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Ngữ Pháp Thông Dụng trong Tiếng Anh Sưu tầm: Mr. Huynh

Mọi chi tiết xin liên hệ: http://facebook.com/huynhict

MAO TU BAT DINH 1/ A ®øng tríc mét phô ©m hoÆc mét nguyªn ©m(o,y,e,u,a) cã ©m lµ phô ©m.

VÝ dô: - a game (mét trß ch¬i); a boat (mét chiÕc tµu thñy) - a university (mét trêng ®¹i häc); a year (mét n¨m) - a European (mét ngêi ¢u); a one-legged man (mét ngêi thät ch©n)

2/ An ®øng tríc mét nguyªn ©m hoÆc mét h c©m.

VÝ dô: - an egg (mét qu¶ trøng); an ant (mét con kiÕn) - an honour (mét niÒm vinh dù); an hour (mét giê ®ång hå)

3/ An còng ®øng tríc çc mÉu tù ®Æc biÖt ®äc nh mét nguyªn ©m.

VÝ dô: - an SOS (mét tÝn hiÖu cÊp cøu); an MSc (mét th¹c sÜ khoa häc), an X-ray (mét tia X)

4/ A/An cã h×nh thøc gièng nhau ë tÊt c¶ çc gièng.

VÝ dô: - a tiger (mét con cäp); a tigress (mét con cäp çi) - an uncle (mét «ng chó); an aunt (mét bµ d×)

1/ Tríc mét danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®îc. VÝ dô:

- We need a microcomputer (Chóng t«i cÇn mét m¸y vi tÝnh) - He eats an ice-cream (Anh ta ¨n mét c©y kem)

2/ Tríc mét danh tõ lµm bæ tóc tõ (kÓ c¶ danh tõ chØ nghÒ nghiÖp)

VÝ dô: - It was a tempest (§ã lµ mét trËn b·o d÷ déi) - She'll be a musician (C« ta sÏ lµ mét nh¹c sÜ) - Peter is an actor (Peter lµ mét diÔn viªn)

3/Trong çc thµnh ng÷ chØ sè lîng nhÊt ®Þnh

VÝ dô: - a lot (nhiÒu); a couple (mét cÆp/®«i); a third (mét phÇn ba) - a dozen (mét t¸); a hundred (mét tr¨m); a quarter (mét phÇn t)

Lu ý a còng ®îc dïng tríc half (nöa, rìi), khi half theo sau mét sè nguyªn vÑn. Ch¼ng h¹n, 2 1/2 kilos = two and half kilos hoÆc two kilos and a half (hai kÝ rìi), nhng 1/2 Kg = half a kilo (nöa kÝ) [kh«ng cã a tríc half ]. §«i khi ngêi ta vÉn dïng a + half + danh tõ, ch¼ng h¹n nh a half-dozen (nöa t¸), a half-length (bøc ¶nh chôp nöa ngêi); a half-hour (nöa giê).

4/ Trong çc thµnh ng÷ chØ gi¸ c¶, tèc ®é, tØ lÖ ...

VÝ dô: - 90 kilometres an hour (chÝn m¬i kÝ l« mÐt/giê) - 4 times a day (bèn lÇn mçi ngµy)



- 2 dollars a litre (hai ®« la mét lÝt) - a/an = per (mçi)

5/ Trong çc thµnh ng÷ chØ sù c¶m th¸n

VÝ dô: - What a pity! (thËt ®¸ng tiÕc!) - Such a picturesque hill! (mét ngän ®åi thËt th¬ méng!) - What a beautiful painting! (mét bøc tranh tuyÖt vêi!)

nhng: - Such picturesque hills! (nh÷ng ngän ®åi thËt th¬ méng!) - What beautiful paintings! (nh÷ng bøc tranh tuyÖt vêi !)

6/ a cã thÓ ®øng tríc Mr/Mrs/Miss + hä

VÝ dô: - a Mr Smith, a Mrs Smith, a Miss Smith - a Mr Smith nghÜa lµ "mét ngêi ®µn «ng mang tªn Smith" vµ ngêi nãi kh«ng biÕt «ng

nµy, trong khi Mr Smith (kh«ng cã a) nghÜa lµ "«ng Smith" mµ ngêi nãi cã biÕt. KHONG DUNG MAO TU NHAT DINH

1/ Tríc danh tõ sè nhiÒu

A/An kh«ng cã h×nh thøc sè nhiÒu. V× vËy, sè nhiÒu cña a cat lµ cats vµ cña an apple lµ apples . 2/ Tríc danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc

VÝ dô: - He gave us good advice (¤ng ta cho chóng t«i nh÷ng lêi khuyªn hay) - I write on paper (T«i ghi trªn giÊy)

3/ Tríc tªn gäi çc b÷a ¨n, trõ phi cã tÝnh tõ ®øng tríc çc tªn gäi ®ã

VÝ dô: - They have lunch at eleven (hä dïng c¬m tra lóc 11 giê) - You gave me an appetizing dinner (b¹n ®· cho t«i mét b÷a ¨n tèi thËt ngon miÖng).

Tuy nhiªn, nÕu lµ b÷a ¨n ®Æc biÖt nh©n dÞp nµo ®ã, ngêi ta vÉn dïng m¹o tõ bÊt ®Þnh. VÝ dô:

- I was invited to breakfast (b÷a ®iÓm t©m b×nh thêng) (T«i ®îc mêi ¨n ®iÓm t©m). - We were invited to a dinner given to welcome the new director. (Chóng t«i ®îc mêi dù b÷a ¨n tèi chµo mõng vÞ gi¸m ®èc míi).

Nãi riªng vÒOne One (tÝnh tõ/®¹i tõ) dïng víi another/others.

VÝ dô: - One day they drink wine, another day they drink beer.

(Cã ngµy hä uèng rîu, cã ngµy hä uèng bia). - One (student) wanted to watch TV, another/others wanted to play chess



(Cã ngêi (sinh viªn) muèn xem TV, ngêi kh¸c l¹i muèn ®¸nh cê) Cã thÓ dïng One tríc day (ngµy) /week (tuÇn) /month (th¸ng)/

year (n¨m)/summer (mïa hÌ)/winter (mïa ®«ng) …... ®Ó chØ mét thêi gian ®Æc biÖt nµo ®ã. VÝ dô:

- One night there was a persistent rain. (Mét ®ªm nä, trêi ma dai d¼ng) - One day you'll be sorry you spoke highly of your neighbours. (Mét ngµy nµo ®ã, b¹n sÏ ©n hËn lµ ®· ca ngîi nh÷ng ngêi l¸ng giÒng cña m×nh)

One còng lµ mét ®¹i tõ t¬ng ®¬ng cña A/An.

VÝ dô: - Did you get a seat? - Yes, I managed to get one. (B¹n ®· t×m ®îc mét chç ngåi cha? - V©ng, t«i ®· xoay së ®îc mét chç ngåi)

Sè nhiÒu cña One theo çch nµy lµ Some (vµi, mét Ýt). VÝ dô:

- Did you get a refrigerator? - Yes, we managed to get some. (Çc b¹n ®· mua ®îc tñ l¹nh cha? - V©ng, chóng t«i ®· xoay së ®îc vµi çi).

§Æc biÖt lµ trong The rent is £400 a month (tiÒn thuª nhµ lµ 400 b¶ng mét th¸ng), kh«ng thÓ thay a b»ng one. HINH THUC CUA MAO TU XAC DINH The dïng cho c¶ danh tõ ®Õm ®îc (sè Ýt lÉn sè nhiÒu) vµ danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc.

VÝ dô: - The truth (sù thËt) - The time (thêi gian) - The bicycle (mét chiÕc xe ®¹p) - The bicycles (nh÷ng chiÕc xe ®¹p) DUNG MAO TU XAC DINH

The dïng cho c¶ danh tõ ®Õm ®îc (sè Ýt lÉn sè nhiÒu) vµ danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc. VÝ dô:

- The truth (sù thËt) - The time (thêi gian) - The bicycle (mét chiÕc xe ®¹p) - The bicycles (nh÷ng chiÕc xe ®¹p) KHONG DUNG MAO TU XAC DINH

1/ Tríc tªn quèc gia, tªn ch©u lôc, tªn nói, tªn hå, tªn ®êng. VÝ dô:

Europe (Ch©u ¢u), South America (Nam Mü), France (Ph¸p quèc), Downing Street (Phè Downing)

2/ Khi danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc hoÆc danh tõ sè nhiÒu dïng theo nghÜa chung nhÊt, chø kh«ng chØ riªng trêng hîp nµo.

VÝ dô: - I don't like French beer (T«i ch¼ng thÝch bia cña Ph¸p) - I don't like Mondays (T«i ch¼ng thÝch ngµy thø hai)



3/ Tríc danh tõ trõu tîng, trõ phi danh tõ ®ã chØ mét trêng hîp ç biÖt.

VÝ dô: - Men fear death (Con ngêi sî çi chÕt) Nhng:

- The death of the President made his country acephalous (çi chÕt cña vÞ tæng thèng ®· khiÕn cho ®Êt níc «ng kh«ng cã ngêi l·nh ®¹o).

4/ Sausë h÷u tÝnh tõ (possessive adjective) hoÆc sau danh tõ ë së h÷u çch (possessive case) .

VÝ dô: - My friend, chø kh«ng nãi My the friend - The girl's mother = the mother of the girl (MÑ cña c« g¸i)

5/ Tríc tªn gäi çc b÷a ¨n.

VÝ dô: -They invited some friends to dinner. (Hä mêi vµi ngêi b¹n ®Õn ¨n tèi)

Nhng: - The wedding breakfast was held in a beautiful garden (B÷a tiÖc cíi ®îc tæ chøc trong mét khu vên xinh ®Ñp)

6/ Tríc çc tíc hiÖu. VÝ dô:

- President Roosevelt (Tæng thèng Roosevelt) - King Louis XIV of France (Vua Louis XIV cña Ph¸p)

7/ Trong çc trêng hîp sau ®©y:

- Women are always fond of music (Phô n÷ lu«n thÝch ©m nh¹c) - Come by car/by bus (§Õn b»ng xe «t«/xe bóyt) - In spring/in autumn (Vµo mïa xu©n/mïa thu), last night (®ªm qua), next year (n¨m tíi), from beginning to end (tõ ®Çu tíi cuèi), from left to right (tõ tr¸i sang ph¶i). - To play golf/chess/cards (ch¬i g«n/ ®¸nh cê/®¸nh bµi)

Lu ý Nature mang nghÜa "Tù nhiªn , thiªn nhiªn " th× kh«ng dïng the.

VÝ dô: - According to the laws of nature (Theo quy luËt tù nhiªn) - They couldn't tolerate city life anymore and went back to nature (Hä kh«ng chÞu næi ®êi sèng thµnh thÞ n÷a vµ trë vÒ víi thiªn nhiªn)

He listened to the radio (Anh ta nghe ra®i«), nhng He watched television (Anh ta xem TV) ;

hoÆc He heard it on the radio (Anh ta nghe ®îc viÖc ®ã trªn ra®i«), nhng He saw it on TV (Anh ta thÊy viÖc ®ã trªn TV).

Go home/get home (§i vÒ nhµ), be at home (™ nhµ), nhng They returned to the bridegroom's home (Hä trë l¹i nhµ chó rÓ). Go to bed/hospital/church/school/ work/prison (§i ngñ/®i n»m bÖnh viÖn/®i lÔ/®i häc/®i lµm/ ®i tï), nhng They went to the school to see their children's



teacher (Hä ®Õn trêng ®Ó gÆp thÇy cña con hä) & The priest goes to the jail to pray for the two dying prisoners (Linh môc ®Õn nhµ tï ®Ó cÇu nguyÖn cho hai ngêi tï ®ang hÊp hèi) & She will get a bus at the church (C« ta sÏ ®ãn xe bóyt ë chç nhµ thê). Nãi chung, kh«ng thÓ thiÕu The nÕu ®Õn trêng kh«ng ph¶i ®Ó häc, ®Õn nhµ tï kh«ng ph¶i ®Ó ë tï hoÆc ®Õn nhµ thê kh«ng ph¶i ®Ó dù lÔ.

DANH TU 1/ TiÕng Anh cã 4 lo¹i danh tõ :

Danh tõ chung (Common nouns) : Bird (chim), Policeman (c¶nh s¸t viªn), Pen (bót). Danh tõ riªng (Proper nouns) : Vietnam (ViÖt Nam), London (Lu©n §«n), Mrs Hoa (Bµ

Hoa), Peter (Peter). Danh tõ trõu tîng (Abstract nouns) : Talent (tµi n¨ng), Mercy (lßng nh©n ¸i), Joy (niÒm

vui), Sadness (nçi buån). Danh tõ tËp hîp (Collective nouns) : Crowd (®¸m ®«ng), Flock (®µn, bÇy), Group

(nhãm), Swarm (bÇy, ®µn), Team (®éi) ... 2/ Chøc n¨ng cña danh tõ:

Chñ tõ cña mét ®éng tõ : Peter arrived (Tom ®· ®Õn) Bæ tóc tõ (complement) cña ®éng tõ Be , Become (trë nªn), Seem (dêng nh): Peter

becomes a soldier (Peter trë thµnh ngêi lÝnh) Tóc tõ (object) cña mét ®éng tõ : Last week, I saw Peter in this street (TuÇn råi, t«i gÆp

Peter trªn con ®êng nµy) Tóc tõ cña mét giíi tõ (preposition) : I spoke to his parents (T«i ®· nãi chuyÖn víi bè

mÑ anh ta) Lu ý Danh tõ còng cã thÓ ë trong së h÷u çch : Peter's wallet (Çi vÝ cña Peter)

GIONG CUA DANH TU 1/ Çc gièng:

Gièng ®ùc chØ ®µn «ng, con trai vµ nh÷ng con thó ®ùc (®¹i tõ nh©n xng t¬ng øng lµ He/They)

Gièng çi chØ phô n÷, çc c« g¸i vµ nh÷ng con thó çi (®¹i tõ nh©n xng t¬ng øng lµ She/They)

Trung tÝnh chØ nh÷ng vËt v« sinh, nh÷ng ®éng vËt mµ ta kh«ng biÕt gièng, kÓ c¶ nh÷ng ®øa trÎ mµ ta cha râ trai hay g¸i (®¹i tõ It/They)

2/ Sau ®©y lµ nh÷ng danh tõ cã h×nh thøc gièng ®ùc vµ gièng çi nh nhau: Artist (nghÖ sÜ), cook (®Çu bÕp), driver (tµi xÕ), guide (híng dÉn viªn), catholic (tÝn ®å Thiªn chóa), scientist (nhµ khoa häc), tourist (du kh¸ch), passenger (hµnh kh¸ch)...

3/ Sau ®©y lµ nh÷ng danh tõ cã h×nh thøc gièng ®ùc vµ gièng çi kh¸c nhau: 3.1

Boy (con trai), girl (con g¸i) Bachelor (ngêi cha vî), spinster (ngêi cha chång)

Bridegroom (chó rÓ), bride (c« d©u) Father (cha), mother (mÑ) Gentleman (quý «ng), lady (quý bµ)



Husband (chång), wife (vî) Uncle (chó, b¸c, cËu), aunt (d×, c«, mî) Nephew (ch¸u trai), niece (ch¸u g¸i) Widower (ngêi go¸ vî), widow (ngêi go¸ chång) Son (con trai), daughter (con g¸i) Man (®µn «ng), woman (®µn bµ) Salesman,saleswoman (nam, n÷ b¸n hµng) ...

3.2

Duke (c«ng tíc), duchess (n÷ c«ng tíc) Prince (hoµng tö), princess (c«ng chóa) Actor, actress (nam, n÷ diÔn viªn) Host, hostess (nam, n÷ chñ nh©n) Conductor, conductress (nam, n÷ so¸t vÐ) Hero, heroine (anh hïng/anh th) Steward, stewardess (nam, n÷ tiÕp viªn) Waiter, waitress (nam, n÷ phôc vô) Heir, heiress (nam, n÷ thõa kÕ) Manager, manageress (nam, n÷ gi¸m ®èc) King (vua), queen (hoµng hËu) Earl (b¸ tíc), countess (n÷ b¸ tíc) Lord (l·nh chóa), lady (n÷ l·nh chóa) ...

4/ Trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt

Bull,cow (bß ®ùc, bß çi) Duck, drake (vÞt trèng, vÞt m¸i) Cock, hen (gµ trèng, gµ m¸i) Gander, goose (ngçng ®ùc, ngçng çi) Stag, doe (h¬u ®ùc, h¬u çi) Tiger, tigress (cäp ®ùc, cäp çi) Lion, lioness (s tö ®ùc, s tö çi) Dog, bitch (chã ®ùc, chã çi)

SO NHIEU CUA DT A Sè nhiÒu cña danh tõ 1/ ChØ riªng danh tõ ®Õm ®îc míi cã sè nhiÒu. 2/ Thêng th× sè nhiÒu cña danh tõ h×nh thµnh b»ng çch thªm S vµo sè Ýt. VÝ dô:

Hilltop, hilltops (®Ønh ®åi) Book, books (s¸ch) Seat, seats (ghÕ) Roof, roofs (m¸i nhµ) Rose, roses (hoa hång) Image, images (h×nh ¶nh) Armed forces (lùc lîng vò trang) Window, windows (cöa sæ) ....

- S ®äc lµ /s/ sau ©m p, k, f, t. Sau nh÷ng ©m kh¸c th× s ®äc lµ /z/.



- S theo sau ce, ge, se hoÆc ze th× ®äc thªm mét vÇn phô lµ /iz/ 3/ Sè nhiÒu cña danh tõ tËn cïng b»ng s, ss, sh, ss, ch hoÆc x vµ mét vµi danh tõ tËn cïng b»ng o h×nh thµnh b»ng çch thªm es (es theo sau s, ch, sh, ss hoÆc x sÏ ®äc lµ /iz/ ) VÝ dô: Tomato, tomatoes (cµ chua) Bus, buses (xe bóyt) Brush, brushes (bµn ch¶i) Kiss, kisses (nô h«n) Box, boxes (hép) Church, churches (nhµ thê).

- Tuy nhiªn, danh tõ gèc níc ngoµi hoÆc danh tõ tãm lîc tËn cïng b»ng o th× chØ thªm s: VÝ dô:

Dynamo, dynamos (m¸y ph¸t ®iÖn) Piano, pianos (®µn pian«) Kilo, kilos (kÝ l«) Photo, photos (tÊm ¶nh) Radio, radios (ra®i«)....

4/ Danh tõ tËn cïng b»ng phô ©m + y th× bá y vµ thªm ies VÝ dô:

Baby, babies (®øa bÐ) Country, countries (quèc gia) Fly, flies (con ruåi) Lady, ladies (quý bµ) Entry, entries (môc tõ trong tù ®iÓn)

5/ Danh tõ tËn cïng b»ngnguyªn ©m + y th× thªm S nh b×nh thêng. VÝ dô:

Boy, boys (con trai) Day, days (ngµy) Donkey, donkeys (con lõa) Monkey, monkeys (con khØ) Valley, valleys (thung lòng)

6/ Mêi hai danh tõ tËn cïng b»ng f hoÆc fe th× bá f hoÆc fe råi thªm ves

Calf (con bª), half (nöa, rìi), knife (con dao), leaf (l¸), life (cuéc ®êi), loaf (æ b¸nh m×), self (çi t«i), sheaf (bã, thÕp), shelf (çi kÖ), thief (kÎ c¾p), wife (vî), wolf (con ço).

Lu ý

- Sè nhiÒu cña hoof (mãng guèc), scarf (kh¨n quµng) vµ wharf (bÕn tµu) h×nh thµnh b»ng c¶ hai çch (thªm s hoÆc ves). - Ngoµi ra, çc danh tõ kh¸c tËn cïng lµ f hay fe chØ thªm s nh b×nh thêng. Ch¼ng h¹n, Cliff - cliffs (v¸ch ®¸), Handkerchief - handkerchiefs (kh¨n tay), Safe, safes (kÐt s¾t), Still life (Bøc tranh tÜnh vËt) - still lifes ...



7/ Mét sè danh tõ cã sè nhiÒu b»ng çch thay ®æi nguyªn ©m VÝ dô:

Foot, feet (bµn ch©n) Tooth, teeth (r¨ng) Goose, geese (con ngçng) Man, men (®µn «ng) Woman, women (phô n÷) Louse, lice (con rËn) Mouse, mice (con chuét)

- Sè nhiÒu cña Child (®øa trÎ) vµ Ox (con bß ®ùc) lµ Children vµ Oxen

8/ Çc danh tõ sau ®©y lu«n lµ sè nhiÒu vµ dïng víi ®éng tõ ë sè nhiÒu:

- Clothes (quÇn ¸o), police (c¶nh s¸t), outskirts (vïng ngo¹i «), cattle (gia sóc), spectacles (m¾t kÝnh), glasses (m¾t kÝnh), binoculars (èng nhßm), scissors (çi kÐo), pliers (çi kÒm), shears (kÐo c¾t c©y), arms (vò khÝ), goods/wares (cña c¶i), damages (tiÒn båi thêng), greens (rau qu¶), earnings (tiÒn kiÕm ®îc), grounds (®Êt ®ai, vên tîc), particulars (b¶n chi tiÕt), premises/quarters (nhµ cöa,vên tîc), riches (sù giµu cã), savings (tiÒn tiÕt kiÖm); spirits (rîu m¹nh), stairs (cÇu thang); surroundings (vïng phô cËn), valuables (®å quý gi¸). - Mét vµi danh tõ tËn cïng b»ng ics nh Acoustics (©m häc), athletics (®iÒn kinh), ethics (®¹o ®øc), hysterics (c¬n kÝch ®éng), mathematics (to¸n häc), physics (vËt lý), linguistics (ng«n ng÷ häc), phonetics (ng÷ ©m häc), logistics (ngµnh hËu cÇn), technics (thuËt ng÷ kü thuËt), politics (chÝnh trÞ) .... lu«n cã h×nh thøc sè nhiÒu vµ dïng víi ®éng tõ sè nhiÒu. Tuy nhiªn, ®«i khi tªn gäi cña çc m«n khoa häc ®îc xem nh sè Ýt. Ch¼ng h¹n, Mathematics is the science of pure quantity (To¸n häc lµ khoa häc vÒ lîng thuÇn tóy).

9/ Çc danh tõ sau ®©y cã h×nh thøc sè nhiÒu, nhng l¹i mang nghÜa sè Ýt:

News (tin tøc), mumps (bÖnh quai bÞ), measles (bÖnh sëi), rickets (bÖnh cßi x¬ng), shingles (bÖnh zona), billiards (bi-da), darts (m«n nÐm phi tiªu), draughts (m«n cê vua), bowls (m«n nÐm bãng gç), dominoes (®«min«), the United States (HiÖp chñng quèc Hoa Kú). Ch¼ng h¹n, The news is bad (Tin tøc ch¼ng lµnh) hoÆc The United States is a very big country (HiÖp chñng quèc Hoa Kú lµ mét níc rÊt lín).

10/ Çc danh tõ sau ®©y kh«ng thay ®æi khi ë sè nhiÒu:

Fish (ç), sheep (cõu), deer (nai), salmon (ç håi), cod (ç thu), carp (ç chÐp), plaice (ç b¬n sao), squid (ç mùc), turbot (ç b¬n), aircraft (m¸y bay), series (chuçi, d·y), species (loµi), offspring (con çi).

11/ Çc danh tõ tËp hîp nh Group (nhãm), team (®éi), gang (b¨ng ®¶ng), band (to¸n, tèp), pack (bÇy), staff (tËp thÓ nh©n viªn), community (céng ®ång), committee (ñy ban), crowd (®¸m ®«ng), crew (thñy thñ ®oµn), family (gia ®×nh) .... cã thÓ dïng ®éng tõ ë sè Ýt hay sè nhiÒu. Ch¼ng h¹n, The government has made up its mind / have made up their minds (ChÝnh phñ ®· quyÕt ®Þnh døt kho¸t), hoÆc Do / does your family still live there? (Gia ®×nh b¹n vÉn sèng ë ®ã chø?)



