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Nuclear Reactions Nuclear Reactions

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Types of Radioactive Decay  alpha production (  ): helium nucleus  beta production (  ): 2 4 He  1 0 e 2+

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Page 1: Nuclear Reactions. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number (p + + n o ) Atomic number (number of p + )

Nuclear ReactionsNuclear Reactions

Page 2: Nuclear Reactions. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number (p + + n o ) Atomic number (number of p + )

Nuclear SymbolsNuclear Symbols

23592U

Element symbolMass number (p+ + no)

Atomic number(number of p+)

Types of Radioactive DecayTypes of Radioactive Decayalpha production (): helium

nucleus

beta production ():

92238

90234U He Th

90234

91234

10Th Pa e

24 He

10 e

Page 4: Nuclear Reactions. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number (p + + n o ) Atomic number (number of p + )

Alpha Alpha RadiationRadiation

Limited to VERY large nucleii.

Page 5: Nuclear Reactions. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number (p + + n o ) Atomic number (number of p + )

Beta Beta RadiatioRadiatio

nnConverts a neutron into a proton.

Page 6: Nuclear Reactions. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number (p + + n o ) Atomic number (number of p + )

Types of Radioactive DecayTypes of Radioactive Decaygamma ray production ():

positron production :

electron capture: (inner-orbital electron is captured by the nucleus)

92238

90234

002U He Th

1122

1022Na e Ne

80201

79201

00Hg e Au

10 e

Page 7: Nuclear Reactions. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number (p + + n o ) Atomic number (number of p + )

Types of RadiationTypes of Radiation

Page 8: Nuclear Reactions. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number (p + + n o ) Atomic number (number of p + )

Deflection of Decay ParticlesDeflection of Decay Particles

Opposite charges_________ each other.Like charges_________ each other.

attractrepel

Page 9: Nuclear Reactions. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number (p + + n o ) Atomic number (number of p + )

NuclearNuclearStabilityStability

Decay will occur in such a way as to return a nucleus to the band (line) of stability.

Page 10: Nuclear Reactions. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number (p + + n o ) Atomic number (number of p + )

Half-life ConceptHalf-life Concept

Page 11: Nuclear Reactions. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number (p + + n o ) Atomic number (number of p + )

Sample Half-LivesSample Half-Lives

Page 12: Nuclear Reactions. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number (p + + n o ) Atomic number (number of p + )

A A Decay Decay SeriesSeries

A radioactive nucleus reaches a stable A radioactive nucleus reaches a stable state by a series of stepsstate by a series of steps

Page 13: Nuclear Reactions. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number (p + + n o ) Atomic number (number of p + )

Nuclear Fission and FusionNuclear Fission and Fusion•Fusion: Combining two light nuclei to form a heavier, more stable nucleus.

•Fission: Splitting a heavy nucleus into two nuclei with smaller mass numbers.0

192

23556

1423691

013n U Ba Kr n

10He H He e

Page 14: Nuclear Reactions. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number (p + + n o ) Atomic number (number of p + )

Energy and MassEnergy and MassNuclear changes occur with small but measurable losses of mass. The lost mass is called the mass defect, and is converted to energy according to Einstein’s equation:

E = mc2

m = mass defectE = change in energy

c = speed of lightBecause c2 is so large, even small amounts of mass are converted to enormous amount of energy.

Page 15: Nuclear Reactions. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number (p + + n o ) Atomic number (number of p + )

FissionFission

Page 16: Nuclear Reactions. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number (p + + n o ) Atomic number (number of p + )

Fission ProcessesFission Processes

Event

NeutronsCausingFission Result

subcritical < 1 reaction stopscritical = 1 sustained reactionsupercritical > 1 violent explosion

A self-sustaining fission process is A self-sustaining fission process is called a chain reaction.called a chain reaction.

Page 17: Nuclear Reactions. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number (p + + n o ) Atomic number (number of p + )

A Fission ReactorA Fission Reactor

Page 18: Nuclear Reactions. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number (p + + n o ) Atomic number (number of p + )

FusionFusion

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