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Nuclear Decay

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Page 1: Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number, A (p + + n o ) Atomic number, Z (number of p + )

Nuclear Decay

Page 2: Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number, A (p + + n o ) Atomic number, Z (number of p + )

Nuclear Symbols

Element symbol

Mass number, A (p+ + no)

Atomic number, Z(number of p+)

U23592

Page 3: Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number, A (p + + n o ) Atomic number, Z (number of p + )

Balancing Nuclear Equations

nKrBanU 10

9136

14256

10

23592 3

Areactants = Aproducts

Zreactants = Zproducts

235 + 1 = 142 + 91 + 3(1)

92 + 0 = 56 + 36 + 3(0)

Page 4: Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number, A (p + + n o ) Atomic number, Z (number of p + )

Balancing Nuclear Equations #2

4222688Ra

226 = 4 + ____222

222

88 = 2 + ___86

86

Atomic number 86 is radon, Rn

Rn

Page 5: Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number, A (p + + n o ) Atomic number, Z (number of p + )

Balancing Nuclear Equations #3

nInU 10

13953

10

23592 2

235 + 1 = 139 + 2(1) + ____95

3992 + 0 = 53 + 2(0) + ____

3995

Atomic number 39 is yttrium, Y

Y

Page 6: Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number, A (p + + n o ) Atomic number, Z (number of p + )

Alpha Decay

Alpha production (a):

an alpha particle is a

helium nucleus ThHeU 23490

42

23892

Alpha decay is limited to heavy, radioactive

nuclei

ThU 23490

42

23892

242

242 orHe

Page 7: Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number, A (p + + n o ) Atomic number, Z (number of p + )

Alpha Radiation

Limited to VERY large nucleii.

Page 8: Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number, A (p + + n o ) Atomic number, Z (number of p + )

Beta Decay

Beta production (b):A beta particle is an electron ejected from the nucleus

ePaTh 01

23491

23490

Beta emission converts a neutron to a proton

0123491

23490 PaTh

0101 ore

Page 9: Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number, A (p + + n o ) Atomic number, Z (number of p + )

Beta Radiatio

n

Converts a neutron into a proton.

Page 10: Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number, A (p + + n o ) Atomic number, Z (number of p + )

Gamma Ray Production

Gamma ray production (g):

Gamma rays are high energy photons produced in association with other forms of decay.

Gamma rays are massless and do not, by themselves, change the nucleus

0023490

42

23892 2 ThHeU

Page 11: Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number, A (p + + n o ) Atomic number, Z (number of p + )

Gamma Ray Production

Gamma ray production (g):

Gamma rays are high energy photons produced in association with other forms of decay.Gamma rays are massless and do not, by themselves, change the nucleus

0023490

42

23892 2 ThHeU

Page 12: Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number, A (p + + n o ) Atomic number, Z (number of p + )

Positron Production

Positron emission:Positrons are the anti-particle of the electron

Positron emission converts a proton to a neutron

NeeNa 2210

01

2211

e01

Page 13: Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number, A (p + + n o ) Atomic number, Z (number of p + )

Electron Capture

Electron capture: (inner-orbital electron is captured by the nucleus)

Electron capture converts a proton to a neutron

0020179

01

20180 AueHg

Page 14: Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number, A (p + + n o ) Atomic number, Z (number of p + )

Types of Radiation

Page 15: Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number, A (p + + n o ) Atomic number, Z (number of p + )

NuclearStability

Decay will occur in such a way as to return a nucleus to the band (line) of stability.The most stable nuclide is Iron-56

If Z > 83, the nuclide is radioactive

Graphic – Wikimedia user : Napy1kenobi

Page 16: Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number, A (p + + n o ) Atomic number, Z (number of p + )

A Decay Series

A radioactive nucleus reaches a stable state by a series of steps

Graphic – Wikimedia Commons User Tosaka

Page 17: Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number, A (p + + n o ) Atomic number, Z (number of p + )

Half-life

Graphic - http://cafreetextbooks.ck12.org/science/CK12_Earth_Science_rev.pdf

Page 18: Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number, A (p + + n o ) Atomic number, Z (number of p + )

Decay Kinetics

Decay occurs by first order kinetics (the rate of decay is proportional to the number of nuclides present)

ktN

N

0

lnN = number of nuclides remaining at time t

N0 = number of nuclides present initially

k = rate constant

t = elapsed time

Page 19: Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number, A (p + + n o ) Atomic number, Z (number of p + )

Calculating Half-life

kkt

693.0)2ln(2/1

t1/2 = Half-life (units dependent on rate constant, k)

Page 20: Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number, A (p + + n o ) Atomic number, Z (number of p + )

Sample Half-Lives


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