12/ Mét vµi danh tõ gèc Hy L¹p hoÆc La Tinh vÉn cã sè nhiÒu theo quy luËt cña tiÕng Hy L¹p hay La Tinh, ch¼ng h¹n nh Crisis, crises (sù khñng ho¶ng); analysis, analyses (sù ph©n tÝch); thesis, theses (luËn c¬ng); oasis, oases (èc ®¶o); basis, bases (nÒn t¶ng); axis, axes (trôc); appendix, appendices (phÇn phô lôc); genesis, geneses (céi nguån); erratum, errata (lçi in); memorandum, memoranda (b¶n ghi nhí); phenomenon, phenomena (hiÖn tîng); radius, radii (b¸n kÝnh); terminus, termini (ga cuèi). Nhng còng cã trêng hîp theo quy luËt tiÕng Anh, ch¼ng h¹n nh Dogma, dogmas (gi¸o ®iÒu); gymnasium, gymnasiums (phßng tËp thÓ dôc); formula, formulas (thÓ thøc) (còng cã thÓ dïngformulae ). §Æc biÖt, sè nhiÒu cña Maximum cã thÓ lµ Maximums hoÆc Maxima, cña Minimum cã thÓ lµ Minimums hoÆc Minima, cña Medium cã thÓ lµ Mediums hoÆc Media. Lu ý Khi danh tõ chØ thêi kho¶ng, sè tiÒn vµ kho¶ng c¸ch theo sau mét sè ®Õm, ®éng tõ sÏ ë ng«i thø ba sè Ýt. Ch¼ng h¹n, Three weeks is a long time for a holiday (Ba tuÇn lµ mét thêi gian dµi ®èi víi mét kú nghØ), Five miles is too far to walk (N¨m dÆm th× qu¸ xa nÕu ®i bé) hoÆc Three quarters of the theatre was full (Ba phÇn t r¹p ®· ®Çy kh¸ch). B Sè nhiÒu cña danh tõ kÐp 1/ CÊu t¹o cña danh tõ kÐp Danh tõ + danh tõ

VÝ dô: Balance sheet (B¶ng quyÕt to¸n) Business card (Danh thiÕp) Street market (Chî trêi) Winter clothes (quÇn ¸o mïa ®«ng) Police station (§ån c«ng an) Notice board (B¶ng th«ng b¸o) Football ground (s©n ®¸ bãng)

Danh tõ + danh ®éng tõ (gerund)

VÝ dô: Weight-lifting (Cö t¹) Baby-sitting (C«ng viÖc gi÷ trÎ) Coal-mining (Sù khai má than) Surf-riding (M«n lít v¸n) Horse-trading (Sù nh¹y bÐn s¾c s¶o)

Danh ®éng tõ + danh tõ

VÝ dô: Living-room (Phßng kh¸ch) Waiting-woman (Ngêi hÇu g¸i) Diving-rod (Que dß m¹ch níc) Landing craft (Xuång ®æ bé) Driving-test (cuéc thi lÊy b»ng l¸i xe) Swimming-match (cuéc b¬i thi)

Ph©n biÖt

A coffee cup (T¸ch dïng ®Ó ®ùng cµ phª) vµ a cup of coffee (t¸ch cµ phª, t¸ch ®ang ®ùng cµ phª)



2/ Thêng th× sè nhiÒu cña danh tõ kÐp h×nh thµnh b»ng çch thªm s vµo tõ sau cïng: Boy-friends (b¹n trai); grown-ups (ngêi ®· trëng thµnh); Easter eggs (trøng Phôc sinh); express trains (tµu ho¶ tèc hµnh). §Æc biÖt, Men drivers (tµi xÕ nam); women drivers (tµi xÕ n÷); women doctors (n÷ b¸c sÜ); menservants (®Çy tí trai).

3/ NÕu cÊu t¹o cña danh tõ kÐp lµ danh tõ + phã tõ, danh tõ + giíi tõ + danh tõ, chóng ta sÏ thªm s vµo tõ ®øng ®Çu, ch¼ng h¹n nh hangers-on (kÎ bî ®Ýt), lookers-on (kh¸n gi¶), runners-up (ngêi ®o¹t h¹ng nh×), passers-by (kh¸ch qua ®êng), ladies-in-waiting (t× n÷), fathers-in-law (bè vî, bè chång), sisters-in-law (chÞ em d©u, chÞ em vî, chÞ em chång), commanders-in-chief (tæng t lÖnh), ambassadors-at-large (®¹i sø lu ®éng). Sè nhiÒu cña ch÷ viÕt t¾t:

OAPs (Old Age Pensioners) (ngêi giµ hu trÝ) MPs (Members of Parliament) (nghÞ sÜ) VIPs (Very Important Persons) (yÕu nh©n) UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) (vËt thÓ bay kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh)

DT DEM DUOC VA KHONG DEM DUOC Tæng quan: 1/ §Æc ®iÓm cña danh tõ ®Õm ®îc:

ChØ nh÷ng g× ®Õm ®îc, ch¼ng h¹n nh a sandwich (mét çi b¸nh x¨ng- uych), two sandwiches (hai çi b¸nh x¨ng-uych), a dog (mét con chã), three dogs (ba con chã), a friend (mét ngêi b¹n), ten friends (mêi ngêi b¹n), a cup of tea (mét t¸ch trµ), four cups of tea (bèn t¸ch trµ).

Cã thÓ ë sè nhiÒu, ch¼ng h¹n nh a day, many days. Cã thÓ theo sau mét sè ®Õm, a/an hoÆc some (mét vµi).

2/ §Æc ®iÓm cña danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc:

ChØ nh÷ng g× kh«ng ®Õm ®îc hoÆc nh÷ng g× cã tÝnh çch trõu tîng, ch¼ng h¹n nh Money (tiÒn b¹c), weather (thêi tiÕt), nature (thiªn nhiªn)......

Kh«ng thÓ ë sè nhiÒu. Cã thÓ theo sau some (nµo ®ã), chø kh«ng thÓ theo sau a/an hoÆc mét sè ®Õm.

Nãi thªm vÒ danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc: 1/ Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc thêng gÆp:

Bread (b¸nh m×), cream (kem), gold (vµng), paper (giÊy), tea (trµ), beer (bia), dust (bôi), ice (níc ®¸), sand (çt), water (níc), cloth (v¶i), gin (rîu gin), jam (møt), soap (xµ b«ng), wine (rîu nho), coffee (cµ phª), glass (thñy tinh), oil (dÇu löa), stone (®¸), wood (gç), baggage (hµnh lý), damage (sù thiÖt h¹i), luggage (hµnh lý), camping (sù c¾m tr¹i), furniture (®å ®¹c), parking (sù ®Ëu xe), shopping (viÖc mua s¾m), weather (thêi tiÕt)...

2/ Danh tõ trõu tîng VÝ dô: Advice (lêi khuyªn), experience (kinh nghiÖm), horror (khñng khiÕp), beauty (®Ñp), fear (sî h·i), information (th«ng tin), courage (lßng can ®¶m), help (sù gióp ®ì), knowledge



(kiÕn thøc), death (çi chÕt), hope (niÒm hy väng), mercy (lßng nh©n tõ), pity (sù téi nghiÖp), relief (sù gå lªn), suspicion (sù hå nghi), work (c«ng viÖc) ...

3/ Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc lu«n ë sè Ýt vµ kh«ng theo sau a/an VÝ dô: Those students don't want (any) help. They only want (some) knowledge. (Çc sinh viªn Êy kh«ng cÇn sù gióp ®ì. Hä cÇn kiÕn thøc mµ th«i) I have no experience in this field. (T«i ch¼ng cã kinh nghiÖm vÒ lÜnh vùc nµy) 4/ Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc thêng theo sau some, any, no, a little .. .., hoÆc theo sau bit, piece, slice, gallon...

VÝ dô: A bit of news (mét mÈu tin), a grain of sand (mét h¹t çt), a pot of jam (mét hñ møt), a slice of bread (mét l¸t b¸nh m×), a bowl of soup (mét b¸t sóp), a cake of soap (mét b¸nh xµ b«ng), a gallon of petrol (mét galon x¨ng), a pane of glass (mét « kÝnh), a sheet of paper (mét tê giÊy), a glass of beer (mét ly bia), a drop of oil (mét giät dÇu), a group of people (mét nhãm ngêi), a piece of advice (mét lêi khuyªn)...

5/ Mét vµi danh tõ trõu tîng còng theo sau a/an, nhng víi ý nghÜa ®Æc biÖt vµ ë sè Ýt mµ th«i.

- To have a wide knowledge of literature, we need read much(§Ó cã mét kiÕn thøc réng r·i vÒ v¨n häc, chóng ta ph¶i ®äc s¸ch nhiÒu). - This micro-computer is a great help to our study (Çi m¸y vi tÝnh nµy rÊt cã Ých cho viÖc häc cña chóng t«i) - Do you think these prisoners have a love of music/a hatred of dishonesty? (B¹n cã nghÜ r»ng çc tï nh©n nµy yªu ©m nh¹c/c¨m ghÐt sù bÊt l¬ng hay kh«ng?) - It's a pity you forgot to do it (TiÕc lµ b¹n quªn lµm ®iÒu ®ã) - It's a shame he offended against my teacher (ThËt lµ hæ thÑn khi anh ta xóc ph¹m ®Õn thÇy t«i)

Lu ý

He raises chickens in his garden (Anh ta nu«i gµ trong vên nhµ m×nh), nhng I like to eat chicken (T«i thÝch ¨n thÞt gµ).

My house has six rooms (Nhµ t«i cã s¸u phßng), nhng There's no room in the car for the dog (Xe « t« kh«ng cã chç nµo cho chã ngåi).

We've been to France five times (Chóng t«i ®· sang Ph¸p n¨m lÇn), nhngTime is a great healer 1(thêi gian lµ thuèc ch÷a lµnh mäi vÕt th¬ng). SO HUU CACH

Së hòu çch 's dïng cho danh tõ sè Ýt, danh tõ sè nhiÒu kh«ng tËn cïng b»ng 's, tõ sau cïng trong

danh tõ kÐp, hoÆc sau tõ viÕt t¾t: VÝ dô:

The chemist's (shop) (cöa hµng dîc phÈm) Children's toys (®å ch¬i cña trÎ em) My sister's friend (b¹n cña chÞ t«i) Peter's suitcase (va li cña Peter) Her father-in-law's house (nhµ cña bè chång c« ta)



The PM's bodyguards (vÖ sÜ cña thñ tíng) The VIP's briefcase (cÆp tµi liÖu cña yÕu nh©n)

' dïng cho danh tõ sè nhiÒu tËn cïng b»ng s, kÓ c¶ danh tõ sè Ýt tËn cïng b»ng s

VÝ dô: My sisters' friend (b¹n cña çc chÞ t«i) The workers' wages (l¬ng cña çc c«ng nh©n) Socrates' philosophy (triÕt lý cña Socrates)

Lu ý Khi sö dông së h÷u çch, ph¶i bá m¹o tõ ®øng tríc ngêi hoÆc vËt së h÷u. VÝ dô:

- The villa of the senator = The senator's villa (BiÖt thù cña thîng nghÞ sÜ) - The wife of the shoemaker = The shoemaker's wife (Vî cña ngêi thî giµy) - The toys of Jack = Jack's toys

Khi nµo dïng së hòu çch? Së h÷u çch (possessive case) chñ yÕu dïng cho ngêi, quèc gia hoÆc ®éng vËt. §«i khi ngêi ta còng dïng së h÷u çch trong çc trêng hîp sau ®©y:

The tree's branches (çc cµnh c©y) = The branches of the tree The yacht's mast (cét thuyÒn buåm) = The mast of the yacht The company's profits (Lîi nhuËn cña c«ng ty) = The profits of the company A week's holiday (kú nghØ mét tuÇn) Today's paper (b¸o ra ngµy h«m nay) Twenty minutes' break (nghØ gi¶i lao 20 phót) = a twenty-minute break Yesterday's news (tin tøc h«m qua) Two days' delay (chËm trÔ hai ngµy) = a two-day delay For heaven's sake (v× Thîng §Õ) The baker's (tiÖm b¸nh m×) The butcher's (tiÖm b¸n thÞt) The dentist's (phßng kh¸m cña nha sÜ) Tomorrow, we'll have a birthday party at Hoa's (Ngµy mai, chóng ta sÏ ¨n mõng sinh nhËt t¹i nhµ Hoa)

Khi nµo dïng Of + danh tõ ®Ó diÔn ®¹t sù së h÷u? Khi cã mét côm tõ (phrase) hoÆc mÖnh ®Ò (clause) theo sau "së h÷u chñ".

VÝ dô: - I want to know the house of the girl in uniform (T«i muèn biÕt nhµ cña c« g¸i mÆc ®ång phôc) - They are speaking to the father of the young man they met at the airport (Hä ®ang nãi chuyÖn víi cha cña ngêi thanh niªn mµ hä ®· gÆp ë s©n bay)



Khuynh híng chung lµ dïng Of + danh tõ, khi "së h÷u chñ" lµ vËt chø kh«ng ph¶i ngêi. VÝ dô:

- The gate of the villa (cæng cña biÖt thù) - The front of the house (mÆt tiÒn cña c¨n nhµ) - The legs of the chair (ch©n cña çi ghÕ)

Ph©n biÖt: My aunt's paintings (Nh÷ng bøc tranh thuéc quyÒn së h÷u cña d× t«i hoÆc do d× t«i vÏ) vµ The paintings of my aunt (Nh÷ng bøc tranh t¶ d× t«i)

TINH TU CHI PHAM CHAT 1/ TÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt kh«ng thay ®æi theo gièng vµ sè cña danh tõ.

VÝ dô: - An old woman (Mét bµ l·o) & Old women (Çc bµ l·o) - An old man (Mét «ng l·o) & Old men (Çc «ng l·o)

2/ VÞ trÝ cña tÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt Tríc danh tõ.

VÝ dô: - A poor family (Mét gia ®×nh nghÌo) - An unhappy teacher (Mét ngêi thÇy bÊt h¹nh) - Difficult problems (Nh÷ng bµi to¸n khã) - Sau danh tõ, nÕu tÝnh tõ cã bæ ng÷ kÌm theo.

VÝ dô: - Burgundy is a region famous for its wines (Burgundy lµ mét vïng næi tiÕng vÒ çc lo¹i rîu vang) - A shelf full of crockery (Mét ng¨n chøa ®Çy ®å sµnh sø)

Sau çc ®éng tõ Be, Become, Seem, Appear, Feel, Get/Grow, Keep, Look, Make, Smell, Sound, Taste, Turn. VÝ dô:

- He looks world-weary (Anh ta cã vÎ ch¸n ®êi) - This event made them more optimistic (Sù kiÖn nµy khiÕn hä l¹c quan h¬n) - After a persistent rain, everyone felt cold (Sau mét c¬n ma dai d¼ng, mäi ngêi ®Òu c¶m thÊy l¹nh) - That music sounds beautiful (Khóc nh¹c Êy nghe thËt hay) - The weather will keep fine (Thêi tiÕt sÏ vÉn cø ®Ñp) - This milk smells sour (S÷a nµy cã mïi chua)

Ph©n biÖt

- This waiter looks very curious (Ngêi hÇu bµn nµy tr«ng rÊt tß mß) vµ He looks curiously at his boss (Anh ta nh×n chñ m×nh víi vÎ tß mß)

3/ TÝnh tõ dïng nh danh tõ - Çc tÝnh tõ Old (giµ), Young (trÎ), Elderly (cao tuæi), Aged (cao tuæi), Blind (mï), Deaf (®iÕc), Disabled (tµn tËt), Handicapped (tµn tËt), Healthy (m¹nh khoÎ), Sick (®au èm), Living



(sèng), Dead (chÕt), Wounded (bÞ th¬ng), Injured (bÞ th¬ng), Rich (giµu), Poor (nghÌo), Needy (tóng thiÕu), Unemployed (thÊt nghiÖp), Jobless (thÊt nghiÖp), Wicked (xÊu xa) cã thÓ theo sau The ®Ó chØ lo¹i ngêi cã mét trong nh÷ng ®Æc trng võa nãi. BÊy giê, çc tÝnh tõ nµy trë thµnh danh tõ vµ nªn nhí lµ ®éng tõ theo sau chóng ph¶i ë ng«i thø ba sè nhiÒu.

VÝ dô:

- The handicapped deserve our help (Nh÷ng kÎ tËt nguyÒn rÊt ®¸ng cho chóng ta gióp ®ì) - Special recreational programs for the elderly (Çc ch¬ng tr×nh gi¶i trÝ ®Æc biÖt dµnh cho ngêi cao tuæi)

Çc tÝnh tõ chØ quèc gia còng do çch nµy mµ trë thµnh danh tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, The Scotch (Ngêi Xcèt-len), the Dutch (Ngêi Hµ Lan), the French (Ngêi Ph¸p), the British (Ngêi Anh), the Swiss (Ngêi Thôy SÜ), the Taiwanese (Ngêi §µi Loan), the Vietnamese (Ngêi ViÖt Nam)... 4/ Ph©n tõ dïng nh tÝnh tõ

HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ (...ING) vµ qu¸ khø ph©n tõ (...ED) còng cã thÓ dïng nh tÝnh tõ. BÊy giê, hiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ mang ý nghÜa chñ ®éng, cßn qu¸ khø ph©n tõ mang ý nghÜa thô ®éng.

VÝ dô: - A confusing question (Mét c©u hái khiÕn ngêi nghe bèi rèi) & The boy looks confused when he sees his parents at the door of his classroom (CËu bÐ cã vÎ bèi rèi khi thÊy bè mÑ ë cöa líp). - A touching story (Mét c©u chuyÖn khiÕn ngêi nghe xóc ®éng) & I was very touched to hear from my bosom friends (T«i rÊt xóc ®éng khi nhËn ®îc tin nh÷ng ngêi b¹n chÝ cèt cña t«i).

5/ Thø tù s¾p xÕp çc tÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt

Th«ng thêng, khi nhiÒu tÝnh tõ cïng ®Þnh tÝnh cho mét danh tõ, chóng sÏ ®îc s¾p xÕp theo thø tù sau ®©y: TÝnh tõ chØ kÝch thíc - TÝnh tõ chØ ç tÝnh vµ c¶m xóc - TÝnh tõ chØ tuæi t¸c - TÝnh tõ chØ h×nh d¹ng - TÝnh tõ chØ mµu s¾c - TÝnh tõ chØ chÊt liÖu - TÝnh tõ chØ nguån gèc - TÝnh tõ chØ c«ng dông [thêng lµ danh ®éng tõ trong danh tõ kÐp, ch¼ng h¹n nh Leading question (c©u hái kh«n ngoan ®Ó dÉn ®Õn c©u tr¶ lêi ®óng ý cña ngêi hái), Waiting room (phßng chê ®îi),Riding breeches (quÇn mÆc khi cìi ngùa)]. VÝ dô:

- A long double-edged sword (Mét thanh g¬m hai lìi dµi) - A small square box (Mét çi hép vu«ng nhá) - Merciful black policemen (Nh÷ng viªn c¶nh s¸t da ®en nh©n tõ) - Red velvet gloves (Nh÷ng chiÕc g¨ng nhung ®á) - An elegant Italian restaurant (Mét nhµ hµng thanh lÞch)

6/ Çc trêng hîp ®Æc biÖt cña tÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt 6/1 TÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt dïng víi çc ®¹i tõ one/ones, khi one/ones chØ mét danh tõ ®îc ®Ò cËp tríc ®ã.

VÝ dô: - Gather ripe plums instead of the unripe ones. (H·y h¸i mËn chÝn thay v× mËn cßn xanh)



- If you don't buy a voluminous book, two small ones will do (NÕu b¹n kh«ng mua mét quyÓn s¸ch to tíng th× hai quyÓn nhá còng ®ñ dïng råi)

6/2 TÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt dïng nh ®¹i tõ.

- First/Second (thø nhÊt/thø hai)... vÉn lµ tÝnh tõ nÕu dïng víi one/ones, nhng sÏ lµ ®¹i tõ nÕu kh«ng dïng víi one/ones. VÝ dô:

- Which of these two do you prefer? - I prefer the second (one) (Trong hai çi nµy, b¹n thÝch çi nµo h¬n? - T«i thÝch çi thø hai h¬n)

Lu ý

- I find that it is impossible to tame this bear = I find it impossible to tame this bear (T«i thÊy lµ kh«ng thÓ thuÇn ho¸ con gÊu nµy) - It is very kind of you to help him (B¹n thËt lµ tö tÕ míi gióp h¾n) - It is ungracious of him not to acknowledge your help (H¾n thËt lµ khiÕm nh· míi kh«ng çm ¬n sù gióp ®ì cña b¹n) - It is boring to tell lies all day long (ThËt lµ ch¸n ng¾t khi ph¶i nãi dèi suèt ngµy) - It is necessary to seize this golden opportunity (§iÒu cÇn thiÕt lµ n¾m lÊy c¬ héi ngµn vµng nµy) - It is not necessary for you to be in such a hurry (B¹n kh«ng cÇn ph¶i hÊp tÊp nh vËy) - It is lucky that we have a correction pen (May lµ chóng t«i cã bót xo¸) - It is lucky for us that he has a correction pen (May cho chóng t«i lµ anh ta cã bót xo¸) - I am afraid of naughty words (T«i sî nh÷ng lêi lÏ tôc tÜu) - I am afraid of hearing naughty words (T«i sî nghe nh÷ng lêi lÏ tôc tÜu) - I am afraid to hear naughty words (T«i sî nghe nh÷ng lêi lÏ tôc tÜu) - I am afraid (that) they will be late for school (T«i e r»ng chóng sÏ ®i häc trÔ) - This lesson is easy to understand (Bµi häc nµy dÔ hiÓu) - It is strange that they haven't remembered the way to the airport (L¹ mét ®iÒu lµ hä quªn h¼n ®êng ra s©n bay) - Students are ready to accept task assignment after graduation (Çc sinh viªn s½n sµng chÞu sù ph©n c«ng sau khi tèt nghiÖp) - I am very happy to see you again (T«i rÊt vui mõng gÆp l¹i çc b¹n)

SO SANH 1/ Cã 3 cÊp so s¸nh:



CÊp nguyªn So s¸nh h¬n Cùc cÊp Tall Taller Tallest Honest More honest Most honest 2/ Quy t¾c

Cã hai çch t¹o h×nh thøc so s¸nh h¬n vµ cùc cÊp cho tÝnh tõ. a) Thªm er (so s¸nh h¬n) vµ est (cùc cÊp) sau: Mäi tÝnh tõ mét vÇn. Ch¼ng h¹n, Fast (nhanh) - Faster (nhanh h¬n) - Fastest (nhanh nhÊt);

Strong (m¹nh) - Stronger (m¹nh h¬n) - Strongest (m¹nh nhÊt). Mét vµi tÝnh tõ hai vÇn (chñ yÕu lµ tËn cïng b»ng y, le vµ ow). Ch¼ng h¹n, Quiet (yªn tÜnh) -

Quieter (yªn tÜnh h¬n) - Quietest (yªn tÜnh nhÊt); Dirty (bÈn) - Dirtier (bÈn h¬n) - Dirtiest (bÈn nhÊt); Simple (®¬n gi¶n) - Simpler (®¬n gi¶n h¬n) - Simplest (®¬n gi¶n nhÊt); Narrow (hÑp) - Narrower (hÑp h¬n) - Narrowest (hÑp nhÊt).

TÝnh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng Un vµ theo sau lµ hai vÇn. Ch¼ng h¹n, Unhappy (khèn khæ) - Unhappier (khèn khæ h¬n) - Unhappiest (khèn khæ nhÊt).

Lu ý

- Big (lín) - Bigger (lín h¬n) - Biggest (lín nhÊt); Fat (bÐo) - Fatter (bÐo h¬n) - Fattest (bÐo nhÊt). - Silly (d¹i dét) - Sillier (d¹i dét h¬n) - Silliest (d¹i dét nhÊt); Floppy (mÒm) - Floppier (mÒm h¬n) - Floppiest (mÒm nhÊt). - Little (nhá) - Littler (nhá h¬n) - Littlest (nhá nhÊt); - Rude (khiÕm nh·) - Ruder (khiÕm nh· h¬n) - Rudest (khiÕm nh· nhÊt).

b) Thªm More (so s¸nh h¬n) vµ Most (cùc cÊp) tríc: Mäi tÝnh tõ ba vÇn (trõ trêng hîp ®· nãi trªn ®©y). Ch¼ng h¹n, Attractive (hÊp dÉn) - More

attractive (hÊp dÉn h¬n) - Most attractive (hÊp dÉn nhÊt). PhÇn lín çc tÝnh tõ hai vÇn (tËn cïng b»ng ful, less, al, ant, ent, ic, ive, ous, hoÆc b¾t ®Çu

b»ng a). Ch¼ng h¹n, Distant (xa) - More distant (xa h¬n) - Most distant (xa nhÊt); Graceful (duyªn d¸ng) - More graceful (duyªn d¸ng h¬n) - Most graceful (duyªn d¸ng nhÊt).

Mäi ph©n tõ dïng nh tÝnh tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, Boring (tÎ nh¹t) - More boring (tÎ nh¹t h¬n), Most boring (tÎ nh¹t nhÊt); Spoilt (h háng) - More spoilt (h háng h¬n) - Most spoilt (h háng nhÊt).

Lu ý

Cã nh÷ng tÝnh tõ hai vÇn ¸p dông c¶ hai çch nãi trªn. Ch¼ng h¹n, Common (phæ biÕn) - Commoner/More common( phæ biÕn h¬n) - Commonest/Most common (phæ biÕn nhÊt); Clever (kh«n ngoan) - Cleverer/More clever (kh«n ngoan h¬n) - Cleverest/Most clever (kh«n ngoan nhÊt).

