
• AMSE, Gait, Eye sx-‐ Confusion, Ataxia, Plegia
• Remember NPHC Triad
• AMSE, Gait, Incon\nence-‐ Demen\a, Ataxia
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HIREM NEURO EXAM ON PT#1
• MSE non coop (exple\ve deleted) drowsy • CN sl anisocoria, reac\ve, physiologic vs ??? • Disconjugate gaze? Subtle but present • Nystagmus (symmetrical horizontal)
• Ataxia (historically wide based gait) • Increased tone (BILAT LX) • AJ Clonus 2 beats, toes +/-‐ up (BILAT)
NEW DDX, NEW PLAN
• Other e\ology of AMSE? (Inf/ Metab) -‐> FSBS • Wernicke’s triad? (MSE, eyes, gait) -‐> thiamine
• Etoh and CHI (contusion, ICH) -‐> NC CT Head • Other e\ology of AMSE? (Inf/ Metab) -‐>Labs
• Tox Labs? -‐> Etoh, Utox, Chem, Anion Gap
• MTF -‐> OBS! Gait/ Verbal are the d/c criteria
• Psych contribu\on? SI? HI? EDH? Psych eval?
RESULTS
• BS=45 (Alcoholic Hypoglycemia) (AMSE-‐>FSBS) • Wernicke’s on MRI (pericentral scarring)
• Bilat subdural hematomas
• Na 115 (SIADH from the CNS issues)
• Admihed, NS evalua\on (nonopera\ve)
• Improved over \me
• D/C to SNF
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OBJECTIVES:
• 1) REVIEW THE NEURO EXAM IN AMSE PTS • 2) DISCUSS NEURO EXAM "SIX EASY PIECES"
• 3) REVIEW THE CATEGORIES OF AMSE PTS
• 4) LEARN AN APPROACH TO ALL AMSE PTS
• 5) LEARN TO “DANCE” W/ THE PATIENT’S CNS
• 6) LEARN TO GATHER INFO ON AMSE PT'S CNS
THANK YOU [email protected]