NÕu nghi ngê th× nªn dïng More vµ Most. 3/ So s¸nh bÊt quy t¾c



Good (tèt), better , best Bad (xÊu), worse , worst Far (xa), farther / further , furthest / farthest Little (Ýt), less , least Few (Ýt), fewer / less , fewest / least Many, Much (nhiÒu), more , most Old (giµ, cò), elder / older , eldest / oldest

4/ CÊu tróc 4/1 So s¸nh h¬n

Cã thÓ dïng Much, Far, A little, A bit tríc tÝnh tõ ë cÊp so s¸nh h¬n. VÝ dô:

- Tom is much stronger than his rival (Tom khoÎ h¬n ®èi thñ cña m×nh nhiÒu) - Are you feeling a little (a bit) better today? (H«m nay b¹n thÊy trong ngêi khoÎ h¬n kh«ng?)

Sau than cã thÓ lµ mét danh tõ, ®¹i tõ hoÆc mÖnh ®Ò. VÝ dô:

- London is bigger than Paris (Lu©n §«n to h¬n Pari). - Peter appeared more confused than his friends. (Peter cã vÎ lóng tóng h¬n c¸c b¹n anh ta) - My dad's older than yours (Bè t«i giµ h¬n bè b¹n) - The exam is easier than I thought (Cuéc thi dÔ h¬n t«i nghÜ).

Lu ý

It's getting colder and colder (Trêi cµng lóc cµng l¹nh h¬n) He became more and more anxious with every passing minute (Mçi phót tr«i qua, anh ta

cµng thªm lo l¾ng) The more I miss my family, the more I miss my children (Cµng nhí gia ®×nh, t«i cµng nhí

c¸c con t«i) The more he thought about it, the worse the situation seemed (Anh ta cµng nghÜ ®Õn ®iÒu

®ã, t×nh h×nh cµng cã vÎ tÖ h¬n) The more interesting it is, the more attention they pay (§iÒu ®ã cµng lý thó, hä cµng thªm

chó ý) You are taller than I (am) , nhng ngêi ta thêng nãi You are taller than me . He makes fewer spelling mistakes than you (do) , nhng ngêi ta thêng nãi He makes

fewer spelling mistakes than you . I have a faster car than he (does) , nhng ngêi ta thêng nãi I have a faster car than him.

4/2 Cùc cÊp

VÝ dô: - Henry is the best child in his family



(Henry lµ ®øa con tèt nhÊt trong gia ®×nh) - It was the happiest day of my life (§ã lµ ngµy vui nhÊt ®êi t«i) - Her worst subject is chemistry (M«n mµ c« ta dë nhÊt lµ ho¸ häc) - My parents have two sons. I am the eldest (Bè mÑ t«i cã hai ngêi con trai. T«i lµ con trai trëng) - All the boys are noisy, but Long is the noisiest (TÊt c¶ çc bÐ trai ®Òu lµm ån, nhng Long lµm ån nhiÒu nhÊt) - It is the strongest coffee (that) I have ever drunk (§©y lµ cµ phª ®Æc nhÊt mµ t«i ®· tõng uèng) - It was the unhappiest month (that) we had ever spent (§ã lµ th¸ng xui nhÊt mµ chóng t«i ®· tõng tr¶i qua)

5/ Nãi thªm vÒ h×nh thøc so s¸nh vµ cùc cÊp

- She is as thin as a lath (C« ta gÇy nh c©y que) - You are as tall as my brother (B¹n cao b»ng anh t«i) - This schoolgirl is as white as a sheet (C« n÷ sinh nµy trong tr¾ng nh mét tê giÊy) - An elephant is not so big as a whale (Voi kh«ng to b»ng ç voi) Your tea is not so strong as mine (Trµ cña b¹n kh«ng ®Æc b»ng trµ cña t«i) - Mice are not as big as cats (Chuét kh«ng to b»ng mÌo) - The least worry we have is about the weather (§iÒu chóng t«i Ýt lo l¾ng nhÊt lµ thêi tiÕt) - His speech is less lengthy than I expected (Bµi diÔn v¨n cña «ng ta Ýt dµi dßng h¬n t«i mong) - This is the least interesting part of the dictionary (§©y lµ phÇn Ýt hÊp dÉn nhÊt trong quyÓn tù ®iÓn) - One of the least performed of Shakespeare's plays (mét trong nh÷ng vë kÞch Ýt ®îc tr×nh diÔn nhÊt cña Shakespeare) - She chose the least expensive of the hotels (Bµ ta chän kh¸ch s¹n Ýt ®¾t tiÒn nhÊt = Bµ ta chän kh¸ch s¹n rÎ tiÒn nhÊt) - She found the job less and less attractive (C« ta thÊy c«ng viÖc ngµy cµng bít hÊp dÉn) - They are less and less interested in sport (Hä ngµy cµng bít quan t©m ®Õn thÓ thao)

- Less coffee than tea (�t cµ phª h¬n trµ) - You should smoke fewer cigarettes and drink less beer (Anh nªn hót Ýt thuèc l¸ h¬n vµ uèng Ýt bia h¬n) - I received less money than the others did (T«i lÜnh Ýt tiÒn h¬n nh÷ng ngêi kh¸c)

- It rains less in London than in Manchester (™ Lu©n §«n ma Ýt h¬n lµ ë Manchester)

PHO TU TONG QUAT VE PHO TU Phã tõ lµ tõ bæ sung th«ng tin vÒ thêi gian, n¬i chèn, møc ®é, çch thøc... cho mét ®éng tõ, mét tÝnh tõ, mét côm tõ hoÆc mét phã tõ kh¸c .



Phã tõ chØ çch thøc (Adverbs of manner): Slowly (chËm ch¹p), quickly (mét çch nhanh nhÑn), joyfully (mét çch vui vÎ), sadly (mét çch buån b·), well (tèt, giái), badly (tåi, dë) ...

Phã tõ chØ møc ®é (Adverbs of degree): Enough (®ñ), absolutely (tuyÖt ®èi), strictly (triÖt ®Ó), fairly (kh¸, hoµn toµn), completely (hoµn toµn), entirely (hoµn toµn), quite (hoµn toµn), just (võa), nearly (gÇn nh), almost (gÇn nh), only (chØ riªng), too (qu¸), very (rÊt), extremely (cùc ®é), really (thùc sù)...

Phã tõ chØ n¬i chèn (Adverbs of place): Here (®©y), there (®ã), near (gÇn), everywhere (mäi n¬i), nowhere (kh«ng n¬i nµo), northwards (vÒ phÝa b¾c), forwards (vÒ phÝa tríc), backwards (vÒ phÝa sau), clockwise (theo chiÒu kim ®ång hå) ...

Phã tõ chØ thêi gian (Adverbs of time): Now (b©y giê), today (h«m nay), tomorrow (ngµy mai), yesterday (h«m qua), soon (ngay), still (vÉn cßn), then (sau ®ã), yet (cßn, cßn n÷a), afterwards (sau nµy), before (tríc ®ã), at once (lËp tøc), lately (gÇn ®©y), recently (gÇn ®©y) ...

Phã tõ chØ sù thêng xuyªn (Adverbs of frequency): Frequently (thêng xuyªn), always (lu«n lu«n), never (kh«ng bao giê), occasionally (thØnh tho¶ng), usually (thêng), often (thêng), regularly (®Òu ®Æn), seldom (Ýt khi, hiÕm khi), rarely (Ýt khi, hiÕm khi)...

Phã tõ nghi vÊn (Interrogative adverbs): When? (lóc nµo), where?(ë ®©u), why? (t¹i sao), how (nh thÕ nµo? b»ng çch nµo?). Ch¼ng h¹n, When did he die? (Anh ta chÕt lóc nµo?), Where does she come from? (C« ta tõ ®©u ®Õn?), Why were you late? (T¹i sao anh ®Õn muén?), How is this word spelt? (Tõ nµy ®¸nh vÇn nh thÕ nµo?).

Phã tõ quan hÖ (Relative adverbs): When (khi mµ), where (n¬i mµ), why (v× sao, t¹i sao). Ch¼ng h¹n, Sunday is the day when very few people go to work (Chñ nhËt lµ ngµy mµ rÊt Ýt ngêi ®i lµm viÖc), One of the countries where people drive on the left (Mét trong nh÷ng níc n¬i ngêi ta l¸i xe vÒ bªn tr¸i), That is the reason why I come here (§ã lµ lý do v× sao t«i ®Õn ®©y).

Ngoµi ra, cßn cã Phã tõ bæ nghÜa c©u (Sentence adverbs) nh Certainly (ch¾c ch¾n), Evidently (hiÓn nhiªn), Obviously (hiÓn nhiªn), Naturally (tÊt nhiªn), Clearly (râ rµng), Probably (cã lÏ), Undoubtedly (kh«ng nghi ngê g× n÷a), Fortunately (may thay), Unfortunately (rñi thay) ... Ch¼ng h¹n, Fortunately, everyone returned home safe and sound (May thay, mäi ngêi ®Òu trë vÒ nhµ b×nh an v« sù).

SU THANH LAP PHO TU Thêng th× phã tõ h×nh thµnh b»ng çch thªm ly vµo tÝnh tõ t¬ng xøng.

VÝ dô: Large (réng r·i) - Largely Extreme (cùc ®é) - Extremely Brief (ng¾n gän) - Briefly Boring (buån tÎ) - Boringly Repeated (lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i) - Repeatedly Quick (nhanh nhÑn) - Quickly Happy (sung síng) - Happily Greedy (tham lam) - Greedily Useful (h÷u Ých) - Usefully Beautiful (®Ñp) - Beautifully



Normal (th«ng thêng) - normally Actual (thùc sù) - actually Reliable (x¸c thùc) - Reliably Pitiable (®¸ng th¬ng) - Pitiably Tangible (hiÓn nhiªn) - tangibly Credible (®¸ng tin cËy) - Credibly

Ngo¹i lÖ

True (thËt, ®óng), truly Due (®óng, ®¸ng), duly Whole (toµn bé), wholly Good (tèt, giái), well Other (kh¸c), otherwise

Còng cã trêng hîp tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ gièng nhau vÒ h×nh thøc . Ch¼ng h¹n, Back seat (GhÕ

sau) - It takes me an hour to walk there and back (T«i ph¶i mÊt mét tiÕng ®ång hå ®Ó ®i tõ ®©y ®Õn ®ã råi quay vÒ), A pretty girl (Mét c« g¸i xinh x¾n) - The situation seems pretty hopeless (T×nh thÕ cã vÎ kh¸ tuyÖt väng), In the near future (Trong t¬ng lai gÇn ®©y) - Sit near enough to see the screen (H·y ngåi ®ñ gÇn ®Ó nh×n thÊy mµn ¶nh), Still water (Níc ph¼ng lÆng) - She is still unconscious (C« ta vÉn cßn bÊt tØnh), A little garden (Mét khu vên nhá) - I slept very little last night (§ªm qua t«i ngñ rÊt Ýt), A late marriage (Mét cuéc h«n nh©n muén m»n) - She married late (C« ta lÊy chång muén), A nation-wide advertising campaign (Mét chiÕn dÞch qu¶ng ço trªn toµn quèc) - Police are looking for him nation-wide (C¶nh s¸t ®ang truy lïng h¾n trªn toµn quèc), Bodily organs (Çc bé phËn cña c¬ thÓ) - The audience rose bodily to salute the colours (Toµn thÓ cö to¹ ®øng dËy chµo cê)...

Nh÷ng tÝnh tõ tËn cïng b»ng ly, ch¼ng h¹n nh Friendly (th©n thiÖn), Likely (cã thÓ, ch¾c),

Lonely (c« ®¬n)..., kh«ng ®îc dïng nh phã tõ. §Ó diÔn t¶ chóng díi d¹ng phã tõ, ta ph¶i lËp nh÷ng côm tõ nh In a friendly manner/way (mét çch th©n thiÖn) ch¼ng h¹n.

PHO TU DUOI HINH THUC SO SANH 1/ §Ó ®Æt phã tõ cã hai vÇn trë lªn díi h×nh thøc so s¸nh vµ cùc cÊp , ta thªm more vµ most tríc phã tõ.

Ch¼ng h¹n, Calmly (B×nh tÜnh) - More calmly (b×nh tÜnh h¬n) - Most calmly (b×nh tÜnh nhÊt), Luckily (may m¾n) - More luckily (may m¾n h¬n), Most luckily (may m¾n nhÊt).

§Æc biÖt

Well Better Best Badly Worse Worst Little Less Least Much More Most Far Farther Farthest Further Furthest Early Earlier Earliest



Hard Harder Hardest Fast Faster Fastest Loud Louder Loudest

2/ VÝ dô minh ho¹

- He eats more quickly than I do/than me (Anh ta ¨n nhanh h¬n t«i) - He eats as quickly as I do/as me (Anh ta ¨n nhanh b»ng t«i) - He doesn't eat as quickly as I do/as me hoÆc He doesn't eat so quickly as I do/as me (Anh ta kh«ng ¨n nhanh b»ng t«i). - They arrived earlier than I expected (Hä ®· ®Õn sím h¬n t«i tëng) - The sooner you begin, the sooner you'll finish (B¹n b¾t ®Çu cµng sím, b¹n cµng sím xong viÖc) - The sooner the better (Cµng sím cµng tèt) - heir child screamed loudest of all (Con cña hä hÐt to nhÊt trong bän) - Who arrived the earliest? (Ai ®Õn sím nhÊt?)

VI TRI PHO TU 1/ Phã tõ chØ c¸ch thøc (Adverbs of manner) §øng sau ®éng tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, This old man drinks heavily (¤ng l·o nµy nghiÖn rîu nÆng),

She walked sluggishly (C« ta ®i mét c¸ch uÓ o¶i). §øng sau tóc tõ nÕu c©u cã mét tóc tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, He rendered me a service voluntarily (Anh

ta tù nguyÖn gióp t«i), They speak French well (Hä nãi tiÕng Ph¸p giái). §øng tríc giíi tõ hoÆc sau tóc tõ khi ®éng tõ + giíi tõ + tóc tõ (nhng ph¶i ®øng tríc giíi

tõ nÕu tóc tõ dµi). Ch¼ng h¹n, She glances shyly at him hoÆc She glances at him shyly (C« ta e thÑn liÕc nh×n anh ta), nhng She glances shyly at everyone who attends her wedding ceremony (C« ta e thÑn nh×n nh÷ng ngêi ®Õn dù lÔ cíi cña c« ta).

§øng tríc ®éng tõ nÕu tóc tõ dµi. Ch¼ng h¹n, The teacher carefully marked all the incorrect sentences on the blackboard (ThÇy gi¸o cÈn thËn ®¸nh dÊu mäi c©u sai trªn b¶ng ®en), He furiously declares that any latecomer will be blacklisted (Anh ta ®iªn tiÕt tuyªn bè r»ng ai ®Õn trÔ sÏ bÞ ghi vµo sæ ®en).

2/ Phã tõ chØ møc ®é (Adverbs of degree) §øng tríc mét phã tõ hoÆc mét tÝnh tõ ®Ó bæ nghÜa cho phã tõ hoÆc tÝnh tõ Êy. Ch¼ng h¹n, It is absolutely impossible (§iÒu ®ã hoµn toµn kh«ng thÓ ®îc), She sings very well (C« ta ca rÊt hay).

§Æc biÖt - They have only two children (Hä cã ván vÑn hai ®øa con) - Only five people were hurt in the accident (ChØ cã n¨m ngêi bÞ th¬ng trong vô tai n¹n) - For external use only (Dïng ngoµi da mµ th«i) - I only waited a few minutes, but it seemed like hours



(T«i chØ ®îi vµi phót th«i, mµ cø nh mÊy giê ®ång hå) - I hardly know this telephone number (T«i võa míi biÕt sè ®iÖn tho¹i nµy mµ th«i) - I can hardly lift this bag (T«i khã mµ nhÊc næi c¸i bao nµy) - Hardly anybody came (HÇu nh ch¼ng ai ®Õn) -There's hardly any milk left (HÇu nh ch¼ng cßn chót s÷a nµo) -He has hardly any money (Anh ta hÇu nh ch¼ng cã tiÒn) - They hardly ever go to bed before midnight (HÇu nh hä ch¼ng bao giê ®i ngñ tríc nöa ®ªm) - He can scarcely have said so (Ch¾c lµ anh Êy ®· kh«ng nãi nh thÕ) - There were scarcely fifty strikers there

(™ ®ã chØ cã ván vÑn n¨m m¬i ngêi ®×nh c«ng) - This river isn't deep enough for swimming (Dßng s«ng nµy cha ®ñ s©u ®Ó b¬i léi) - Write clearly enough for us to read it (H·y viÕt ®ñ râ cho chóng t«i ®äc ®îc)

3/ Phã tõ chØ sù thêng xuyªn (Adverbs of frequency) §øng sau th× ®¬n gi¶n cña To be. Ch¼ng h¹n, Your hands are still dirty (Tay anh vÉn cßn bÈn),

He is always modest about his achievements (Anh ta lu«n khiªm tèn vÒ nh÷ng thµnh tùu cña m×nh).

Tríc th× ®¬n gi¶n cña tÊt c¶ c¸c ®éng tõ kh¸c. Ch¼ng h¹n, I continually have to remind him of his family (T«i ph¶i liªn tôc nh¾c h¾n nhí ®Õn gia ®×nh h¾n), He sometimes writes to me (ThØnh tho¶ng anh ta cã viÕt th cho t«i), My father never eats meat (Cha t«i ch¼ng bao giê ¨n thÞt).

Sau trî ®éng tõ trong th× kÐp. Ch¼ng h¹n, I have never been abroad (T«i cha bao giê ra níc ngoµi), You should always check your oil before starting (B¹n nªn lu«n lu«n kiÓm tra dÇu nhít tríc khi khëi hµnh), We have often been there (Chóng t«i ®· tõng ®Õn ®ã lu«n).

4 Phã tõ chØ n¬i chèn (Adverbs of place) §øng sau ®éng tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, Her parents live abroad (Cha mÑ c« ta sèng ë níc ngoµi),

They are waiting for us downstairs (Hä ®ang ®îi chóng t«i ë tÇng díi), Are you going anywhere? (Anh ®Þnh ®i bÊt cø n¬i nµo chø?).

Sau §éng tõ + tóc tõ hoÆc §éng tõ + giíi tõ + tóc tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, I've seen that old women somewhere (T«i ®· gÆp bµ l·o ®ã ë n¬i nµo ®ã), We looked for it everywhere (Chóng t«i ®· t×m nã kh¾p n¬i).

5/ Phã tõ chØ thêi gian (Adverbs of time)



§øng ë ®Çu hoÆc cuèi mÖnh ®Ò. Ch¼ng h¹n, Eventually he won hoÆc He won eventually (Cuèi cïng anh ta ®· th¾ng), Then we walked home hoÆc We walked home then (Råi chóng t«i ®i bé vÒ nhµ). Tuy nhiªn, tèt nhÊt lµ tra tù ®iÓn tríc khi dïng phã tõ chØ thêi gian.

DAI TU TINH TU NGHI VAN

Who (®¹i tõ) Whom (®¹i tõ) What (®¹i tõ vµ tÝnh tõ) Which (®¹i tõ vµ tÝnh tõ) Whose (®¹i tõ vµ tÝnh tõ)

VÝ dô minh ho¹ a) Who

- Who told him the news? (Ai b¸o tin cho anh ta?) - Do you know who damaged my car? (B¹n cã biÕt ai lµm háng xe t«i hay kh«ng?) - I wonder who phoned this morning (T«i ch¼ng biÕt ai ®· gäi ®iÖn tho¹i s¸ng nay) - Who ate my bread? (Ai ®· ¨n b¸nh m× cña t«i?) - Who is that bespectacled girl? (C« g¸i ®eo kÝnh lµ ai?)

b) Whom

- Thay v× Whom did they invite? (Hä mêi nh÷ng ai?), ngêi ta thêng nãi Who did they invite? - Thay v× Whom did you see at church? (B¹n ®· gÆp ai ë nhµ thê?), ngêi ta thêng nãi Who did you see at church? - Thay v× With whom did you go? (B¹n ®· ®i víi ai?), ngêi ta thêng nãi Who did you go with? - Thay v× To whom are you speaking? (B¹n ®ang nãi chuyÖn víi ai?), ngêi ta thêng nãi Who are you speaking to?

c) Whose

Whose lµ tÝnh tõ. - Whose house was broken into? (Nhµ cña ai bÞ bän trém vµo?) - Whose book are they reading? (Hä ®ang ®äc s¸ch cña ai?)

Whose lµ ®¹i tõ.

- Whose are these newspapers ? (Nh÷ng tê b¸o nµy lµ cña ai?) - Whose is that house? (Nhµ ®ã lµ cña ai?)

d) Which

Which lµ tÝnh tõ. - Which hat is hers? (Mò nµo lµ cña c« ta?) - Which way is quicker - by taxi or by pedicab? (§êng nµo th× nhanh h¬n - b»ng taxi hay b»ng xe xÝch l«?) - Which languages did you study at school?



(Anh ®· häc nh÷ng thø tiÕng g× ë trêng?) - Which journalist (of all journalists) do you admire most? (Nhµ b¸o nµo b¹n ngìng mé nhÊt?) - Thay v× To which address will you send this letter? (B¹n sÏ göi th nµy ®Õn ®Þa chØ nµo), ngêi ta thêng nãi Which address will you send this letter to?. T¬ng tù, thay v× In which region do you work? (B¹n lµm viÖc ë vïng nµo?), ngêi ta thêng nãi Which region do you work in?

Which lµ ®¹i tõ.

- Which is her hat? (Mò cña c« ta lµ mò nµo?) - Which of them is the tallest? (Ngêi nµo trong sè hä lµ cao nhÊt?) - Which of these two photos do you like best? (B¹n thÝch bøc nµo nhÊt trong hai bøc ¶nh nµy?)

e) What What lµ ®¹i tõ.

- What happens? (Cã chuyÖn g× x¶y ra vËy?) - What made him so furious? (§iÒu g× khiÕn h¾n ®iªn tiÕt lªn vËy?) - What are you thinking? (B¹n ®ang nghÜ g× vËy?) - What's the date? (H«m nay ngµy bao nhiªu?) - What does he say? (Anh ta nãi g× vËy?) - What did you do that for? = Why did you do that? (B¹n lµm ®iÒu ®ã nh»m môc ®Ých g×?) - What is this bag for? (C¸i bao nµy dïng ®Ó lµm g×?) - What does this word mean? (Tõ nµy nghÜa lµ g×?) - What does she do? = What is she? = What is her profession? (C« ta lµm nghÒ g×?) - What's your name? (Tªn b¹n lµ g×?) - What was the weather like? (Thêi tiÕt nh thÕ nµo?) - What does she look like? (C« ta tr«ng thÕ nµo?)

What lµ tÝnh tõ (nhng rÊt Ýt dïng cho ngêi).

- What date is it? (H«m nay ngµy bao nhiªu?) - What experience have you had? (B¹n ®· cã kinh nghiÖm g×?) - What documents has he read? (H¾n ®· ®äc nh÷ng tµi liÖu nµo?) - At what depth does the wreck lie? (X¸c tµu ®¾m n»m ë ®é s©u bao nhiªu?)

Lu ý

- Thay v× What age are you?/What is your age?, ngêi ta thêng nãi How old are you? (B¹n bao nhiªu tuæi?) - Thay v× What height is he?/ What is his height?, ngêi ta thêng nãi How tall is he? (Anh ta cao bao nhiªu?)

DAI TU NHAN XUNG 1/ H×nh thøc



Chñ tõ Tóc tõ Sè Ýt Ng«i thø nhÊt I Me Ng«i thø hai You You Ng«i thø ba He/She/It Him/Her/It ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sè nhiÒu Ng«i thø nhÊt We Us Ng«i thø hai You You Ng«i thø ba They Them H×nh thøc cò cña ng«i thø hai sè Ýt lµ Thou (chñ tõ), Thee (tóc tõ) He dïng cho nam giíi vµ ®éng vËt gièng ®ùc & She dïng cho n÷ giíi vµ ®éng vËt gièng c¸i & It

dïng cho sù vËt. VÝ dô:

- This is my father. He is a postman (§©y lµ cha t«i. ¤ng lµ nh©n viªn ph¸t th) - This is my mother. She is an actress (§©y lµ mÑ t«i. Bµ lµ diÔn viªn) - This is my car. It is very beautiful (§©y lµ xe «t« cña t«i. Nã th× rÊt ®Ñp)


- This is my grandmother. She is old. Do you know her? (§©y lµ bµ t«i. Bµ Êy th× giµ. B¹n cã biÕt bµ Êy hay kh«ng?) - Did you see the elephant? - Yes, I saw it and it saw me (B¹n thÊy voi cha? - V©ng, t«i ®· thÊy nã vµ nã ®· thÊy t«i) - My sister and I attend the same school (ChÞ t«i vµ t«i häc cïng mét trêng) - Where's Ba? - That's him over there (Ba ®©u råi? - Anh ta kia k×a) - They gave you dinner. Did you thank them for it? (Hä ®·i b¹n ¨n tèi. B¹n ®· c¸m ¬n hä vÒ viÖc ®ã cha?) - She will stay with us (C« Êy sÏ ë l¹i víi chóng ta) - You need to speak to someone like him (B¹n cÇn ph¶i nãi chuyÖn víi nh÷ng ngêi nh anh ta)

Lu ý

- Thay v× It is I (t«i ®©y), ngêi ta thêng nãi It's me. - Thay v× She is taller than I am (c« ta cao h¬n t«i), ngêi ta thêng nãi She is taller than me. -Thay v× He doesn't know as much as she does (anh ta kh«ng biÕt nhiÒu b»ng c« ta), ngêi ta thêng nãi He doesn't know as much as her .



- Kh«ng nãi It was him who told me the news (chÝnh anh ta b¸o tin cho t«i), mµ ph¶i nãi It was he who told me the news . - Cã thÓ nãi Turn off the fan hoÆc Turn the fan off (H·y t¾t qu¹t !), nhng nÕu dïng ®¹i tõ nh©n xng th× ph¶i nãi Turn it off. - Víi vai trß chñ tõ, You vµ One cã thÓ ®îc dïng nh nhau. Ch¼ng h¹n, You cannot live on water (B¹n kh«ng thÓ sèng b»ng níc l·) hoÆc One cannot live on water (Ngêi ta kh«ng thÓ sèng b»ng níc l·) . Tuy nhiªn, You vÉn th©n mËt vµ th«ng dông h¬n One. - They còng cã nghÜa lµ Ngêi ta . Ch¼ng h¹n, They say (that) he behaves very badly towards his mother (Ngêi ta nãi r»ng h¾n ®èi xö víi mÑ h¾n rÊt tÖ).

3/ Nãi riªng vÒ It It thêng dïng cho mét vËt, mét em bÐ, hoÆc mét con vËt mµ ta kh«ng biÕt thuéc gièng g×.

VÝ dô: - Where's your gun? - It is in the drawer.

(KhÈu sóng cña b¹n ®©u? - Nã ë trong ng¨n kÐo) - Do you see that bird? It is singing very happily. (B¹n cã thÊy con chim kia kh«ng? Nã ®ang hãt rÊt vui) - Her new baby is very chubby. It weighs more than four kilos. (§øa con míi sinh cña c« ta rÊt mòm mÜm. Nã nÆng h¬n bèn kÝ) §«i khi It còng dïng cho ngêi.

VÝ dô: - Who is that/Who is it? - It's me (Ai ®ã? - T«i ®©y)

It dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ thêi gian, kho¶ng c¸ch, thêi tiÕt, nhiÖt ®é, thñy triÒu

VÝ dô: - What time is it? - It is six (MÊy giê råi? - S¸u giê råi) - How far is it to London? - It is about 100 miles. (§Õn Lu©n §«n bao xa? - Kho¶ng 100 dÆm) - It is raining/snowing (Trêi ®ang ma/®ang tuyÕt r¬i) - It's a fine night (Trêi ®ªm ®Ñp) - It is hot/cold/cool in this grotto (ThËt lµ nãng/l¹nh/m¸t trong hang nµy)

CÊu tróc It + is + tÝnh tõ + nguyªn mÉu

VÝ dô: - It is easy to criticize (Phª ph¸n th× dÔ) thay v× To criticize is easy . - It is better to get up early (Nªn dËy sím th× tèt h¬n) thay v× To get up early is bettter .

Thay v× She finds (that) it is boring to stay at home (C« ta thÊy ngåi nhµ thËt lµ ch¸n), ta cã thÓ

nãi She finds it boring to stay at home . It thay cho mét côm tõ hay mÖnh ®Ò ®îc ®Ò cËp tríc ®ã.

VÝ dô:



- He smokes in bed, though his wife doesn't like it. (H¾n hót thuèc trªn giõ¬ng, mÆc dï vî h¾n ch¼ng thÝch ®iÒu ®ã) - Yes, I am always a late riser. What about it? (V©ng, t«i lu«n dËy muén. Anh nghÜ sao vÒ ®iÒu ®ã?)

It lµm chñ tõ cho c¸c ®éng tõ kh«ng ¸m chØ riªng ai

VÝ dô: - It appears that there has been a mistake (Dêng nh ®· cã sù nhÇm lÉn) - It seems that he's resigned (Dêng nh «ng ta ®· tõ chøc)

DAI TU PHAN THAN 1/ H×nh thøc

Chñ tõ Tóc tõ Sè Ýt Ng«i thø nhÊt I Me Ng«i thø hai You You Ng«i thø ba He/She/It Him/Her/It ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sè nhiÒu Ng«i thø nhÊt We Us Ng«i thø hai You You Ng«i thø ba They Them H×nh thøc cò cña ng«i thø hai sè Ýt lµ Thou (chñ tõ), Thee (tóc tõ) He dïng cho nam giíi vµ ®éng vËt gièng ®ùc & She dïng cho n÷ giíi vµ ®éng vËt gièng c¸i & It

dïng cho sù vËt. VÝ dô:

- This is my father. He is a postman (§©y lµ cha t«i. ¤ng lµ nh©n viªn ph¸t th) - This is my mother. She is an actress (§©y lµ mÑ t«i. Bµ lµ diÔn viªn) - This is my car. It is very beautiful (§©y lµ xe «t« cña t«i. Nã th× rÊt ®Ñp)


- This is my grandmother. She is old. Do you know her? (§©y lµ bµ t«i. Bµ Êy th× giµ. B¹n cã biÕt bµ Êy hay kh«ng?) - Did you see the elephant? - Yes, I saw it and it saw me (B¹n thÊy voi cha? - V©ng, t«i ®· thÊy nã vµ nã ®· thÊy t«i) - My sister and I attend the same school (ChÞ t«i vµ t«i häc cïng mét trêng) - Where's Ba? - That's him over there (Ba ®©u råi? - Anh ta kia k×a)



- They gave you dinner. Did you thank them for it? (Hä ®·i b¹n ¨n tèi. B¹n ®· çm ¬n hä vÒ viÖc ®ã cha?) - She will stay with us (C« Êy sÏ ë l¹i víi chóng ta) - You need to speak to someone like him (B¹n cÇn ph¶i nãi chuyÖn víi nh÷ng ngêi nh anh ta)

Lu ý

- Thay v× It is I (t«i ®©y), ngêi ta thêng nãi It's me. - Thay v× She is taller than I am (c« ta cao h¬n t«i), ngêi ta thêng nãi She is taller than me. -Thay v× He doesn't know as much as she does (anh ta kh«ng biÕt nhiÒu b»ng c« ta), ngêi ta thêng nãi He doesn't know as much as her . - Kh«ng nãi It was him who told me the news (chÝnh anh ta b¸o tin cho t«i), mµ ph¶i nãi It was he who told me the news . - Cã thÓ nãi Turn off the fan hoÆc Turn the fan off (H·y t¾t qu¹t !), nhng nÕu dïng ®¹i tõ nh©n xng th× ph¶i nãi Turn it off. - Víi vai trß chñ tõ, You vµ One cã thÓ ®îc dïng nh nhau. Ch¼ng h¹n, You cannot live on water (B¹n kh«ng thÓ sèng b»ng níc l·) hoÆc One cannot live on water (Ngêi ta kh«ng thÓ sèng b»ng níc l·) . Tuy nhiªn, You vÉn th©n mËt vµ th«ng dông h¬n One. - They còng cã nghÜa lµ Ngêi ta . Ch¼ng h¹n, They say (that) he behaves very badly towards his mother (Ngêi ta nãi r»ng h¾n ®èi xö víi mÑ h¾n rÊt tÖ).

3/ Nãi riªng vÒ It It thêng dïng cho mét vËt, mét em bÐ, hoÆc mét con vËt mµ ta kh«ng biÕt thuéc gièng g×.

VÝ dô: - Where's your gun? - It is in the drawer.

(KhÈu sóng cña b¹n ®©u? - Nã ë trong ng¨n kÐo) - Do you see that bird? It is singing very happily. (B¹n cã thÊy con chim kia kh«ng? Nã ®ang hãt rÊt vui) - Her new baby is very chubby. It weighs more than four kilos. (§øa con míi sinh cña c« ta rÊt mòm mÜm. Nã nÆng h¬n bèn kÝ) §«i khi It còng dïng cho ngêi.

VÝ dô: - Who is that/Who is it? - It's me (Ai ®ã? - T«i ®©y)

It dïng trong çc thµnh ng÷ chØ thêi gian, kho¶ng çch, thêi tiÕt, nhiÖt ®é, thñy triÒu

VÝ dô: - What time is it? - It is six (MÊy giê råi? - S¸u giê råi) - How far is it to London? - It is about 100 miles. (§Õn Lu©n §«n bao xa? - Kho¶ng 100 dÆm) - It is raining/snowing (Trêi ®ang ma/®ang tuyÕt r¬i) - It's a fine night (Trêi ®ªm ®Ñp) - It is hot/cold/cool in this grotto



(ThËt lµ nãng/l¹nh/m¸t trong hang nµy) CÊu tróc It + is + tÝnh tõ + nguyªn mÉu

VÝ dô: - It is easy to criticize (Phª ph¸n th× dÔ) thay v× To criticize is easy . - It is better to get up early (Nªn dËy sím th× tèt h¬n) thay v× To get up early is bettter .

Thay v× She finds (that) it is boring to stay at home (C« ta thÊy ngåi nhµ thËt lµ ch¸n), ta cã thÓ

nãi She finds it boring to stay at home . It thay cho mét côm tõ hay mÖnh ®Ò ®îc ®Ò cËp tríc ®ã.

VÝ dô: - He smokes in bed, though his wife doesn't like it. (H¾n hót thuèc trªn giõ¬ng, mÆc dï vî h¾n ch¼ng thÝch ®iÒu ®ã) - Yes, I am always a late riser. What about it? (V©ng, t«i lu«n dËy muén. Anh nghÜ sao vÒ ®iÒu ®ã?)

It lµm chñ tõ cho çc ®éng tõ kh«ng ¸m chØ riªng ai

VÝ dô: - It appears that there has been a mistake (Dêng nh ®· cã sù nhÇm lÉn) - It seems that he's resigned (Dêng nh «ng ta ®· tõ chøc)

DAI TU VA TINH TU SO HUU TÝnh tõ së h÷u §¹i tõ së h÷u My (cña t«i) Mine (cña t«i) Your (cña anh/chÞ) Yours (cña anh/chÞ) His/Her/Its His/Hers (cña anh ta/c« ta/nã) (cña anh Êy/c« Êy) Our (cña chóng ta/chóng t«i) Ours (cña chóng ta/chóng t«i) Your (cña çc anh chÞ) Yours (cña çc anh chÞ) Their (cña hä/chóng nã) Theirs (cña hä/chóng nã)

VÝ dô: - This is his handkerchief. Where is ours? (§©y lµ kh¨n tay cña anh ta. Çi cña chóng t«i ®©u?) - Your do your work and I do mine (B¹n lµm viÖc cña b¹n, t«i lµm viÖc cña t«i)

Lu ý: §õng nhÇm tÝnh tõ së h÷u Its vµ côm tõ It's (viÕt t¾t cña It is) 1/ §Æc ®iÓm



TÝnh tõ së h÷u tïy thuéc së h÷u chñ, chø kh«ng tïy thuéc vËt së h÷u. Do vËy, nhµ cña anh ta lµ His house, nhµ cña c« ta lµ Her house. MÑ cña anh ta lµ His mother, mÑ cña c« ta lµ Her mother.

TÝnh tõ së h÷u kh«ng tïy thuéc sè cña vËt së h÷u. Ch¼ng h¹n, my friend (b¹n cña t«i), my friends (çc b¹n cu¶ t«i), their room (phßng cña hä), their rooms (çc phßng cña hä).

... cña con vËt hoÆc sù vËt th× dïng Its. Ch¼ng h¹n, The dog wags its tail (con chã vÉy ®u«i), Depraved culture and its evils (v¨n ho¸ ®åi trôy vµ nh÷ng t¸c h¹i cña nã), The table and its legs (çi bµn vµ çc ch©n cña nã).

Own còng ®îc thªm vµo ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh sù së h÷u. Ch¼ng h¹n, Does that car belong to the company, or is it your own? (chiÕc xe «t« Êy cña c«ng ty, hay cña riªng anh?), Their own garden (m¶nh vên riªng cña hä).

TÝnh tõ së h÷u còng ®îc dïng tríc çc bé phËn c¬ thÓ. Ch¼ng h¹n, My legs hurt (t«i ®au ch©n), Her head is aching (c« ta ®ang nhøc ®Çu).

2/ §¹i tõ së h÷u thay cho tÝnh tõ së h÷u + danh tõ

VÝ dô: - This is their apartment hoÆc This (apartment) is theirs (§©y lµ c¨n hé cña hä hoÆc C¨n hé nµy lµ cña hä ) - You're using my telephone. Where's yours ? (Anh ®ang dïng m¸y ®iÖn tho¹i cña t«i. Çi cña anh ®©u?)

... of mine nghÜa lµ One of my ... (mét... cña t«i).

VÝ dô: - A friend of mine = one of my friends (mét ngêi b¹n cña t«i) - A teacher of hers = one of her teachers (mét ngêi thÇy cña c« Êy)

DAI TU BAT DINH TÝnh tõ bÊt ®Þnh:

- There's only one piece of cake left (ChØ cßn l¹i mét mÈu b¸nh) - This mendicant is blind in both eyes (Ngêi ¨n xin nµy mï c¶ hai m¾t) - A ring on each finger (Mét çi nhÉn trªn mçi ngãn tay) - Take either half, they are exactly the same (H·y lÊy nöa nµy hoÆc nöa kia, c¶ hai ®Òu b»ng nhau) - Neither boy was present (C¶ hai ®øa bÐ ®Òu kh«ng cã mÆt) - I have read this book several times (T«i ®· ®äc quyÓn s¸ch nµy nhiÒu lÇn) - All dogs are animals, but not all animals are dogs (TÊt c¶ çc con chã ®Òu lµ ®éng vËt, nhng kh«ng ph¶i tÊt c¶ çc ®éng vËt ®Òu lµ chã) - The buses go every ten minutes (Cø mçi mêi phót l¹i cã chuyÕn xe bóyt) - I have a lot of bread, but I haven't much butter (T«i cã nhiÒu b¸nh m×, nhng t«i ch¼ng cã nhiÒu b¬) - There are many spelling mistakes in this newspaper (Tê b¸o nµy cã nhiÒu lçi chÝnh t¶) - There's some ice in the fridge (Cã mét Ýt ®¸ trong tñ l¹nh) - You may come here at any time (B¹n cã thÓ ®Õn ®ã bÊt cø lóc nµo) - I have little time for watching TV (T«i cã Ýt thêi gian ®Ó xem TV)



- Give me a little sugar (H·y cho t«i mét Ýt ®êng) - There were few people at his funeral (Cã Ýt ngêi dù ®¸m tang «ng ta) - The jailer asked us a few questions (Viªn cai ngôc hái chóng t«i vµi c©u) - We have enough food for two weeks' holiday (Chóng t«i cã ®ñ thùc phÈm cho kú nghØ hai tuÇn) - No words can express my homesickness (Kh«ng lêi nµo diÔn t¶ ®îc nçi nhí nhµ cña t«i) - Would you like another cup of tea? (¤ng muèn dïng mét t¸ch trµ n÷a kh«ng?) - Where are the other students? (Çc sinh viªn kh¸c ®ang ë ®©u?)

§¹i tõ bÊt ®Þnh

- This problem is one of great difficulty (VÊn ®Ò nµy lµ vÊn ®Ò rÊt khã kh¨n) - We both want to go hunting (C¶ hai chóng t«i ®Òu muèn ®i s¨n) - He gave the boys five dollars each (¤ng ta cho mçi ®øa bÐ 5 ®« la) - I've bought two cakes - you can have either (T«i ®· mua hai çi b¸nh - anh cã thÓ lÊy mét trong hai çi ®ã) - I chose neither of them (T«i kh«ng chän çi nµo trong hai çi ®ã c¶) - Several of us decided to walk (NhiÒu ngêi trong chóng t«i quyÕt ®Þnh ®i bé) - We had several loaves left - All (of them) were crisp (Chóng t«i cßn nhiÒu æ b¸nh m× - TÊt c¶ (çc æ b¸nh m× ®ã) ®Òu gißn) - Everybody goes to church (Mäi ngêi ®Òu ®i nhµ thê) - I'll give you everything I have (T«i sÏ cho b¹n mäi thø mµ t«i cã) - Nobody came to see me (Kh«ng ai ®Õn th¨m t«i) - None of them wants to stay (Kh«ng ngêi nµo trong bän hä muèn ë l¹i) - I have nothing to eat (T«i ch¼ng cã g× ®Ó ¨n c¶) - Ask anyone in your room (H·y hái bÊt cø ai trong phßng b¹n) - Did you know many of them? (B¹n cã biÕt nhiÒu ngêi trong bän hä kh«ng?) - As a student, she has much to learn (Lµ sinh viªn, c« ta cã nhiÒu ®iÒu cÇn ph¶i häc hái) - How many loaves do you want? - A lot (B¹n cÇn bao nhiªu æ b¸nh m×? - NhiÒu l¾m) - Do you need more money? - No, there's plenty in the safe (¤ng cÇn thªm tiÒn n÷a kh«ng? - Kh«ng, vÉn cßn nhiÒu trong kÐt s¾t) - I agree to some of what you said (T«i ®ång ý víi phÇn nµo nh÷ng ®iÒu b¹n nãi) - He doesn't like any of these flowers (H¾n kh«ng thÝch bÊt cø hoa nµo trong nh÷ng hoa nµy) - I can understand little of what he said (T«i hiÓu ®îc chót Ýt nh÷ng ®iÒu h¾n nãi) - If you've got any spare sugar, could you give me a little? (NÕu b¹n cßn ®êng, b¹n cho t«i mét Ýt ®îc kh«ng?) - Is this sum of money enough for their business trip? (Sè tiÒn nµy ®ñ cho chuyÕn c«ng t¸c cña hä hay kh«ng?) - Many are called, but few are chosen (NhiÒu ngêi ®îc gäi ®Õn, nhng Ýt ngêi ®îc chän) - My father has written many historical novels, but I've only read a few (of them) (Bè t«i ®· viÕt nhiÒu tiÓu thuyÕt lÞch sö, nhng t«i chØ míi ®äc vµi quyÓn (trong sè ®ã)) - We must help others less fortunate than ourselves (Chóng ta ph¶i gióp ®ì nh÷ng ngêi kh¸c kÐm may m¾n h¬n chóng ta) - This shirt is too big; I'll try another (Çi ¸o s¬ mi nµy to qu¸; t«i sÏ thö mét çi kh¸c) Lu ý



Much (tÝnh tõ) ®øng tríc danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc , Much (®¹i tõ) thay chodanh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®îc . Much còng cã thÓ lµ phã tõ, ch¼ng h¹n nh I didn't enjoy that comedy (very) much (T«i kh«ng thÝch vë hµi nµy l¾m) hoÆc She's much better today (H«m nay c« ta kh¸ h¬n nhiÒu).

Much ph¶n nghÜa víi Little. Many (tÝnh tõ) ®øng tríc danh tõ ®Õm ®îc , Many (®¹i tõ) thay cho danh tõ ®Õm ®îc .

Many ph¶n nghÜa víi Few. Little còng cã thÓ lµ phã tõ vµ tÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt. Ch¼ng h¹n, I slept very little last night (§ªm qua, t«i ngñ rÊt Ýt) [Phã tõ] vµLittle holes to let air in (Nh÷ng lç nhá ®Ó kh«ng khÝ vµo)

(TÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt). A little còng cã thÓ lµ phã tõ, ch¼ng h¹n nh They are a little worried about the next

entrance examination (Hä h¬i lo vÒ kú thi tuyÓn sinh s¾p tíi). Enough còng cã thÓ lµ phã tõ, ch¼ng h¹n nh You aren't old enough to join the army (B¹n

cha ®ñ tuæi ®Ó gia nhËp qu©n ®éi)

DAI TU QUAN HE

Chñ tõ Tóc tõ Së h÷u Cho ngêi Who Whom/Who Whose That That ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cho ®å vËt Which Which Whose/Of which That That

Trong tiÕng Anh chÝnh thøc, Whom thay cho Who khi Who kh«ng ph¶i lµ chñ tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ. Ch¼ng h¹n, Are you the witness whom/that the police are looking for? (Anh cã ph¶i lµ nh©n chøng mµ c¶nh s¸t ®ang t×m hay kh«ng?)

Trong v¨n nãi, ngêi ta thêng lîc bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ khi ®¹i tõ nµy lµ tóc tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, Isn't that the shirt (which/that) you wore? (§ã kh«ng ph¶i çi ¸o s¬ mi mµ b¹n ®· mÆc chø?), That's the stone (that) he broke the window with (§ã chÝnh lµ hßn ®¸ mµ nhê ®ã h¾n ®Ëp vì cöa sæ). Tuy nhiªn, kh«ng thÓ lîc bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ nÕu ®¹i tõ nµy lµ chñ tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ. Ch¼ng h¹n, The mason who stands with arms akimbo is closely related to my driver (Ngêi thî nÒ ®øng chèng n¹nh cã quan hÖ hä hµng gÇn víi tµi xÕ cña t«i), She's the girl who/that broke my heart (C« ta chÝnh lµ c« g¸i lµm t«i ®au khæ), That's the stone which/that broke the window (§ã chÝnh lµ hßn ®¸ lµm vì cöa sæ).

Whose lµ së h÷u çch cña Who vµ ®«i khi cña c¶ Which. VÝ dô:

- This is the girl. Her father is a policeman (§©y lµ c« g¸i. Cha c« ta lµ c¶nh s¸t viªn) --> This is the girl whose father is a policeman (§©y lµ c« g¸i mµ cha lµ c¶nh s¸t viªn). - This is the steel tube. Its inner walls are rusty (§©y lµ èng thÐp. Çc v¸ch bªn trong nã bÞ rØ) --> This is the steel tube whose inner walls are rusty (§©y lµ èng thÐp mµ çc v¸ch bªn trong bÞ rØ).



MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ (Relative clauses) a) MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh (Defining relative clauses) lµ mÖnh ®Ò x¸c ®Þnh ngêi hoÆc vËt võa ®îc nh¾c ®Õn tríc ®ã. Ch¼ng h¹n, ta cã c©u The man who told me the news refused my invitation to dinner (Ngêi ®µn «ng b¸o tin cho t«i ®· tõ chèi lêi mêi ¨n tèi cña t«i). Trong c©u nµy, who told me the news lµ mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ. NÕu bá mÖnh ®Ò nµy, ngêi ®µn «ng mµ chóng ta ®ang nãi ®Õn sÏ kh«ng râ rµng. TuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®Æt dÊu phÈy gi÷a danh tõ vµ mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh.

VÝ dô: - We're looking for someone (who) we can rely on (Chóng t«i ®ang t×m ngêi mµ chóng t«i cã thÓ tin cËy) - The novel is about a young man who falls in love with .. .. (TiÓu thuyÕt nãi vÒ mét chµng trai ph¶i lßng .. ..) - These are the children (that) I looked after last summer (§©y lµ nh÷ng ®øa trÎ mµ t«i ®· tr«ng nom mïa hÌ võa qua) - The clothes that are on the floor are dirty (QuÇn ¸o trªn sµn nhµ lµ quÇn ¸o bÈn) - Read the passage to which I referred in my talk (H·y ®äc ®o¹n mµ t«i nh¾c ®Õn trong cuéc nãi chuyÖn) - A house which overlooks the park will cost more (Nhµ nh×n ra c«ng viªn sÏ ®¾t tiÒn h¬n) - The roof on which I was standing collapsed suddenly (M¸i nhµ mµ t«i ®ang ®øng trªn ®ã bçng nhiªn ®æ sËp) = The roof which I was standing on collapsed suddenly = The roof I was standing on collapsed suddenly.

§Æc biÖt

Thay v× The first scientist who discovers/discovered this principle (Nhµ khoa häc ®Çu tiªn t×m ra nguyªn lý nµy), ta cã thÓ nãi The first scientist to discover this principle.

Thay v× The only one who understands/understood this equation (Ngêi duy nhÊt hiÓu ®îc ph¬ng tr×nh nµy), ta cã thÓ nãi The only one to understand this equation .

hay v× Employees who work overtime will be entitled to extra pay (Nh©n viªn lµm thªm ngoµi giê sÏ ®îc hëng tiÒn phô tréi), ta cã thÓ nãi Employees working overtime will be entitled to extra pay .

Thay v× A decision which enables investors to expand their business (Mét quyÕt ®Þnh

cho phÐp giíi ®Çu t khuÕch tr¬ng viÖc lµm ¨n cña hä), ta cã thÓ nãi A decision enabling

investors to expand their business.

b) MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh (Non-defining relative clauses) nãi râ thªm vÒ ngêi hoÆc vËt ®· ®îc x¸c ®Þnh. Kh¸c víi mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh, mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh ®îc ph©n c¸ch b»ng dÊu phÈy vµ kh«ng thÓ bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ. Kh¸c víi mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh, mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh kh«ng ph¶i lµ thµnh phÇn cèt yÕu cña c©u vµ cã thÓ lo¹i



bá mµ ch¼ng ¶nh hëng g×. §Æc biÖt lµ kh«ng dïng That thay cho Which ®Ó më ®Çu mét mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh. MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh thêng dïng trong v¨n viÕt h¬n lµ v¨n nãi.

VÝ dô: - My boss, who is very superstitious , always believes in ghosts (¤ng chñ cña t«i, ngêi rÊt mª tÝn dÞ ®oan, lu«n lu«n tin lµ cã ma) - This letter is from my father-in-law, whom you met last week at the airport (Bøc th nµy lµ cña bè vî t«i, ngêi mµ anh ®· gÆp tuÇn råi ë s©n bay). - Mrs Hoa, to whom we are speaking , owns a well-known supermarket in this city (Bµ Hoa, ngêi mµ chóng t«i ®ang nãi chuyÖn, lµ chñ mét siªu thÞ næi tiÕng ë thµnh phè nµy) - My sister gave me this shirt, which she had sewed herself (ChÞ t«i cho t«i çi ¸o s¬ mi nµy, çi ¸o mµ chÞ ®· tù tay may) - That house, which I bought ten years ago , is still solid. (C¨n nhµ Êy, c¨n nhµ mµ t«i mua çch ®©y 10 n¨m, vÉn cßn v÷ng ch¾c) - Their hotel, whose staff are very helpful, is an example to all other hotels (Kh¸ch s¹n cña hä, n¬i nh©n viªn phôc vô rÊt ®¾c lùc, lµ mét tÊm g¬ng cho tÊt c¶ çc kh¸ch s¹n kh¸c noi theo)

Nãi thªm vÒ What vµ Which What còng cã nghÜa lµ "Nh÷ng ®iÒu mµ/Nh÷ng g× mµ".

VÝ dô: - What you owned excited their envy (Nh÷ng g× b¹n cã ®· kÝch thÝch lßng ghen tÞ cña hä). - What he said was untrue (Nh÷ng g× h¾n nãi ®Òu tr¸i víi sù thËt). - We studywhat our teacher teaches us (Chóng ta häc nh÷ng ®iÒu mµ thÇy gi¸o d¹y chóng ta).

Which còng cã nghÜa lµ "§iÒu ®ã". VÝ dô:

- He said he had no money to go home, which was really absurd (Anh ta nãi r»ng anh ta kh«ng cã tiÒn ®Ó vÒ nhµ, ®iÒu ®ã hÕt søc v« lý) - Our car broke down suddenly, which made our journey less exciting (Xe chóng t«i bÞ háng ®ét xuÊt, ®iÒu ®ã khiÕn cuéc hµnh tr×nh cña chóng t«i bít phÇn hµo høng)

DAI TU VA TINH TU CHI DINH 1/ TÝnh tõ chØ ®Þnh (demonstrative adjectives) thay ®æi theo sè cña danh tõ.

VÝ dô: - That boy is very agile (CËu bÐ Êy rÊt lanh lîi) - These tourists come from Japan (Çc du kh¸ch nµy ®Õn tõ NhËt B¶n) - What does this word mean? (Tõ nµy nghÜa lµ g×?)



- Those loaves are for the picnic (Nh÷ng æ b¸nh m× Êy dµnh cho b÷a ¨n ngoµi trêi) - At that time, she was singing her child to sleep (Lóc Êy, c« ta ®ang ru con ngñ)

This/These/That/Those + danh tõ + of + yours/hers. .. ®«i khi dïng ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh thay cho your/her... These words of yours are not convincing = Your words are not convincing (Lêi lÏ nµy cña anh ch¼ng cã søc thuyÕt phôc) That shirt of Ba's is always dirty = Ba's shirt is always dirty. (Çi ¸o s¬mi ®ã cña Ba lu«n lu«n bÈn)

2/ §¹i tõ chØ ®Þnh (demonstrative pronouns) VÝ dô:

- This is my room. That's hers. (§©y lµ phßng cña t«i. Kia lµ cña c« ta) - These are the bright colours. Those are the dark ones. (§©y lµ nh÷ng mµu t¬i. Kia lµ nh÷ng mµu sÉm) - This is còng cã thÓ dïng ®Ó giíi thiÖu.

VÝ dô: -Ba (to An): This is my sister Hoa. (Ba nãi víi An: §©y lµ Hoa, em g¸i t«i) - Ba (to Hoa): Hoa, this is An. (Ba nãi víi Hoa: Hoa, ®©y lµ An)

Those cã thÓ cã mét mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh theo sau:

VÝ dô: - Those who don't want to come there will stay at home. (Ai kh«ng muèn ®Õn ®ã th× ë nhµ)

This/That cã thÓ chØ mét danh tõ, côm tõ hay mét mÖnh ®Ò ®· ®îc ®Ò cËp tríc:

VÝ dô: - We are binding books. We do this every day. (Chóng t«i ®ang ®ãng s¸ch. Ngµy nµo chóng t«i còng lµm viÖc nµy) - He avowed his faults. Wasn't that a praiseworthy behaviour? (Anh ta nhËn lçi cña m×nh. §ã kh«ng ph¶i lµ lèi xö sù ®¸ng khen sao?)

3/ This/These, That/Those dïng víi one/ones Kh«ng nhÊt thiÕt ph¶i cã one/ones theo sau çc tõ chØ ®Þnh nãi trªn, trõ phi sau This, that ... lµ mét tÝnh tõ.

VÝ dô: - This shirt is too tight. I'll wear that (one ) (Çi ¸o s¬mi nµy chËt qu¸. T«i sÏ mÆc çi kia) I like this red one /these red ones. (T«i thÝch çi mµu ®á nµy/nh÷ng çi mµu ®á nµy)



The former & The latter The former = Ngêi thø nhÊt, vËt thø nhÊt (trong hai ngêi, trong hai vËt) The latter = Ngêi thø hai, vËt thø hai (trong hai ngêi, trong hai vËt)

VÝ dô: - I have two French friends, the former is an engineer and the latter is a lawyer (T«i cã hai ngêi b¹n Ph¸p, ngêi thø nhÊt lµ kü s vµ ngêi thø hai lµ luËt s) - If I had to choose between wealth and peacefulness, I'd prefer the latter (NÕu ph¶i chän gi÷a sù giµu sang vµ sù thanh nhµn, t«i thÝch çi thø hai h¬n)

GIOI TU TONG QUAT Giíi tõ lµ mét tõ (At, Between, In, On, Under...) hoÆc nhãm tõ (Apart from, In front of, Instead of, On account of...) ®øng tríc danh tõ hoÆc ®¹i tõ ®Ó chØ vÞ trÝ, thêi gian, çch thøc... Còng cã trêng hîp hiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ ®îc dïng lµm giíi tõ (Considering, Following, Regarding, Concerning...).

VÝ dô: - The murderer is to be shot at dawn (KÎ giÕt ngêi sÏ bÞ xö b¾n lóc b×nh minh) - B comes between A and C in the English alphabet (B ®øng gi÷a A vµ C trong b¶ng ch÷ çi tiÕng Anh) - A country in Europe (Mét níc ë ch©u ¢u) - Dirty marks on the ceiling (VÕt bÈn trªn trÇn nhµ) - The water flows under the bridge (Níc ch¶y díi cÇu) - We sometimes drink lemonade instead of coffee (§«i khi chóng t«i uèng níc chanh thay cho cµ phª) - Apart from her nose, this actress looks very glamorous (Ngoµi çi mòi ra, n÷ diÔn viªn nµy tr«ng rÊt quyÕn rò) - Decision concerning the export of timber (QuyÕt ®Þnh vÒ viÖc xuÊt khÈu gç)

VI TRI CUA GIOI TU a) Tríc danh tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, Our boat was rocked by the waves (ThuyÒn cña chóng t«i bÞ sãng ®¸nh l¾c l), The earth moves round the sun (Tr¸i ®Êt chuyÓn ®éng quanh mÆt trêi). b) Tríc ®¹i tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, An obese man stood in front of her (Mét g· bÐo phÞ ®øng tríc mÆt c« ta), Your name comes after mine on the list (Tªn b¹n ®øng sau tªn t«i trªn danh s¸ch), The policeman to whom she was speaking (Viªn c¶nh s¸t mµ c« ta ®ang nãi chuyÖn), About whom are you thinking? (B¹n ®ang nghÜ ®Õn ai vËy?) . c) Tríc danh ®éng tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, Why don't you help me instead of just standing there? (T¹i sao b¹n kh«ng gióp t«i thay v× ®øng ng©y ra ®ã?), He is always forward in helping others (Anh ta lu«n sèt s¾ng gióp ®ì ngêi kh¸c). d) Sau ®éng tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, The boy asked for more money (CËu bÐ xin thªm tiÒn), I have thought about this very carefully (T«i ®· suy nghÜ rÊt kü vÒ viÖc nµy). e) Sau tÝnh tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, He was very good to me when I was ill (Anh ta rÊt tèt víi t«i khi t«i bÖnh), New York is famous for its skyscrapers (New York næi tiÕng nhê nh÷ng toµ nhµ chäc trêi).



f) Sau danh tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, They attached very great importance to the program (Hä rÊt coi träng ch¬ng tr×nh nµy), My teacher is known for excellence in all forms of sport (ThÇy t«i næi tiÕng v× tµi nghÖ ®iÖu luyÖn trong mäi lo¹i h×nh thÓ thao). g) Cuèi c©u hái. Ch¼ng h¹n, Who are you thinking about? (B¹n ®ang nghÜ ®Õn ai vËy?), What are they talking about? (Hä ®ang nãi vÒ ®iÒu g× vËy?). h) Cuèi mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ. Ch¼ng h¹n, The friend (who ) I went with (Ngêi b¹n mµ t«i ®i chung), The photographs (that ) you are looking at were taken by my father (Nh÷ng bøc ¶nh mµ b¹n ®ang xem lµ do cha t«i chôp). i) Cuèi mét c©u ë d¹ng thô ®éng. Ch¼ng h¹n, The matter has not yet been dealt with (Sù viÖc cha ®îc gi¶i quyÕt), Why is your daughter crying? - She has just been shouted at (T¹i sao con g¸i anh khãc? - Nã võa míi bÞ m¾ng). j) Cuèi nh÷ng c©u nh What a terrible state she was in! (C« ta ë trong mét t×nh tr¹ng kinh khñng thËt!), We have no merit to speak of (Chóng t«i ch¼ng cã c«ng tr¹ng g× ®¸ng nãi ®Õn c¶), An article hard to get rid of (Mãn hµng khã b¸n).

Lu ý I relied on her being efficient (T«i tin vµo viÖc c« Êy cã n¨ng lùc), chø kh«ng nãi I relied on that she was efficient . He left early to catch the last bus (H¾n ra ®i sím ®Ó kÞp chuyÕn xe bóyt cuèi cïng), chø kh«ng nãi He left early for to catch the last bus . He moved towards me, chø kh«ng nãi He moved towards I .

Ph©n biÖt giíi tõ vµ tr¹ng tõ

a) Please do not write below this line (Xin ®õng viÕt díi dßng nµy) (giíi tõ) The passengers who felt seasick stayed below (Hµnh kh¸ch say sãng th× ë bªn díi) (tr¹ng tõ)

b) We left school after that event (Chóng t«i rêi ghÕ nhµ trêng sau biÕn cè Êy) (giíi tõ) The day after, he apologized (Ngµy h«m sau, anh ta xin lçi) (tr¹ng tõ)

c) They knelt before the throne (Hä quú tríc ngai vµng) (giíi tõ) You should have told me so before (LÏ ra b¹n ph¶i cho t«i biÕt tríc chuyÖn Êy) (tr¹ng tõ)

d) Gold fish swimming round the bowl (C¸ vµng b¬i quanh chËu) (giíi tõ) Stop turning your head round to look at the girls (§õng quay l¹i nh×n c¸c c« g¸i n÷a) (tr¹ng tõ) DONG TU TONG QUAT

§éng tõ lµ tõ chØ mét hµnh ®éng, mét sù kiÖn hoÆc mét tr¹ng th¸i . Côm ®éng tõ (Phrasal verb) lµ ®éng tõ cã giíi tõ hoÆc phã tõ kÌm theo ®Ó mang mét nghÜa kh¸c víi nghÜa th«ng thêng . VÝ dô :

- He translates a contract from Vietnamese into English



(Anh ta dÞch mét hîp ®ång tõ tiÕng ViÖt sang tiÕng Anh) - Many memorable events happened last year (N¨m ngo¸i ®· x¶y ra nhiÒu sù kiÖn ®¸ng nhí) - The situation became unfavourable to them (T×nh thÕ trë nªn bÊt lîi cho hä) - He takes after his father (Anh ta gièng bè anh ta) - Turn on the lights ! (BËt ®Ìn lªn!) - Please write back as soon as possible (Xin vui lßng viÕt th tr¶ lêi cµng sím cµng tèt) - Their plane took off later than usual (M¸y bay cña hä cÊt çnh muén h¬n thêng lÖ)

Néi ®éng tõ (Intransitive Verb) lµ ®éng tõ tù nã ®· ®ñ nghÜa vµ kh«ng cÇn tóc tõ theo sau.

Ch¼ng h¹n, The birdflies (Con chim bay), They are swimming (Hä ®ang b¬i). Ngo¹i ®éng tõ (Transitive Verb) lµ ®éng tõ ®ßi hái cã tóc tõ (Object) theo sau th× míi ®ñ nghÜa. Ch¼ng h¹n, Ba opens the window (Ba më cöa sæ), The police took the suicides to the hospital (C¶nh s¸t ®a nh÷ng ngêi tù tö ®Õn bÖnh viÖn). NÕu kh«ng cã the window vµ the suicides , ta ch¼ng biÕt Ba më çi g× vµ C¶nh s¸t ®a ai ®Õn bÖnh viÖn. Tuy nhiªn, còng cã ®éng tõ võa lµ Néi ®éng tõ võa lµ Ngo¹i ®éng tõ . Ch¼ng h¹n, Please speak slowly (Xin vui lßng nãi chËm l¹i) vµ Please speak English (Xin vui lßng nãi tiÕng Anh), hoÆc The number of traffic accidentsincreased from day to day (Sè vô tai n¹n giao th«ng gia t¨ng tõng ngµy mét) vµ She increased her speed to evade the robbers (C« ta t¨ng tèc ®é ®Ó tho¸t khái bän cíp).

Th× (Tense), ta x¸c ®Þnh ®îc thêi ®iÓm diÔn ra mét hµnh ®éng hoÆc mét sù kiÖn. T¬ng øng víi

Qu¸ khø, HiÖn t¹i vµ T¬ng lai lµ Th× qu¸ khø , Th× hiÖn t¹i vµ Th× t¬ng lai . - Th× qu¸ khø gåm Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n (Simple Past), Qu¸ khø liªn tiÕn (Past Continuous), Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh (Past Perfect), Qu¸ khø liªn tiÕn hoµn thµnh (Past Perfect Continuous). - Th× hiÖn t¹i gåm HiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n (Simple Present), HiÖn t¹i liªn tiÕn (Present Continuous), HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh (Present Perfect), HiÖn t¹i liªn tiÕn hoµn thµnh (Present Perfect Continuous). - Th× t¬ng lai gåmT¬ng lai ®¬n gi¶n (Simple future), T¬ng lai liªn tiÕn (Future Continuous), T¬ng lai hoµn thµnh (Future Perfect), T¬ng lai liªn tiÕn hoµn thµnh (Future Perfect Continuous).

Çch (Mood) cho biÕt r»ng hµnh ®éng do ®éng tõ diÔn t¶ lµ ch¾c ch¾n, cã tÝnh çch mÖnh

lÖnh, ph¶i phô thuéc mét ®iÒu kiÖn nµo ®ã, cha ch¾c ch¾n hoÆc chØ míi lµ mong íc mµ th«i. Ch¼ng h¹n, Trùc thuyÕt çch (Indicative Mood) diÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®·, ®ang hoÆc sÏ diÔn ra trong hiÖn thùc. §iÒu kiÖn çch (Conditional Mood) diÔn t¶ mét ý tëng mµ viÖc thùc hiÖn cßn ph¶i tïy thuéc mét ®iÒu kiÖn nµo ®ã. Gi¶ ®Þnh çch (Subjunctive Mood) diÔn t¶ hoÆc mét mong íc hoÆc mét t×nh tr¹ng gi¶ tëng. MÖnh lÖnh çch (Imperative Mood) diÔn t¶ mét mÖnh lÖnh hoÆc mét lêi khuyÕn ço. VÝ dô :

- President Ho Chi Minh died in 1969 (Chñ tÞch Hå ChÝ Minh tõ trÇn n¨m 1969) - We are preparing for the university entrance examination (Chóng t«i ®ang chuÈn bÞ cho kú thi



vµo ®¹i häc) - Tomorrow morning, he will not preside at the monthly meeting (S¸ng mai, «ng ta sÏ kh«ng chñ tr× cuéc häp hµng th¸ng) - Try hard to succeed and stop thinking about frivolities ! (H·y cè g¾ng hÕt m×nh ®Ó thµnh c«ng vµ ®õng nghÜ ®Õn nh÷ng chuyÖn l«ng b«ng n÷a !) - She can stay at home if she likes (C« ta cã thÓ ë nhµ nÕu c« ta thÝch) - If we had been there yesterday morning, he would have invited us to breakfast ( NÕu s¸ng h«m qua chóng t«i cã mÆt ë ®ã, «ng ta ®· mêi chóng t«i ¨n ®iÓm t©m) - Long live the king ! (§øc vua v¹n tuÕ !) - Heaven help us ! (L¹y trêi phï hé chóng con !) - He staggers as though he were dead drunk (H¾n bíc lo¹ng cho¹ng nh lµ ®· say mÌm)

H×nh thøc - H×nh thøc kh¼ng ®Þnh (Affirmative Form) : Hoa is a programmer (Hoa lµ lËp tr×nh viªn), They go shopping (Hä ®i mua s¾m), She smiled happily (C« ta mØm cêi sung síng). - H×nh thøc phñ ®Þnh (Negative Form) : Hoa is not / isn't a programmer (Hoa kh«ng ph¶i lµ lËp tr×nh viªn), They do not / don't go shopping (Hä kh«ng ®i mua s¾m), She did not / didn't smile happily (C« ta kh«ng mØm cêi sung síng). - H×nh thøc nghi vÊn (Interrogative Form) : Is Hoa a programmer ? (Hoa cã ph¶i lµ lËp tr×nh viªn hay kh«ng?), Do they go shopping ? (Hä cã ®i mua s¾m hay kh«ng?), Did she smile happily ? (C« ta cã mØm cêi sung síng hay kh«ng?). - H×nh thøc nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh (Negative Interrogative Form) : Thay v× Is Hoa not a programmer ? (Hoa kh«ng ph¶i lµ lËp tr×nh viªn hay sao?), Do they not go shopping ? (Hä kh«ng ®i mua s¾m chø?) vµ Did she not smile happily ? (C« ta kh«ng mØm cêi sung síng sao?), ngêi ta thêng viÕt Isn't Hoa a programmer ?, Don't they go shopping ? vµ Didn't she smile happily ?

THI VA CACH CUA DONG TU THI THI HIEN TAI

H×nh thøc VÝ dô : TO WORK X¸c ®Þnh Phñ ®Þnh Nghi vÊn Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh I work I don't work Do I work? Don't I work? You work You don't work Do you work Don't you work? He/she/it works He/she/it doesn't work Does he/she/it work? Doesn't he/she/it work? We work We don't work Do we work? Don't we work? You work You don't work Do you work? Don't you work? They work They don't work Do they work? Don't they work?



Don't vµ Doesn't chÝnh lµ Do not vµ Does not. Ch¼ng h¹n, I do not work tØnh lîc thµnh I don't work, hoÆc Do you not work? tØnh lîc thµnh Don't you work?

Th× hiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n cã h×nh thøc gièng nh nguyªn mÉu, chØ kh¸c mét ®iÒu lµ thªm S ë ng«i thø ba sè Ýt (He/She/It). Ch¼ng h¹n, To play --> She plays, To stand --> He stands, To smile --> She smiles.

Tuy nhiªn, ph¶i thªm ES nÕu ®éng tõ tËn cïng b»ng SS, CH, SH, X vµ O. Ch¼ng h¹n, To miss --> She misses, To push --> He pushes, To clutch --> He clutches, To fix --> He fixes, To do --> She does, To go --> It goes.

Còng ë ng«i thø ba sè Ýt, Y ®æi thµnh IES nÕu ®éng tõ tËn cïng b»ng phô ©m + Y. Ch¼ng h¹n, To bury --> It buries, To identify --> He identifies, To deny --> She denies. Tuy nhiªn, nÕu ®éng tõ tËn cïng b»ng nguyªn ©m + Y th× thªm S nh b×nh thêng. Ch¼ng h¹n, To stay --> She stays, To pay --> He pays, To obey --> He obeys.

C«ng dông DiÔn t¶ thãi quen hoÆc nÒ nÕp. VÝ dô:

- I bath every night (Tèi nµo t«i còng t¾m) - How often do the buses run? (C¸ch bao l©u l¹i cã xe bóyt?) - He always brushes his teeth after meals (Anh ta lu«n ch¶i r¨ng sau khi ¨n) - You never get up early (Ch¼ng bao giê c¸c anh dËy sím c¶) - We go to church twice a week (Chóng t«i ®i lÔ hai lÇn mçi tuÇn) - They often advise me to attend evening classes (Hä thêng khuyªn t«i häc líp ®ªm)

DiÔn t¶ tr¹ng th¸i hiÓn nhiªn hoÆc sù thËt bÊt di bÊt dÞch. VÝ dô :

- This packet contains twenty cigarettes (Gãi nµy ®ùng hai m¬i ®iÕu thuèc) - English is easier to learn than French (TiÕng Anh dÔ häc h¬n tiÕng Ph¸p) - The sun rises in the east and sets in the west (MÆt trêi mäc ë ph¬ng ®«ng vµ lÆn ë ph¬ng t©y) - Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius (Níc s«i ë 100 ®é C) - What does this acronym mean? (Côm tõ viÕt t¾t nµy nghÜa lµ g×?) - A full stop signifies the end of a sentence (DÊu chÊm nghÜa lµ hÕt mét c©u)

DiÔn t¶ ho¹t c¶nh s©n khÊu, tin tøc thÓ thao ...

VÝ dô : - When the curtain rises, a French officer is making advances to Eliza. The phone rings suddenly. She picks it up and listens quietly. As for him, the French officer smokes while staring into space (Khi mµn kÐo lªn, mét sÜ quan Ph¸p ®ang t¸n tØnh Eliza. §iÖn tho¹i bçng reo vang. Nµng nhÊc ®iÖn tho¹i lªn vµ b×nh th¶n l¾ng nghe. VÒ phÇn m×nh, viªn sÜ quan Ph¸p võa hót thuèc võa nh×n ®¨m ®¨m vµo kho¶ng kh«ng).

DiÔn t¶ mét dù ®Þnh, mét kÕ ho¹ch trong t¬ng lai. VÝ dô:

- We leave London at 10.00 next Tuesday and arrive in Paris at 13.00. We spend two hours in Paris and leave again at 15.00. We arrive in Rome at 19.30, spend four hours in



Rome... (Chóng t«i rêi Lu©n §«n lóc 10 giê s¸ng Thø Ba tíi vµ ®Õn Paris lóc 13 giê. Chóng t«i ë Paris hai tiÕng ®ång hå vµ l¹i ra ®i lóc 15 giê. Chóng t«i ®Õn R«ma lóc 19 giê 30, ë R«ma bèn tiÕng ®ång hå...).

Thay choHiÖn t¹i liªn tiÕn cña c¸c ®éng tõ Like, Dislike, Detest, Fear, Respect, Loathe, Hate,

Love, Believe , Trust , Want , Wish , Desire , Know , Perceive, Notice , Understand , Forget , Remember , Recollect , Consist , Contain , Concern , Belong , Possess , Own , Owe , Concern , Matter , Appear (cã vÎ), Look (cã vÎ), Seem (dêng nh), Smell (cã mïi), Taste (cã vÞ), Sound (cã vÎ), Mean (cã nghÜa lµ), Signify (cã nghÜa lµ),See (hiÓu), Realize (hiÓu), Recognize (nhËn thøc), Hold (chøa ®ùng), Keep (tiÕp tôc), Admire (kh©m phôc)...

VÝ dô : - I want to see him right now (T«i muèn gÆp h¾n ngay b©y giê), chø kh«ng nãi I am wanting to see him right now. - The meat smells of garlic (ThÞt cã mïi tái), chø kh«ng nãi The meat is smelling of garlic. - I perceive her smile as an ironic remark (T«i nhËn thÊy nô cêi cña c« ta lµ mét lêi nhËn xÐt mØa mai), chø kh«ng nãi I am perceiving her smile as an ironic remark .

DiÔn t¶ mét ®iÒu kiÖn.

VÝ dô: - If he sees you, he'll give you a good talking-to (NÕu gÆp anh, h¾n sÏ m¾ng anh mét trËn ra trß) - We'll starve unless we find any barracks at the foot of the mountain (Chóng ta sÏ chÕt ®ãi nÕu kh«ng t×m ®îc doanh tr¹i nµo ë ch©n nói)

THI HIEN TAI LIEN TIEN H×nh thøc HiÖn t¹i liªn tiÕn = HiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n cña TO BE + HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ. VÝ dô : TO WORK X¸c ®Þnh Phñ ®Þnh Nghi vÊn Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh I am working I am not working Am I working? Am I not working? You are working You are not working Are you working? Are you not working? He/she/it is working He/she/it is not working Is he/she/it working? Is he/she/it not working? We are working We are not working Are we working? Are we not working? You are working You are not working Are you working? Are you not working? They are working They are not working Are they working? Are they not working I am working , He is working , They are working ... thêng tØnh lîc thµnh I'm working , He's

working, They're working ... I am not working , You are not working , He is not working ...thêng tØnh lîc thµnh I'm not

working , You're not working / You aren't working , He's not working / He isn't working ... Am I not working? , Are you not working? , Is he not working? ... thêng tØnh lîc thµnh Aren't I

working? , Aren't you working? , Isn't he working? ...



C«ng dông DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra.

VÝ dô: - It is raining (Trêi ®ang ma) - The kettle is boiling (Níc trong Êm ®ang s«i) - What are you doing? - I am feeding the pigs (Anh ®ang lµm g× vËy? - T«i ®ang cho lîn ¨n) - At present, my younger sister is teaching English and (is) studying medicine(HiÖn nay, em g¸i t«i ®ang d¹y tiÕng Anh vµ häc y khoa)

DiÔn t¶ mét t¬ng lai thËt gÇn. Ch¼ng h¹n, I am taking an oral examination tomorrow morning

(S¸ng mai, t«i thi vÊn ®¸p), Are you doing anything this afternoon? (Anh cã lµm g× chiÒu nay hay kh«ng?)

DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i theo thãi quen. Ch¼ng h¹n, She is always wearing her jumper the wrong way round (C« ta lu«n mÆc ¸o len nhÇm ®»ng tríc ra ®»ng sau), You are always getting the wrong number (C¸c anh lu«n quay nhÇm sè ®iÖn tho¹i).

THI HIEN TAI HOAN THANH

H×nh thøc HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh = HiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n cña TO HAVE + Qu¸ khø ph©n tõ VÝ dô : TO WORK X¸c ®Þnh Phñ ®Þnh Nghi vÊn I have worked I have not worked Have I worked? You have worked You have not worked Have you worked? He/she/it has worked He/she/it has not worked Has he/she/it worked? We have worked We have not worked Have we worked? You have worked You have not worked Have you worked? They have worked They have not worked Have they worked? I have worked , He has worked , They have worked ... thêng tØnh lîc thµnh I've worked, He's

worked, They've worked. I have not worked , He has not worked , They have not worked ... thêng tØnh lîc thµnh I

haven't worked/I've not worked, He hasn't worked/He's not worked, They haven't worked/They've not worked ...

Have I not worked? , Has he not worked? , Have they not worked? (Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh)... thêng tØnh lîc thµnh Haven't I worked?, Hasn't he worked?, Haven't they worked?

C«ng dông DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra, nhng kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh lµ x¶y ra lóc nµo.

VÝ dô :



- Don't worry ! He has received your complimentary tickets (§õng lo! ¤ng Êy nhËn ®îc vÐ mêi cña anh råi) - Have you finished your work? - Yes, I have/No, I haven't finished it yet (Anh lµm xong c«ng viÖc cha? - Råi, t«i lµm xong råi/ Cha, t«i cha lµm xong) - The lieutenant-general has just given orders to bombard the enemy headquarters (Trung tíng võa míi ra lÖnh ph¸o kÝch vµo tæng hµnh dinh cña ®Þch) - I wonder if my wife has subscribed to Vietnam News (T«i ph©n v©n kh«ng biÕt vî t«i cã ®Æt mua Vietnam News hay cha) - Have you ever been to Switzerland? (Anh cã sang Thôy SÜ bao giê cha?) - How long have you been there? (Anh ®· ë ®ã bao l©u?) - I am sure that she has agreed with you about it (T«i tin ch¾c r»ng bµ ta ®· ®ång ý víi anh vÒ viÖc ®ã)

DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra vµ vÉn cßn quan hÖ ®Õn hiÖn t¹i. VÝ dô :

- We have lived here for eight years (Chóng t«i sèng ë ®©y ®· t¸m n¨m råi) - There have been many murders lately/recently (§· cã nhiÒu vô ¸n m¹ng x¶y ra gÇn ®©y) - He has been sick for three weeks/since last week (¤ng ta ®au ®· ba tuÇn råi/tõ tuÇn råi ®Õn b©y giê) - My mother is seventy-two years old and has been bespectacled for four years (MÑ t«i b¶y m¬i hai tuæi vµ mang kÝnh ®· bèn n¨m nay) - She has gone about on crutches since her childhood (C« ta chèng n¹ng tõ bÐ ®Õn b©y giê) - I have worked here since I graduated in law (T«i lµm viÖc ë ®©y tõ khi tèt nghiÖp ngµnh luËt ®Õn b©y giê) - This tooth hasn't been filled for months (R¨ng nµy mÊy th¸ng nay cha tr¸m) - I haven't seen my parents for ages/since January (L©u qu¸/ Tõ th¸ng giªng ®Õn nay, t«i cha gÆp bè mÑ t«i) - Their youngest son joined up last year. They haven't heard from him since (Con trai ót cña hä nhËp ngò n¨m ngo¸i. Tõ ®ã ®Õn nay, hä bÆt tin cËu ta)

§Æc biÖt

- I have never heard such nonsense (T«i cha bao giê nghe mét chuyÖn phi lý nh vËy) - Never in all my life have I heard such nonsense (Suèt ®êi t«i cha bao giê nghe mét chuyÖn phi lý nh vËy) - She has often invited me home (C« ta vÉn thêng mêi t«i ®Õn nhµ ch¬i) - This is the best film I have ever seen (§©y lµ bé phim hay nhÊt mµ t«i tõng xem) - This is the first time they have visited the zoo (§©y lµ lÇn ®Çu tiªn hä tham quan vên b¸ch thó) - It is only the second time they have arrived in Hong Kong (§©y chØ lµ lÇn thø hai hä ®Õn Hång K«ng) - It is ten years since I have seen them (LÇn sau cïng t«i gÆp hä lµ c¸ch ®©y mêi n¨m) THI HT HOAN THANH LIEN TIEN

H×nh thøc



HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn = HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh cña TO BE + HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ. X¸c ®Þnh: I have been working , He has been working ... Phñ ®Þnh: I have not / haven't been working, He has not / hasn't been working ... Nghi vÊn: Have I been working? Has he been working? ... Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh: Have I not / Haven't I been working?, Has he not / Hasn't he been

working?... C«ng dông DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra vµ vÉn tiÕp diÔn ®Õn khi ta nãi, hoÆc võa míi hoµn tÊt khi ta

nãi. VÝ dô :

- They have been waiting for hours and the policeman still hasn't opened the gate to let them out (Hä chê ®· mÊy tiÕng ®ång hå vµ viªn c¶nh s¸t vÉn cha më cæng cho hä ra) - I am too busy to make you a phone call. Have you been waiting long? (T«i qu¸ bËn, nªn kh«ng ®iÖn tho¹i cho anh ®îc. Anh ®îi ®· l©u cha?) - They have been working all week without a moment's leisure (Hä lµm viÖc suèt c¶ tuÇn, ch¼ng lóc nµo r¶nh rçi)

§«i khi ngêi ta vÉn dïng ®éng tõ Want vµ Wish ë HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn. Ch¼ng h¹n, Thank you very much for the gardening guide. I have been wanting it for ages (RÊt çm ¬n anh vÒ quyÓn s¸ch híng dÉn lµm vên. T«i cÇn quyÓn Êy l©u l¾m råi)

THI QUA KHU DON GIAN

H×nh thøc §èi víi ®éng tõ cã qui t¾c, Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n h×nh thµnh b»ng çch thªm ed vµoNguyªn mÉu

kh«ng cã To (hoÆc thªm d nÕu nguyªn mÉu tËn cïng b»ng e). VÝ dô :

To play ---> I played, You played, He played, They played... To connect --> I connected, You connected, He connected... To raise --> I raised, You raised, He raised, They raised... To guide --> I guided, You guided, They guided...

§èi víi ®éng tõ bÊt quy t¾c, xin xem Phô Lôc. H×nh thøc qu¸ khø gièng nhau ë tÊt c¶ çc ng«i (®èi víi ®éng tõ bÊt quy t¾c còng vËy).

VÝ dô : To work --> I worked, You worked, He worked, We worked, They worked To sleep --> I slept, You slept, He slept, We slept, They slept

Phñ ®Þnh = Did not / Didn't + Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To VÝ dô :

- I did not/didn't work, He did not/didn't work, They did not/didn't work - I did not/didn't sleep, He did not/didn't sleep, They did not/didn't sleep

Nghi vÊn = Did + chñ tõ + Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To VÝ dô :

- Did I work? Did you work? Did he work? Did we work? Did they work? - Did I sleep? Did you sleep? Did he sleep? Did we sleep? Did they sleep?

Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh :



VÝ dô : - Did you not/Didn't you work? Did he not/Didn't he work? Did they not/didn't they work?... - Did you not/Didn't you sleep? Did he not/Didn't he sleep? Did they not/didn't they sleep?...

C«ng dông DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®· hoµn tÊt ë mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh trong qu¸ khø.

VÝ dô: - I had an argument with them yesterday morning (S¸ng h«m qua, t«i c·i nhau víi hä) - Her father died twelve years ago (Bè c« ta mÊt c¸ch ®©y 12 n¨m) - United Nations Organization was founded in October 1945 (Tæ chøc Liªn hiÖp quèc ®îc thµnh lËp th¸ng 10/1945) - She adhered to Communist Party of Vietnam in 1964 (Bµ ta gia nhËp §¶ng céng s¶n ViÖt Nam n¨m 1964)

DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng hoµn toµn thuéc vÒ qu¸ khø , t¸ch rêi víi hiÖn t¹i (dï kh«ng nªu mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh).

VÝ dô : - King Quang Trung was a military genius, a visionary diplomat, a preeminent leader (Vua Quang Trung lµ mét thiªn tµi qu©n sù, mét nhµ ngo¹i giao biÕt nh×n xa tr«ng réng, mét l·nh tô kiÖt xuÊt) - Our teacher always advised us to be studious and dutiful to our parents (ThÇy chóng t«i lu«n khuyªn chóng t«i ch¨m chØ häc hµnh vµ hiÕu th¶o víi cha mÑ) (Nay thÇy ®· qua ®êi ch¼ng h¹n") - They lived there for two years and had to disguise themselves as stevedores to evade capture by the Gestapo (Hä sèng ë ®ã hai n¨m vµ ph¶i c¶i trang lµm phu bèc v¸c ®Ó tr¸nh sù lïng b¾t cña Gestapo) - I once saw a drunk drive recklessly at top speed in the rush-hour traffic. As a result, his car skidded, rushed onto the pavement, ran over two pedestrians and killed them (Cã lÇn t«i thÊy mét g· say rîu liÒu lÜnh phãng xe hÕt tèc lùc gi÷a dßng xe cé ngîc xu«i trong giê cao ®iÓm. KÕt qu¶ lµ xe h¾n trît b¸nh, lao lªn vØa hÌ vµ c¸n chÕt hai ngêi ®i bé)

Trong c©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i 2. VÝ dô :

- If you were expert in English and French, you would easily find a job as a translator in my company (NÕu anh th«ng th¹o tiÕng Anh vµ tiÕng Ph¸p, anh sÏ dÔ kiÕm ®îc mét ch©n phiªn dÞch trong c«ng ty t«i) - If someone volunteered to lend me money, I would try my best to become a billionaire (NÕu ai t×nh nguyÖn cho t«i mîn tiÒn, t«i sÏ lµm hÕt søc m×nh ®Ó trë thµnh tØ phó)

QUA KHU LIEN TIEN

H×nh thøc Qu¸ khø liªn tiÕn = Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n cña TO BE + HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ X¸c ®Ønh Phu ®Þnh Nghi vÊn



I was working I was not working Was I working? You were working You were notworking Were you working? He/she/it was working He/she/it was not working Was he/she/it working? We were working We were not working Were we working? You were working You were not working Were you working? They were working They were not working Were they working? I was not working , You were not working , He was not working ... thêng tØnh lîc thµnh I

wasn't working, You weren't working, He wasn't working ... Was I not working ?Were you not working ? Was he not working ? (Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh)...

thêng tØnh lîc thµnh Wasn't I working? Weren't you working? Wasn't he working? ...

Lu ý - Like, Dislike, Detest, Fear, Respect, Loathe, Hate, Love, Believe , Trust , Want , Wish , Desire , Know , Perceive, Notice , Understand , Forget , Remember , Recollect , Consist , Contain , Concern , Belong , Possess , Own , Owe , Concern , Matter , Appear (cã vÎ), Look (cã vÎ), Seem (dêng nh), Smell (cã mïi), Taste (cã vÞ), Sound (cã vÎ), Mean (cã nghÜa lµ), Signify (cã nghÜa lµ),See (hiÓu), Realize (hiÓu), Recognize (nhËn thøc), Hold (chøa ®ùng), Keep (tiÕp tôc), Admire (kh©m phôc)... lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ kh«ng dïng ë Qu¸ khø liªn tiÕn.

C«ng dông DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng tiÕn triÓn dÇn dÇn trong qu¸ khø, mµ kh«ng cÇn nªu tõ ng÷ chØ thêi gian.

VÝ dô : - It was getting colder (Trêi ®ang l¹nh dÇn) - The river was rising (Níc s«ng ®ang tõ tõ d©ng lªn)

DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra ë mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh trong qu¸ khø. VÝ dô :

- What were you doing at six o'clock yesterday morning? (Lóc 6 giê s¸ng h«m qua, anh ®ang lµm g×?) - At that moment, I was sleeping (Lóc Êy, t«i ®ang ngñ) - What was she doing when you arrived? (C« ta ®ang lµm g× khi anh ®Õn?) - When I arrived, she was boiling eggs (Khi t«i ®Õn, c« ta ®ang luéc trøng) - They burst out laughing while their father was speaking to me (Hä cêi ph¸ lªn trong lóc cha hä ®ang nãi chuyÖn víi t«i)

Miªu t¶ qu¸ khø. VÝ dô :

- The girl was cooking in the kitchen. Her father was reading while her younger brother was revising for the end-of-term test. Suddenly, there were shots and screams in the distance (C« g¸i ®ang nÊu ¨n trong bÕp. Cha c« ®ang ®äc s¸ch, trong khi em trai c« ®ang «n tËp thi cuèi häc kú. Bçng cã nhiÒu tiÕng sóng vµ tiÕng thÐt tõ xa väng l¹i).

Thay choHiÖn t¹i liªn tiÕn khi chuyÓn Lêi nãi trùc tiÕp sang Lêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp. VÝ dô :



- He said, "I am writing to my siblings" (¤ng ta nãi : "T«i ®ang viÕt th cho anh chÞ em ruét cña t«i) --> He said that he was writing to his siblings" (¤ng ta nãi r»ng «ng ta ®ang viÕt th cho anh chÞ em ruét cña m×nh). - She said, "I am combing my hair" (C« ta nãi : "T«i ®ang ch¶i tãc") ---> She said that she was combing her hair (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta ®ang ch¶i tãc)

DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i trong qu¸ khø. VÝ dô :

- I was always working full-time (T«i lu«n lu«n lµm viÖc trän ngµy) - He was always asking questions (Nã cø hái hoµi)

QUA KHU HOAN THANH

H×nh thøc Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh = Had + Qu¸ khø ph©n tõ H×nh thøc x¸c ®Þnh lµ I had/I'd worked, He had/He'd worked ... H×nh thøc phñ ®Þnh lµ I had not/hadn't worked, He had not/hadn't worked ... H×nh thøc nghi vÊn lµ Had I worked? Had he worked? .. .. H×nh thøc nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh lµ Had I not/Hadn't I worked? Had he not/Hadn't he worked?... C«ng dông Khi hai hµnh ®éng cïng x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø, ta dïng Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh cho hµnh ®éng nµo

x¶y ra tríc vµ Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n cho hµnh ®éng nµo x¶y ra sau. VÝ dô :

- I met them after they had divorced each other (T«i gÆp hä sau khi hä ly dÞ nhau) - Lan said she had been chosen as a beauty queen two years before (Lan nãi r»ng tríc ®ã hai n¨m, c« ta tõng ®îc chän lµm hoa hËu) - I was anxious about these children's plight, because their mother had been consumptive for three months (T«i ¸i ng¹i cho hoµn c¶nh ®¸ng th¬ng cña nh÷ng ®øa trÎ nµy, v× mÑ chóng m¾c bÖnh lao phæi ®· ba th¸ng råi) - An idea occured to him that she herself had helped him very much in the everyday life (H¾n chît nghÜ ra r»ng chÝnh c« ta ®· gióp h¾n rÊt nhiÒu trong cuéc sèng hµng ngµy) - She wondered why you had referred to her unhappy childhood (C« ta kh«ng hiÓu t¹i sao anh l¹i nh¾c ®Õn thêi th¬ Êu bÊt h¹nh cña c« ta) - When I entered the dining-room, she had just finished washing the dishes (Khi t«i bíc vµo phßng ¨n, c« ta võa míi röa b¸t ®Üa xong) - When the police reached the scene of the crime, the murderer had just killed himself with his own high-powered rifle (Khi c¶nh s¸t ®Õn hiÖn trêng, hung thñ võa míi tù s¸t b»ng khÈu sóng trêng cùc m¹nh cña chÝnh h¾n) - No sooner had he returned from a long journey than he was ordered to pack his bags (Anh ta míi ®i xa vÒ th× l¹i ®îc lÖnh cuèn gãi ra ®i)

Thay choHiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh vµ Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n khi chuyÓnLêi nãi trùc tiÕp sangLêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp. VÝ dô :



- He said, "I have worked in this company for years" (¤ng ta nãi : "T«i lµm viÖc ë c«ng ty nµy ®· nhiÒu n¨m råi") ---> He said that he had worked in that company for years (¤ng ta nãi r»ng «ng ta lµm viÖc ë c«ng ty Êy ®· nhiÒu n¨m råi) - She said, "I left France five years ago" (C« ta nãi : "T«i rêi níc Ph¸p c¸ch ®©y n¨m n¨m") ---> She said that she had left France five years before (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta ®· rêi níc Ph¸p tríc ®ã n¨m n¨m)

Trong c©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i 3. Ch¼ng h¹n, If I had met them early this morning, I would have given them a lift to the town (NÕu s¸ng sím nay t«i gÆp hä, t«i ®· cho hä ®i nhê xe ra thÞ trÊn)

Sau If only (thÓ hiÖn sù hèi tiÕc) Ch¼ng h¹n, If only I had met them early this morning ! (Ph¶i chi s¸ng sím nay t«i gÆp hä!).

QUA KHU HOAN THANH LIENTIEP

H×nh thøc Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn = Had been + HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ X¸c ®Þnh: I had / I'd been working , He had / He'd been working ... Phñ ®Þnh: I had not / hadn't been working, He had not / hadn't been working ... Nghi vÊn: Had I been working? Had he been working? ... Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh: Had I not / Hadn't I been working?, Had he not / Hadn't he been working?... C«ng dông Quan hÖ gi÷a Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn vµ Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh còng gièng nh quan hÖ

gi÷a HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn vµHiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh . VÝ dô :

- She was sluggish because she had been sitting up all night to watch the Olympics on TV (C« ta uÓ o¶i v× ®· thøc suèt ®ªm xem §¹i héi ¤limpich thÕ giíi trªn ti-vi) - I had been trying hard not to laugh (T«i cè g¾ng hÕt søc ®Ó kh«ng cêi to)

§«i khi ngêi ta vÉn dïng ®éng tõ Want vµ Wish ë Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn. Ch¼ng h¹n, I lent her an encyclopedia of music. She had been wanting it for ages (T«i cho c« ta mîn mét quyÓn tù ®iÓn b¸ch khoa vÒ ©m nh¹c. C« ta cÇn quyÓn Êy l©u l¾m råi)

TUONG LAI TUONG LAI DON GIAN

H×nh thøc T¬ng lai ®¬n gi¶n = Shall / Will + Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To X¸c ®Þnh Phñ ®Þnh I will/I'll work I will not/I won't work You will/You'll work You will not/You won't work He will/He'll work He will not/He won't work We will/We'll work We will not/We won't work You will/You'll work You will not/You won't work They will/They'll work They will not/They won't work



Nghi vÊn Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh Shall I work? Shall I not work?/Shan't I work? Will you work? Will you not work?/Won't you work? Will he work? Will he not work?/Won't he work? Shall we work? Shall we not work?/Shan't we work? Will you work? Will you not work?/Won't you work? Will they work? Will they not work?/Won't they work? Will th«ng dông h¬nShall , nhng kh«ng trang träng b»ngShall . Ch¼ng h¹n, I ensure that

customers shall receive a warm welcome from my company (T«i b¶o ®¶m kh¸ch hµng sÏ ®îc c«ng ty t«i tiÕp ®ãn nång nhiÖt), The coastal defences shall be personally inspected by Fleet Admiral (Çc tuyÕn phßng thñ bê biÓn sÏ do ®Ých th©n thñy s ®« ®èc kiÓm tra),The private enterprises shall maintain their operations until further notice (Çc doanh nghiÖp t nh©n sÏ duy tr× ho¹t ®éng cña m×nh ®Õn khi cã th«ng b¸o míi).

Shall I vµ Shall we dïng ®Ó më ®Çu lêi gîi ý. Ch¼ng h¹n, Shall I come in? (T«i vµo ®îc chø?), Shall we go home? (Chóng ta vÒ nhµ nhÐ?).

C«ng dông DiÔn t¶ mét ý kiÕn, mét dù ®o¸n vÒ t¬ng lai (nhÊt lµ khi ®i kÌm çc ®éng tõ Assume , be afraid

, be / feel sure , believe , daresay , doubt , expect , hope , know , suppose , think , wonder hoÆc çc phã tõ Perhaps , maybe , possibly , probably , surely ). VÝ dô:

- We shall soon be home (Ch¼ng mÊy chèc n÷a chóng ta sÏ cã mÆt ë nhµ) - How long will you stay here? (Anh sÏ ë l¹i ®©y bao l©u?) - He is sure that everyone will arrive later than usual (Anh ta tin ch¾c r»ng mäi ngêi sÏ ®Õn muén h¬n thêng lÖ) - I hope that she will think again before offering her resignation (T«i mong r»ng c« ta sÏ suy nghÜ l¹i tríc khi nép ®¬n xin th«i viÖc) - I wonder where I shall be next year (T«i ph©n v©n kh«ng biÕt sang n¨m t«i sÏ ë ®©u) - Perhaps they will not forget to revenge their companions in arms (Cã lÏ hä sÏ kh«ng quªn tr¶ thï cho chiÕn h÷u cña hä)

DiÔn t¶ mét lêi yªu cÇu, mét mÖnh lÖnh. VÝ dô :

- Will you help me, please? (Anh vui lßng gióp t«i chø?) - You will drive me to the post office, won't you? (Anh ®a t«i ®Õn bu ®iÖn, ®îc kh«ng?) - You will address the letters of invitation and post them this afternoon (Anh ph¶i ghi ®Þa chØ lªn çc th mêi vµ chiÒu nay mang ra bu ®iÖn göi ®i)

Trong mÈu tin têng thuËt hoÆc b¸o chÝ. Ch¼ng h¹n, The Primer Minister will open a new industrial zone tomorrow morning (S¸ng mai, Thñ tíng sÏ kh¸nh thµnh mét khu c«ng nghiÖp míi).

Trong c©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i 1. VÝ dô :

- If it rains, Ba will go there by taxi (NÕu trêi ma, Ba sÏ ®i taxi ®Õn ®ã)



- If he hasn't finished with his coworkers, we shall wait for him at the canteen (NÕu «ng ta cha gi¶i quyÕt xong c«ng viÖc víi c¸c ®ång sù, chóng t«i sÏ ®îi «ng ta ë c¨ng-tin)

Lu ý Be going to nghÜa lµ "S¾p söa" (t¬ng lai gÇn), "Dù ®Þnh". VÝ dô :

- It is going to rain (Trêi s¾p ma) - We are going to take our driving-test (Chóng t«i s¾p thi lÊy b»ng l¸i xe) - I am going to buy a cheap but powerful car (T«i ®Þnh mua mét chiÕc xe rÎ tiÒn nhng ch¹y khoÎ) - He is going to resign as ambassador-at-large (¤ng ta ®Þnh tõ chøc ®¹i sø lu ®éng)

TL LIEN TIEP

H×nh thøc T¬ng lai liªn tiÕn = T¬ng lai ®¬n gi¶n cña To Be + HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ. X¸c ®Þnh : I shall/will be working, We shall/will be working, He/she/it will be working ... Phñ ®Þnh : I shall not/shan't be working, I will not/won't be working, We shall not/shan't be

working, We will not/won't be working, He/she/it will not/won't be working ... Nghi vÊn : Shall/will I be working?, Shall/will we be working?, Will he/she/it be working? ... Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh : Will you not be working?/Won't you be working?, Will they not be

working?/Won't they be working? ... C«ng dông DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra ë mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh trong t¬ng lai.

VÝ dô : - Now we are making necessary preparations for the honeymoon trip to Nha Trang. This day week, we shall be visiting Nha Trang's tourist attractions (B©y giê, chóng t«i ®ang chuÈn bÞ nh÷ng thø cÇn thiÕt cho chuyÕn ®i hëng tuÇn tr¨ng mËt ë Nha Trang. Ngµy nµy tuÇn sau, chóng t«i sÏ ®ang tham quan c¸c th¾ng c¶nh du lÞch cña Nha Trang). - This time tomorrow, all the workers will be queuing up to receive luncheon vouchers (Giê nµy ngµy mai, tÊt c¶ c«ng nh©n sÏ ®ang xÕp hµng nèi ®u«i nhau ®Ó nhËn phiÕu ¨n tra)

TL HOAN THANH

H×nh thøc T¬ng lai hoµn thµnh = Shall/Will + Nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh kh«ng cã To (®èi víi ng«i 1) hoÆc Will + Nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh kh«ng cã To (®èi víi ng«i 2 vµ 3) X¸c ®Þnh : I will/I'll have worked (hoÆc I shall have worked), He will/He'll have worked, We

will/We'll have worked (hoÆc We shall have worked) ... Phñ ®Þnh : I will not/won't have worked (hoÆc I shall not/shan't have worked), He will not/won't

have worked, We will not/won't have worked (hoÆc We shall not/shan't have worked) ... Nghi vÊn : Shall I have worked? Will he have worked?Shall we have worked? ...



Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh : Shall I not/Shan't I have worked? Will he not/Won't he have worked? Shall we not/Shan't we have worked? ...

C«ng dông DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra tríc mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c trong t¬ng lai. Thêng th× T¬ng lai hoµn thµnh ®i kÌm víi tõ ng÷ chØ thêi gian nh By then , By that time , By the end of the year ... ch¼ng h¹n.

VÝ dô : - Early next week, we shall hold the marathon for the elderly. Regrettably, you will have left Vietnam by then (§Çu tuÇn tíi, chóng t«i sÏ tæ chøc cuéc ®ua marat«ng cho ngêi cao tuæi. TiÕc lµ ®Õn lóc ®ã, c¸c anh ®· rêi khái ViÖt Nam råi) - By the time this quotation reaches you, their company will have gone bankrupt (Lóc anh nhËn ®îc b¶n b¸o gi¸ nµy còng lµ lóc c«ng ty cña hä bÞ ph¸ s¶n råi)

TL HOAN THANH LIEN TIEN

H×nh thøc T¬ng lai hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn = Shall/Will have been + HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ (®èi víi ng«i 1) hoÆc Will have been + HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ (®èi víi ng«i 2 vµ 3) C«ng dông Quan hÖ gi÷a T¬ng lai hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn vµT¬ng lai hoµn thµnh còng gièng nh quan hÖ gi÷a HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn vµHiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh . T¬ng lai hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn còng ®i kÌm víi tõ ng÷ chØ thêi gian nh By then , By that time , By the end of the year ... ch¼ng h¹n.

VÝ dô : - By the end of this century, United Nations Organization will have been existing for 55 years (§Õn cuèi thÕ kû nµy, Tæ chøc Liªn hiÖp quèc tån t¹i ®· ®îc 55 n¨m) - They will move to Ho Chi Minh City next year. By that time, you will have been living in Ho Chi Minh City for twenty-four years (N¨m tíi, hä sÏ dän vÒ ë thµnh phè Hå ChÝ Minh. §Õn lóc ®ã, anh sèng ë thµnh phè Hå ChÝ Minh ®· ®îc 24 n¨m)

DIEU KIEN CACH HIEN TAI DIEU KIEN CACH

H×nh thøc HiÖn t¹i ®iÒu kiÖn c¸ch = Should/Would + Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To (®èi víi ng«i 1) hoÆc Would + Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To (®èi víi ng«i 2 vµ 3) X¸c ®Þnh : I would/I'd work (hoÆc I should work), You would work/You'd work ... Phñ ®Þnh : I would not/wouldn't work (hoÆc I should not/shouldn't work), You would not/wouldn't

work ... Nghi vÊn : Would/Should I work? Would you work? ... Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh : Should I not/Shouldn't I work? Would you not/Wouldn't you work? ...



C«ng dông Trong c©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i 2. Ch¼ng h¹n, If she turned up now, we would be very surprised

(NÕu b©y giê c« Êy xuÊt hiÖn, chóng t«i sÏ rÊt ng¹c nhiªn). Thay choT¬ng lai ®¬n gi¶n , khi ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ë th× qu¸ khø.

VÝ dô : - They assume that I shall/will applaud their audacious plan (Hä cho r»ng t«i sÏ t¸n thµnh kÕ ho¹ch t¸o b¹o cña hä) ---> They assumed that I should/would applaud their audacious plan. - I expect that your business will get better results (T«i mong r»ng c«ng chuyÖn lµm ¨n cña anh sÏ ®¹t kÕt qu¶ kh¶ quan h¬n) ---> I expected that your business would get better results.

Trong çc c«ng dông ®Æc biÖt cña Should vµ Would . VÝ dô :

- We should say our prayers before going to bed (Chóng ta nªn cÇu nguyÖn tríc khi ®i ngñ) - Children shouldn't imitate the adults' vices (TrÎ em kh«ng nªn b¾t chíc thãi h tËt xÊu cña ngêi lín) - You should have rised early to attend morning service (LÏ ra anh ph¶i dËy sím ®Ó dù lÔ s¸ng) - I should like to ask a favour of you (T«i muèn nhê anh mét viÖc) - Why should he have the audacity to do it? (Sao nã l¹i c¶ gan lµm nh vËy nhØ?) - Hoa was anxious that exam results should be announced as soon as possible (Hoa nãng lßng mong cho kÕt qu¶ thi ®îc c«ng bè cµng sím cµng tèt) - He grown a beard in order that everyone should believe him to be old (¤ng ta ®Ó r©u ®Ó mäi ngêi tëng «ng ta giµ) - Should you change your mind, please let us know at once (NÕu cã thay ®æi ý kiÕn, xin «ng vui lßng b¸o cho chóng t«i biÕt ngay) - Would you give this report a look-over to make suggestions? (Anh vui lßng xem qua b¶n b¸o ço nµy ®Ó gãp ý) - Would you like some white coffee? (Anh dïng tÝ cµ phª s÷a nhÐ?) - That's just what he would say (§ã chÝnh lµ ®iÒu mµ cã lÏ anh ta sÏ nãi ra)

- He changed his password so that nobody would be able to access data on his computer (Anh ta ®æi mËt khÈu ®Ó kh«ng ai truy cËp ®îc d÷ liÖu trªn m¸y cña anh ta)

QUA KHU DIEU KIEN CACH

H×nh thøc HiÖn t¹i ®iÒu kiÖn çch = Should/Would + Nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh kh«ng cã To X¸c ®Þnh : I would/should have worked, You would have worked... Phñ ®Þnh : I would not/should not have worked, You would not have worked ... Nghi vÊn : Should I have worked? Would you have worked? ... Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh : Should I not/Shouldn't I have worked? ... C«ng dông



Trong c¸c c«ng dông ®Æc biÖt cña Should vµ Would . Trong c©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i 3. Ch¼ng h¹n,

If you had arrived earlier, I would have introduced you to my director (NÕu anh ®Õn sím h¬n, t«i ®· giíi thiÖu anh cho gi¸m ®èc cña t«i).

Thay choT¬ng lai hoµn thµnh , khi ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ë th× qu¸ khø.

VÝ dô : - I hope that he will have solved the problem before we get back (T«i hy väng anh ta sÏ gi¶i ®îc bµi to¸n tríc khi chóng ta trë l¹i) ---> I hoped that he would have solved the problem before we got back.

CAU DIEU KIEN

C©u ®iÒu kiÖn nµo còng cã hai phÇn : MÖnh ®Ò If (mÖnh ®Ò b¾t ®Çu b»ng liªn tõ If) vµ MÖnh ®Ò chÝnh. MÖnh ®Ò If nªu gi¶ thuyÕt, cßn mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh th× nªu kÕt qu¶ cña gi¶ thuyÕt Êy. Trong c©u If it rains, they will get up later than usual (NÕu trêi ma, hä sÏ dËy muén h¬n thêng lÖ), ta cã mÖnh ®Ò If lµ If it rains vµ mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh lµThey will get up later than usual .

Cã ba lo¹i c©u ®iÒu kiÖn. Lo¹i 1dµnh cho nh÷ng t×nh huèng rÊt cã thÓ dù ®o¸n ®îc. Ch¼ng h¹n, I shall turn off the record-player if you don't turn it down (T«i sÏ t¾t m¸y h¸t nÕu anh kh«ng vÆn nhá l¹i). Lo¹i 2 dµnh cho nh÷ng t×nh huèng tëng tîng. Ch¼ng h¹n, If she were my mother, I would try my utmost to look after her (NÕu bµ ta lµ mÑ t«i, t«i sÏ cè g¾ng hÕt søc ®Ó ch¨m sãc bµ ta) [Nhng thùc ra, bµ ta ®©u ph¶i lµ mÑ t«i]. §Æc biÖt, lo¹i 3 dµnh cho nh÷ng t×nh huèng hoµn toµn tr¸i ngîc víithùc tÕ trong qu¸ khø . Ch¼ng h¹n, If I had gone out in the rain yesterday afternoon, I would have had a high fever (NÕu chiÒu h«m qua t«i ®i ma th× t«i ®· bÞ sèt cao) (Nhng thùc ra, chiÒu h«m qua t«i kh«ng hÒ ®i ma).

1/ VÝ dô vÒ c©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i 1 Th«ng thêng, ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò If ë HiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n , ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ë

T¬ng lai ®¬n gi¶n . VÝ dô :

- If you exceed the speed limit, you will be liable to a heavy fine (NÕu vît qu¸ giíi h¹n tèc ®é tèi ®a, anh sÏ bÞ ph¹t nÆng) - The pregnant bitch will bite you if you walk upstairs (Con chã ®ang cã mang sÏ c¾n anh nÕu anh ®i lªn lÇu)

§Æc biÖt

- If he is poor, why does he own two adjacent houses? (NÕu anh ta nghÌo th× t¹i sao anh ta cã hai c¨n nhµ kÒ nhau?) - If it stops raining, I can drive faster (NÕu trêi t¹nh ma, t«i cã thÓ l¸i xe nhanh h¬n) - If this staircase is slippery, she may take a false step (NÕu cÇu thang nµy tr¬n, cã thÓ bµ Êy sÏ bÞ trît ch©n) - If you want to lose weight, eat less fat and take more exercise (NÕu muèn sôt c©n, chÞ h·y bít ¨n chÊt bÐo vµ tËp thÓ dôc nhiÒu h¬n) - If they are sleeping, I'll turn off the radio (NÕu hä ®ang ngñ, t«i sÏ t¾t ra®i«)



- If you have finished eating, I'll have the domestic clear the table (NÕu anh ¨n xong, t«i sÏ b¶o ngêi gióp viÖc dän bµn)

2/ VÝ dô vÒ c©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i 2 Th«ng thêng, ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò If ë Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n (®óng ra ®©y lµQu¸ khø gi¶ ®Þnh

çch) , ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ëHiÖn t¹i ®iÒu kiÖn çch . VÝ dô :

- If I were their father, I would demand an apology from them (NÕu t«i lµ cha cña hä, t«i sÏ b¾t hä xin lçi) - If someone gave her a villa, she would use it as an orphanage (NÕu ai cho c« ta mét c¨n biÖt thù, c« ta sÏ dïng c¨n biÖt thù ®ã lµm n¬i nu«i trÎ må c«i)

§Æc biÖt - If you didn't love her, why did you pray for her speedy recovery from illness? (NÕu anh kh«ng yªu c« ta th× t¹i sao anh cÇu cho c« ta mau khái bÖnh?) - If someone knocked at the door, he said "Come in, please" (NÕu cã ai gâ cöa, «ng ta thêng nãi "Mêi vµo") - If I knew their address, I could correspond with them (NÕu t«i biÕt ®Þa chØ cña hä, t«i cã thÓ trao ®æi th tõ víi hä)

3/ VÝ dô vÒ c©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i 3 Th«ng thêng, ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò If ëQu¸ khø hoµn thµnh , ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh

ëQu¸ khø ®iÒu kiÖn çch . VÝ dô :

- If I had heard the news last night, I would have come there to give you a hand (NÕu ®ªm qua t«i hay tin th× t«i ®· ®Õn ®ã gióp anh mét tay) - If their papers had been in order, they would have left the police station at once (NÕu giÊy tê cña hä hîp lÖ th× hä ®· ra khái ®ån c¶nh s¸t ngay råi)

§Æc biÖt - If we had discovered his shelter, we could have arrested him long before (NÕu ph¸t hiÖn ®îc n¬i Èn n¸u cña h¾n th× chóng t«i ®· b¾t ®îc h¾n l©u råi) - If he hadn't had a lawyer, he might have gone to prison (NÕu kh«ng cã mét luËt s giái th× cã thÓ anh ta ®i tï råi) - If you had followed my advice, you would be singing joyfully with your family now (NÕu nghe theo lêi khuyªn cña t«i th× b©y giê anh ®· ®ang ca h¸t vui vÎ víi gia ®×nh anh) - If I hadn't followed your advice, I would be behind bars now/I would have been behind bars (NÕu kh«ng nghe theo lêi khuyªn cña anh th× b©y giê t«i ®· ngåi tï) - Thay v× If they had obeyed traffic regulations, this accident wouldn't have happened (NÕu hä ®i ®óng luËt, tai n¹n nµy ®©u cã x¶y ra), ta cã thÓ nãi Had they obeyed traffic regulations, this accident wouldn't have happened . - Thay v× If we had met him in the street, we would have invited him to our house (NÕu gÆp anh ta ngoµi phè, chóng t«i ®· mêi anh ta vÒ nhµ ch¬i råi), ta cã thÓ nãi Had we met him in the street, we would have invited him to our house .

MENH LENH CACH



MÖnh lÖnh çch thÓ hiÖn mét lêi khuyªn, mét lêi yªu cÇu hoÆc mét mÖnh lÖnh. VÒ h×nh thøc, mÖnh lÖnh çch cña ng«i thø hai gièng nh Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To.

VÝ dô : - Hurry ! (Nhanh lªn!) - Shut up ! (Im ®i !) - Wait for them ! (H·y ®îi hä!) - Always clean your teeth before going to bed ! (H·y lu«n lu«n ®¸nh r¨ng tríc khi ®i ngñ) - Never repeat it ! (§õng bao giê nh¾c l¹i ®iÒu ®ã !) - Never tell lies (§õng bao giê nãi dèi) - Don't hurry ! (§õng véi !) - Don't wait for them ! (§õng ®îi hä!) - Don't be rude ! (§õng hæn l¸o!)

™ ng«i thø nhÊt, mÖnh lÖnh çch = Let us/Let's + Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To . VÝ dô :

- Let's hand in our examination papers ! (Chóng ta h·y nép bµi thi !) - Let's stand up ! (Chóng ta h·y ®øng dËy!) - Let's not make so much noise ! (Chóng ta ®õng lµm ån nh vËy!) - Let's not talk with them ! (Chóng ta ®õng nãi chuyÖn víi hä!)

™ ng«i thø ba, mÖnh lÖnh çch = Let him / her / it / them + Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To . Tuy nhiªn, ë phñ ®Þnh, ta dïng Is not / Are not to hoÆc Must not . VÝ dô :

- Let him wait ! (H·y ®Ó anh ta ®îi ®Êy!) - Let them come in ! (H·y ®Ó hä vµo!) - They must not come in / They are not to come in (Hä kh«ng ®îc vµo)

Do lµm cho mÖnh lÖnh hoÆc lêi yªu cÇu døt kho¸t h¬n. VÝ dô :

- Do shut up ! (C©m måm ngay!) - Do stand aside ! (§øng sang mét bªn xem nµo!) GIA DINH CACH

H×nh thøc Kh¸c víi HiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n , HiÖn t¹i gi¶ ®Þnh çch kh«ng cãs ë ng«i thø ba sè Ýt. §Æc biÖt,

HiÖn t¹i gi¶ ®Þnh çch cñaTo Be lµ Be ë tÊt c¶ çc ng«i. VÝ dô :

- The king lives here (§øc vua sèng ë ®©y) (HiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n )---> Long live the king ! (§øc vua v¹n tuÕ!) (HiÖn t¹i gi¶ ®Þnh çch ) - It is requested that all shareholders be present (Yªu cÇu tÊt c¶ çc cæ ®«ng ®Òu ph¶i cã mÆt)

Qu¸ khø gi¶ ®Þnh çch cã h×nh thøc gièng nhQu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n . §Æc biÖt, Qu¸ khø gi¶ ®Þnh çch cña To Be lµ Were ë tÊt c¶ çc ng«i. VÝ dô :

- If only hewere good at English ! (Gi¸ mµ anh ta giái tiÕng Anh!) - I wish Iwere a little bit taller (T«i íc g× m×nh cao thªm mét tÝ) - He talks as if heknew everything in the world (H¾n nãi chuyÖn nh thÓ h¾n biÕt mäi sù



trªn ®êi vËy) C«ng dông ThÓ hiÖn íc muèn hoÆc hy väng.

VÝ dô : - Heaven help us! (L¹y trêi phï hé chóng ta!) - God save the king ! (L¹y chóa phï hé ®øc vua!)

Sau cÊu tróc It is important / necessary / essential that ... hoÆc çc ®éng tõ Ask , Demand , Insist , Require , Suggest , Propose . VÝ dô :

- It is important that he pay on time (§iÒu quan träng lµ anh ta ph¶i chi tr¶ ®óng h¹n) - He demands that he be told everything (Anh ta yªu cÇu ®îc nghe kÓ l¹i mäi chuyÖn)

Qu¸ khø gi¶ ®Þnh çch ®îc dïng sau If , If only (thÓ hiÖn íc muèn), As if / As though . VÝ dô :

- If Ihad much money, I would make a round-the-world tour (NÕu t«i cã nhiÒu tiÒn, t«i sÏ lµm mét chuyÕn du lÞch vßng quanh thÕ giíi) - If only Iknew her phone number ! (Gi¸ mµ t«i biÕt sè ®iÖn tho¹i cña c« Êy!) - He shouted and jumped up and down as though hewere crazy (Nã la hÐt vµ nh¶y cÉng lªn nh ®iªn d¹i)

HOA HOP CAC THI

C©u phøc (Complex Sentence) lµ c©u cã mét hoÆc nhiÒu mÖnh ®Ò phô. ChØ cÇn nhí mét ®iÒu lµ Th× cña ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò phô tïy thuéc Th× cña ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh . Díi ®©y lµ vÝ dô minh ho¹ cho sù hoµ hîp çc th×. A/ §éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ë Th× hiÖn t¹i

1) She says that she is a film star (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta lµ ng«i sao ®iÖn ¶nh) 2) She says that she has been ill for three days (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta èm ®· ba h«m nay) 3) She says that she lived there from 1990 to 1995 (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta sèng ë ®ã tõ 1990 ®Õn 1995) 4) She says that she has just seen a horror film (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta võa míi xem mét phim kinh dÞ) 5) She says that she is breast-feeding her baby (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta ®ang cho con bó) 6) She says that she will teach us Japanese every day (C« ta nãi r»ng ngµy nµo c« ta còng sÏ d¹y tiÕng NhËt cho chóng t«i)

B/ §éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ë Th× qu¸ khø

1) She said that she was a film star (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta lµ ng«i sao ®iÖn ¶nh) 2) She said that she had been ill for three days (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta èm ®· ba h«m råi) 3) She said that she had lived there from 1990 to 1995 (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta ®· sèng ë ®ã tõ 1990 ®Õn 1995) 4) She said that she had just seen a horror film (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta võa míi xem mét phim kinh dÞ)



5) She said that she was breast-feeding her baby (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta ®ang cho con bó) 6) She said that she would teach us Japanese every day (C« ta nãi r»ng ngµy nµo c« ta còng sÏ d¹y tiÕng NhËt cho chóng t«i)

TRO DONG TU TRO DONG TU CHINH

Trî ®éng tõ chÝnh (Principal Auxiliaries) ---> Have , Be , Do BE

Th× hiÖn t¹i (Present Tense)

X¸c ®Þnh Phñ ®Þnh Nghi vÊn I am / I'm I am not / I'm not Am I? You are / You're You are not / You're not Are you? He is / He's He is not / He's not Is he? She is / She's She is not / She's not Is she? It is / It's It is not / It's not Is it? We are / We're We are not / We're not Are we? You are / You're You are not / You're not Are you? They are / They're They are not / They're not Are they?

- Thay v× You're not , We're not , He's not , They're not , ta cã thÓ viÕt You aren't, We aren't, He isn't, They aren't - Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh lµ Am I not / Aren't I? Are you not / Aren't you? Is he not / Isn't he? ...

Th× qu¸ khø (Past Tense)

X¸c ®Þnh Phñ ®Þnh Nghi vÊn I was I was not/wasn't Was I? You were You were not/weren't Were you? He/She/It was He/She/It was not/wasn't Was he/she/it ? We were We were not/weren't Were we? You were You were not/weren't Were you? They were They were not/weren't Were they?

- Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh lµ Was I not / Wasn't I? Were you not / Weren't you? Was he not / Wasn't he? ...

C«ng dông Phèi hîp víiHiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ (Present Participle) ®Ó t¹o thÓ liªn tiÕn. Ch¼ng h¹n, I am

washing my face (T«i ®ang röa mÆt), He was reading at that time (Lóc Êy nã ®ang ®äc s¸ch). Phèi hîp víi Qu¸ khø ph©n tõ (Past Participle) ®Ó t¹o d¹ng thô ®éng. Ch¼ng h¹n, That house

was built ten years ago (Ng«i nhµ Êy ®îc x©y c¸ch ®©y mêi n¨m), The victims are being taken to the emergency ward (C¸c n¹n nh©n ®ang ®îc ®a ®Õn khu cÊp cøu), This



experienced mechanic will be trained as a mechanical engineer (Ngêi thî m¸y giµu kinh nghiÖm nµy sÏ ®îc ®µo t¹o thµnh kü s c¬ khÝ).

ThÓ hiÖn sù cÇn thiÕt. Ch¼ng h¹n, They are to stay here until further notice (Hä ph¶i ë ®©y ®Õn khi cã th«ng b¸o míi), You are to consult your lawyer before starting proceedings against your unreasonable neighbour (B¹n ph¶i hái ý kiÕn luËt s tríc khi kiÖn ngêi l¸ng giÒng kh«ng biÕt ®iÒu).

ThÓ hiÖn mét dù ®Þnh, mét môc ®Ých. Ch¼ng h¹n, Presidential candidates are to canvass the constituency next week (TuÇn tíi, çc øng cö viªn tæng thèng sÏ ®i vËn ®éng ë khu vùc bÇu cö), This testimonial is to confirm that he has been chosen as dean of the faculty of law by common consent (GiÊy chøng nhËn nµy nh»m x¸c nhËn r»ng «ng ®· ®îc mäi ngêi nhÊt trÝ chän lµm chñ nhiÖm khoa luËt).

ThÓ hiÖn sù gi¶ ®Þnh. Ch¼ng h¹n, If I were to tell him that his parents deceived me, would he believe me ? (NÕu t«i nãi víi h¾n r»ng bè mÑ h¾n ®· lõa t«i, liÖu h¾n cã tin t«i kh«ng?).

HAVE

Th× hiÖn t¹i (Present Tense) X¸c ®Þnh Phñ ®Þnh Nghi vÊn I have/I've I have not/haven't Have I? You have/You've You have not/haven't Have you? He has/He's He has not/hasn't Has he? She has/She's She has not/hasn't Has she? It has/It's It has not/hasn't Has it? We have/We've We have not/haven't Have we? You have/You've You have not/haven't Have you? They have/They've They have not/haven't Have they?

- Thay v× I haven't, You haven't, He hasn't, ta cã thÓ viÕt I've not, You've not, He's not ... - Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh lµ Have I not / Haven't I? Have you not / Haven't you? Has he not/Hasn't he? ... - §èi víi th× qu¸ khø, Had / 'd lµ h×nh thøc kh¼ng ®Þnh cho tÊt c¶ çc ng«i & Had not / Hadn't lµ h×nh thøc phñ ®Þnh cho tÊt c¶ çc ng«i. H×nh thøc nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh lµ Had I not / Hadn't I?, Had you not / Hadn't you? ...

C«ng dông Phèi hîp víi Qu¸ khø ph©n tõ (Past Participle) ®Ó t¹oHiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh (Present Perfect),

Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh (Past Perfect), T¬ng lai hoµn thµnh (Future Perfect), §iÒu kiÖn hoµn thµnh (Perfect Conditional). Ch¼ng h¹n, He has worked here for three years (Anh ta lµm viÖc ë ®©y ®· ba n¨m); I knew that he had worked under my younger brother for three years (T«i biÕt r»ng «ng ta tõng lµm ba n¨m díi quyÒn em trai t«i); He will have been abroad by then (§Õn lóc ®ã th× «ng ta ®· ë níc ngoµi råi); If he had witnessed such a traffic accident, he



would have driven more carefully (NÕu tõng chøng kiÕn mét tai n¹n giao th«ng nh vËy, cã lÏ «ng ta ®· l¸i xe cÈn thËn h¬n).

Trong çc trêng hîp nh We shall have our clerk translate this contract into Vietnamese (Chóng t«i sÏ b¶o th ký dÞch hîp ®ång nµy ra tiÕng ViÖt), Did you have the locks oiled ? (Anh cã cho ngêi tra dÇu vµo çc æ kho¸ hay kh«ng?), She had her pocket picked (C« ta bÞ mãc tói), I won't have student teachers arriving late (T«i sÏ kh«ng cho phÐp çc gi¸o sinh ®Õn muén).

DO

Th× hiÖn t¹i (Present Tense) X¸c ®Þnh Phñ ®Þnh Nghi vÊn I do I do not/don't Do I? You do You do not/don't Do you? He does He does not/doesn't Does he? She does She does not/doesn't Does she? It does It does not/doesn't Does it? We do We do not/don't Do we? You do You do not/don't Do you? They do They do not/don't Do they?

- Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh lµ Do I not / Don't I? Do you not / Don't you? Does he not / Doesn't he? ... - §èi víi th× qu¸ khø, Did lµ h×nh thøc kh¼ng ®Þnh cho tÊt c¶ çc ng«i & Did not / Didn't lµ h×nh thøc phñ ®Þnh cho tÊt c¶ çc ng«i. H×nh thøc nghi vÊn lµ Did he?, Did you?... , nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh lµ Did he not / Didn't he?...

C«ng dông T¹o h×nh thøc phñ ®Þnh vµ nghi vÊn choHiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n (Simple Present) vµ Qu¸ khø ®¬n

gi¶n (Simple Past). Ch¼ng h¹n, He doesn't work (Anh ta kh«ng lµm viÖc), He didn't work (Anh ta ®· kh«ng lµm viÖc), Does he work ? (Anh ta cã lµm viÖc hay kh«ng?), Did he work ? (Anh ta ®· cã lµm viÖc hay kh«ng?).

T¨ng cêng kh¼ng ®Þnh choNguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To. VÝ dô:

- Peter didn't find the solution. I did find it (t¨ng cêng kh¼ng ®Þnh h¬n lµ I found it ) (Peter ch¼ng t×m ra ®¸p sè. T«i t×m ra råi) - You don't want me crying aloud, but I do cry aloud (t¨ng cêng kh¼ng ®Þnh h¬n lµ I cry aloud ) (Anh kh«ng muèn t«i thÐt lªn, nhng t«i vÉn thÐt lªn)

§Ó khái nh¾c l¹i mét ®éng tõ tríc ®ã. VÝ dô:

- She runs faster than I do (C« ta ch¹y nhanh h¬n t«i) - Who won? - They did (Ai th¾ng? - Hä th¾ng)



- Does she know you ? - Yes, she does / No, she doesn't (C« ta biÕt anh hay kh«ng? - Cã, c« ta biÕt t«i / Kh«ng, c« ta kh«ng biÕt t«i) - They sing well. Yes, they do / No, they don't (Hä h¸t hay. V©ng, hä h¸t hay/Kh«ng, hä h¸t kh«ng hay) - He learns Japanese and so do I (Nã häc tiÕng NhËt vµ t«i còng vËy) - You like volleyball but I don't (Anh thÝch m«n bãng chuyÒn, nhng t«i th× kh«ng)

C©u hái ®u«i (Tag Question). VÝ dô:

- You often take fast food , don't you? (Anh thêng dïng thøc ¨n nhanh, ph¶i kh«ng?) - She didn't take fast food, did she? (C« ta kh«ng dïng thøc ¨n nhanh, ph¶i kh«ng?)

Phèi hîp víi MÖnh lÖnh c¸ch (Imperative Mood) ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh mét yªu cÇu. VÝ dô:

- Do stay here with the unfortunate fishermen (H·y ë l¹i ®©y víi nh÷ng ngêi d©n chµi bÊt h¹nh) - Do give me a chance to lay bare the truth (H·y cho t«i mét c¬ héi ®Ó bãc trÇn sù thËt)

§éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt (Modal Auxiliaries) ---> Can &Could , May &Might , Must , Ought ,Shall &Should , Will &Would , Need , Dare , Used

DONH TU KHIEM KHUYET

§éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt (Modal Auxiliaries) ---> Can &Could , May &Might , Must , Ought ,Shall &Should , Will &Would , Need , Dare , Used 1/ §Æc ®iÓm :

- Kh«ng cã s ë ng«i thø ba sè Ýt. Ch¼ng h¹n, He must (Anh ta ph¶i), She can (C« ta cã thÓ). - Kh«ng cã nguyªn mÉu vµ ph©n tõ, nªn còng kh«ng dïng ë thÓ liªn tiÕn. - Theo sau ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt lµ Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To (ngo¹i trõ Ought ). Ch¼ng h¹n, We should / must try our best (Chóng ta nªn/ph¶i cè g¾ng hÕt søc m×nh), nhng We ought to try our best (Chóng ta ph¶i cè g¾ng hÕt søc m×nh). - Could, Might, Should vµ Would lµ c¸c h×nh thøc qu¸ khø, nhng dïng rÊt h¹n chÕ.

2/ VÝ dô minh ho¹ : - Can you speak Vietnamese ? (Anh nãi tiÕng ViÖt Nam ®îc kh«ng?) - She cannot / can't swim faster (C« ta kh«ng thÓ b¬i nhanh h¬n) - Can I smoke here? (T«i hót thuèc ë ®©y ®îc kh«ng ¹?) - You can come with me, if you like (Anh cã thÓ ®i víi t«i, nÕu anh thÝch) - We cannot / can't make a lot of noise at work (Chóng ta kh«ng ®îc to tiÕng ë n¬i lµm viÖc) - Can you help me with this door ? (Anh cã thÓ gióp t«i më cöa nµy hay kh«ng?) - Hanoi can be rainy



(™ Hµ Néi cã thÓ ma nhiÒu) - Couldn't we stand here for a moment ? (Chóng ta kh«ng ®øng ®©y chèc l¸t ®îc sao?) - Could I ask you a question? (T«i hái anh mét c©u ®îc kh«ng ¹?) - Don't worry - she could have just told you a joke (§õng lo - cã lÏ c« Êy chØ nãi ®ïa víi anh th«i) - On arrival in France, I shall be in touch with your family (Khi ®Õn Ph¸p, t«i sÏ liªn l¹c víi gia ®×nh anh) - Shall we be there in time for the press conference? (Chóng ta sÏ ®Õn ®ã kÞp buæi häp b¸o hay kh«ng?) - Our company shall not / shan't be responsible for any damage caused by customers (C«ng ty chóng t«i sÏ kh«ng chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm vÒ bÊt cø thiÖt h¹i nµo do kh¸ch hµng g©y ra) - Tomorrow will be her birthday (Ngµy mai sÏ lµ sinh nhËt cña c« ta) - She will never forget the horrific scenes after that flood (C« ta sÏ kh«ng bao giê quªn ®îc nh÷ng c¶nh tîng h·i hïng sau trËn lôt Êy) - Will you please come in ? (Mêi anh vµo) - Will you have a drink? (Anh uèng thø g× nhÐ?) - May I turn on the air-conditioner? (T«i bËt m¸y l¹nh ®îc kh«ng ¹?) - You may turn on the air-conditioner if you wish (Anh cã thÓ bËt m¸y l¹nh nÕu anh thÝch) - Hoa may not cook today (Cã thÓ h«m nay Hoa kh«ng nÊu ¨n) - She may be cooking in the kitchen (Cã thÓ c« Êy ®ang nÊu ¨n trong bÕp) - She may have forgotten to cook me my lunch (Cã thÓ c« Êy ®· quªn nÊu c¬m tra cho t«i) - May our friendship last forever ! (Chóc t×nh h÷u nghÞ gi÷a chóng ta ®êi ®êi bÒn v÷ng!) - May good fortune attend you ! (Chóc anh nhiÒu may m¾n!) - He said that his wife might be short-sighted (Anh ta nãi r»ng cã lÏ vî anh ta bÞ cËn thÞ) - Hoa might not be able to translate this sentence into Chinese (Cã lÏ Hoa kh«ng ®ñ søc dÞch c©u nµy ra tiÕng Hoa) - Might I ask another question? (T«i hái thªm mét c©u ®îc kh«ng ¹?) - Candidates must answer the following questions (ThÝ sinh ph¶i tr¶ lêi c¸c c©u hái sau ®©y) - Candidates must not / musn't exchange views during examination (ThÝ sinh kh«ng ®îc trao ®æi ý kiÕn víi nhau trong khi thi) - He must be exhausted after ten years' imprisonment (Ch¾c lµ h¾n ®· kiÖt søc sau mêi n¨m tï) - You must have known who she was (H¼n anh ®· biÕt bµ ta lµ ai råi)



- Does he have to take exercise every morning before breakfast? (S¸ng nµo «ng ta còng ph¶i tËp thÓ dôc råi míi ¨n ®iÓm t©m µ?) - This room is too stuffy, so you don't have to close the door (Phßng nµy qu¸ ngét ng¹t, nªn b¹n khái ph¶i ®ãng cöa) - Any driver ought to obey traffic regulations (Tµi xÕ nµo còng ph¶i chÊp hµnh luËt giao th«ng) - We ought not / oughtn't to say we are freshmen (Chóng ta kh«ng nªn nãi m×nh lµ sinh viªn n¨m thø nhÊt) - Trang ought to have been a fashion model (§¸ng lÏ Trang ph¶i lµ ngêi mÉu thêi trang) - You should inform the director of this problem (Anh nªn b¸o cho gi¸m ®èc biÕt vÊn ®Ò nµy) - Children should not / shouldn't keep late hours (TrÎ em kh«ng nªn thøc khuya) - If we had much money, we should buy a larger house (NÕu chóng t«i cã nhiÒu tiÒn, chóng t«i sÏ mua mét c¨n nhµ to h¬n) - Should anyone come here, please tell them I'm not at home (NÕu cã ai ®Õn ®©y, h·y nãi víi hä r»ng t«i kh«ng cã ë nhµ) - The floor should be less slippery today (Ch¾c lµ h«m nay sµn nhµ ®· bít tr¬n trît) - He should / shouldn't have apologized to them (LÏ ra anh ta nªn/kh«ng nªn xin lçi hä) - If you had your hair well cut, you would look much younger (NÕu c¾t tãc gän gµng l¹i th× tr«ng anh trÎ h¬n nhiÒu) - If he hadn't been somnolent, he would not / wouldn't have run over my dog (NÕu anh ta kh«ng ngñ gËt th× ®· kh«ng çn ph¶i con chã cña t«i) - Would you like some sugar in your tea? (Anh thÝch bá tÝ ®êng vµo trµ hay kh«ng?)) - We hoped that they would get better results (Chóng t«i hy väng hä sÏ ®¹t ®îc kÕt qu¶ kh¶ quan h¬n) - I dare say / daresay these students will fail in their law finals (T«i d¸m ch¾c r»ng çc sinh viªn nµy sÏ trît kú thi tèt nghiÖp ngµnh luËt) - I dare not / daren't affirm it (T«i kh«ng d¸m kh¼ng ®Þnh ®iÒu ®ã) - Nobody dared sleep in a haunted house (Kh«ng ai d¸m ngñ trong mét c¨n nhµ cã ma) - Daren't he appear in public? (¤ng ta kh«ng d¸m xuÊt hiÖn gi÷a c«ng chóng hay sao?) - How dare she leave the classroom without asking my permission ! (Sao c« ta d¸m ra khái líp mµ kh«ng xin phÐp t«i !) - I wonder if they dare go home after midnight (T«i kh«ng râ chóng cã d¸m vÒ nhµ sau nöa ®ªm hay kh«ng) - Need you consult a doctor about your megrim? (Bµ cã cÇn b¸c sÜ kh¸m vÒ chøng ®au nöa ®Çu hay kh«ng?) - You need not / needn't be in a hurry (Çc b¹n ch¼ng cÇn ph¶i véi vµng) - You need not / needn't have been in such a hurry (LÏ ra çc b¹n kh«ng cÇn ph¶i véi vµng nh vËy) - Nobody need be anxious for me (Kh«ng ai ph¶i lo l¾ng cho t«i c¶) - You used to drink beer, didn't you? (Tríc kia anh thêng uèng bia, cã ph¶i kh«ng?) - I used to drink beer, now I prefer fresh pineapple juice (Tríc kia t«i thêng uèng bia, nay t«i l¹i thÝch níc døa t¬i h¬n) - Used you to drink beer ?/ Did you use to drink beer ? (Tríc kia anh cã hay uèng bia kh«ng?) - I used not / usedn't / didn't use to like alcoholic drinks (T«i vèn kh«ng a thøc uèng cã cån)

TRA LOI BANG TRO DONG TU VA DT KHIEM KHUYET



§éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt (Modal Auxiliaries) ---> Can &Could , May &Might , Must , Ought ,Shall &Should , Will &Would , Need , Dare , Used 1/ §Æc ®iÓm :

- Kh«ng cã s ë ng«i thø ba sè Ýt. Ch¼ng h¹n, He must (Anh ta ph¶i), She can (C« ta cã thÓ). - Kh«ng cã nguyªn mÉu vµ ph©n tõ, nªn còng kh«ng dïng ë thÓ liªn tiÕn. - Theo sau ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt lµ Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To (ngo¹i trõ Ought ). Ch¼ng h¹n, We should / must try our best (Chóng ta nªn/ph¶i cè g¾ng hÕt søc m×nh), nhng We ought to try our best (Chóng ta ph¶i cè g¾ng hÕt søc m×nh). - Could, Might, Should vµ Would lµ c¸c h×nh thøc qu¸ khø, nhng dïng rÊt h¹n chÕ.

2/ VÝ dô minh ho¹ : - Can you speak Vietnamese ? (Anh nãi tiÕng ViÖt Nam ®îc kh«ng?) - She cannot / can't swim faster (C« ta kh«ng thÓ b¬i nhanh h¬n) - Can I smoke here? (T«i hót thuèc ë ®©y ®îc kh«ng ¹?) - You can come with me, if you like (Anh cã thÓ ®i víi t«i, nÕu anh thÝch) - We cannot / can't make a lot of noise at work (Chóng ta kh«ng ®îc to tiÕng ë n¬i lµm viÖc) - Can you help me with this door ? (Anh cã thÓ gióp t«i më cöa nµy hay kh«ng?) - Hanoi can be rainy

(™ Hµ Néi cã thÓ ma nhiÒu) - Couldn't we stand here for a moment ? (Chóng ta kh«ng ®øng ®©y chèc l¸t ®îc sao?) - Could I ask you a question? (T«i hái anh mét c©u ®îc kh«ng ¹?) - Don't worry - she could have just told you a joke (§õng lo - cã lÏ c« Êy chØ nãi ®ïa víi anh th«i) - On arrival in France, I shall be in touch with your family (Khi ®Õn Ph¸p, t«i sÏ liªn l¹c víi gia ®×nh anh) - Shall we be there in time for the press conference? (Chóng ta sÏ ®Õn ®ã kÞp buæi häp b¸o hay kh«ng?) - Our company shall not / shan't be responsible for any damage caused by customers (C«ng ty chóng t«i sÏ kh«ng chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm vÒ bÊt cø thiÖt h¹i nµo do kh¸ch hµng g©y ra) - Tomorrow will be her birthday (Ngµy mai sÏ lµ sinh nhËt cña c« ta) - She will never forget the horrific scenes after that flood (C« ta sÏ kh«ng bao giê quªn ®îc nh÷ng c¶nh tîng h·i hïng sau trËn lôt Êy) - Will you please come in ? (Mêi anh vµo) - Will you have a drink? (Anh uèng thø g× nhÐ?)



- May I turn on the air-conditioner? (T«i bËt m¸y l¹nh ®îc kh«ng ¹?) - You may turn on the air-conditioner if you wish (Anh cã thÓ bËt m¸y l¹nh nÕu anh thÝch) - Hoa may not cook today (Cã thÓ h«m nay Hoa kh«ng nÊu ¨n) - She may be cooking in the kitchen (Cã thÓ c« Êy ®ang nÊu ¨n trong bÕp) - She may have forgotten to cook me my lunch (Cã thÓ c« Êy ®· quªn nÊu c¬m tra cho t«i) - May our friendship last forever ! (Chóc t×nh h÷u nghÞ gi÷a chóng ta ®êi ®êi bÒn v÷ng!) - May good fortune attend you ! (Chóc anh nhiÒu may m¾n!) - He said that his wife might be short-sighted (Anh ta nãi r»ng cã lÏ vî anh ta bÞ cËn thÞ) - Hoa might not be able to translate this sentence into Chinese (Cã lÏ Hoa kh«ng ®ñ søc dÞch c©u nµy ra tiÕng Hoa) - Might I ask another question? (T«i hái thªm mét c©u ®îc kh«ng ¹?) - Candidates must answer the following questions (ThÝ sinh ph¶i tr¶ lêi c¸c c©u hái sau ®©y) - Candidates must not / musn't exchange views during examination (ThÝ sinh kh«ng ®îc trao ®æi ý kiÕn víi nhau trong khi thi) - He must be exhausted after ten years' imprisonment (Ch¾c lµ h¾n ®· kiÖt søc sau mêi n¨m tï) - You must have known who she was (H¼n anh ®· biÕt bµ ta lµ ai råi) - Does he have to take exercise every morning before breakfast? (S¸ng nµo «ng ta còng ph¶i tËp thÓ dôc råi míi ¨n ®iÓm t©m µ?) - This room is too stuffy, so you don't have to close the door (Phßng nµy qu¸ ngét ng¹t, nªn b¹n khái ph¶i ®ãng cöa) - Any driver ought to obey traffic regulations (Tµi xÕ nµo còng ph¶i chÊp hµnh luËt giao th«ng) - We ought not / oughtn't to say we are freshmen (Chóng ta kh«ng nªn nãi m×nh lµ sinh viªn n¨m thø nhÊt) - Trang ought to have been a fashion model (§¸ng lÏ Trang ph¶i lµ ngêi mÉu thêi trang) - You should inform the director of this problem (Anh nªn b¸o cho gi¸m ®èc biÕt vÊn ®Ò nµy) - Children should not / shouldn't keep late hours (TrÎ em kh«ng nªn thøc khuya) - If we had much money, we should buy a larger house (NÕu chóng t«i cã nhiÒu tiÒn, chóng t«i sÏ mua mét c¨n nhµ to h¬n) - Should anyone come here, please tell them I'm not at home (NÕu cã ai ®Õn ®©y, h·y nãi víi hä r»ng t«i kh«ng cã ë nhµ) - The floor should be less slippery today (Ch¾c lµ h«m nay sµn nhµ ®· bít tr¬n trît) - He should / shouldn't have apologized to them (LÏ ra anh ta nªn/kh«ng nªn xin lçi hä) - If you had your hair well cut, you would look much younger (NÕu c¾t tãc gän gµng l¹i th× tr«ng anh trÎ h¬n nhiÒu) - If he hadn't been somnolent, he would not / wouldn't have run over my dog (NÕu anh ta kh«ng ngñ gËt th× ®· kh«ng c¸n ph¶i con chã cña t«i) - Would you like some sugar in your tea? (Anh thÝch bá tÝ ®êng vµo trµ hay kh«ng?))



- We hoped that they would get better results (Chóng t«i hy väng hä sÏ ®¹t ®îc kÕt qu¶ kh¶ quan h¬n) - I dare say / daresay these students will fail in their law finals (T«i d¸m ch¾c r»ng çc sinh viªn nµy sÏ trît kú thi tèt nghiÖp ngµnh luËt) - I dare not / daren't affirm it (T«i kh«ng d¸m kh¼ng ®Þnh ®iÒu ®ã) - Nobody dared sleep in a haunted house (Kh«ng ai d¸m ngñ trong mét c¨n nhµ cã ma) - Daren't he appear in public? (¤ng ta kh«ng d¸m xuÊt hiÖn gi÷a c«ng chóng hay sao?) - How dare she leave the classroom without asking my permission ! (Sao c« ta d¸m ra khái líp mµ kh«ng xin phÐp t«i !) - I wonder if they dare go home after midnight (T«i kh«ng râ chóng cã d¸m vÒ nhµ sau nöa ®ªm hay kh«ng) - Need you consult a doctor about your megrim? (Bµ cã cÇn b¸c sÜ kh¸m vÒ chøng ®au nöa ®Çu hay kh«ng?) - You need not / needn't be in a hurry (Çc b¹n ch¼ng cÇn ph¶i véi vµng) - You need not / needn't have been in such a hurry (LÏ ra çc b¹n kh«ng cÇn ph¶i véi vµng nh vËy) - Nobody need be anxious for me (Kh«ng ai ph¶i lo l¾ng cho t«i c¶) - You used to drink beer, didn't you? (Tríc kia anh thêng uèng bia, cã ph¶i kh«ng?) - I used to drink beer, now I prefer fresh pineapple juice (Tríc kia t«i thêng uèng bia, nay t«i l¹i thÝch níc døa t¬i h¬n) - Used you to drink beer ?/ Did you use to drink beer ? (Tríc kia anh cã hay uèng bia kh«ng?) - I used not / usedn't / didn't use to like alcoholic drinks (T«i vèn kh«ng a thøc uèng cã cån)

CAU HOI DUOI

- I'm short-listed, aren't I? (T«i ®îc vµo danh s¸ch vßng trong, ph¶i kh«ng?) - You were waiting outside at that time, weren't you? (Lóc Êy çc anh ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi, ph¶i kh«ng?) - He was killed by a stray bullet, wasn't he? (H¾n chÕt v× ®¹n l¹c, ph¶i kh«ng?) - Hoa short-circuited the washing-machine, didn't she? (Hoa lµm cho m¸y giÆt bÞ chËp m¹ch, ph¶i kh«ng?) - You like American films, don't you? (Anh thÝch phim Mü, ph¶i kh«ng?) - We have lived here for more than five years, haven't we? (Chóng ta sèng ë ®©y ®· h¬n n¨m n¨m, ph¶i kh«ng?) - Lan was a typist, wasn't she? (Lan lµ nh©n viªn ®¸nh m¸y, ph¶i kh«ng?) - You can speak Vietnamese, can't you? (Anh nãi ®îc tiÕng ViÖt Nam, ph¶i kh«ng?) - Everybody held him in high regard, didn't they? (Mäi ngêi ®Òu kÝnh träng «ng ta, ph¶i kh«ng?) - Lan wasn't there, was she? (Lan kh«ng cã ë ®ã, ph¶i kh«ng?) - They didn't bid you good morning, did they? (Hä kh«ng chµo anh, ph¶i kh«ng?)



- Bill couldn't speak Vietnamese, could he? (Bill kh«ng nãi ®îc tiÕng ViÖt Nam, ph¶i kh«ng?) - There wasn't enough vermicelli for latecomers, was there? (Kh«ng cã ®ñ miÕn cho nh÷ng ngêi ®Õn muén, ph¶i kh«ng?) - We shouldn't keep those medicines within the children's reach, should we? (Chóng ta kh«ng nªn ®Ó nh÷ng lo¹i thuèc nµy trong tÇm tay trÎ em, ph¶i kh«ng?) - Nothing is given away, is it? (Ch¼ng cã g× ®îc biÕu kh«ng c¶, ph¶i kh«ng?)

DT NGUEYN MAU H×nh thøc Nguyªn mÉu hiÖn t¹i---> To do (lµm), To work (lµm viÖc) Nguyªn mÉu hiÖn t¹i liªn tiÕn --->To be doing (®ang lµm), To be working (®ang lµm viÖc) Nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh --->To have done (®· lµm), To have worked (®· lµm viÖc) Nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn --->To have been doing (®· lµm), To have been working (®·

lµm viÖc) Nguyªn mÉu thô ®éng hiÖn t¹i --->To be done Nguyªn mÉu thô ®éng hoµn thµnh --->To have been done Nguyªn mÉu ®Çy ®ñ = To + ®éng tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, To deal with drug addicts is dangerous hoÆc It is dangerous to deal with drug addicts (Giao du víi ngêi nghiÖn ma tóy lµ nguy hiÓm). §«i khi kh«ng cã To ®øng tríc ®éng tõ vµ ®©y chÝnh lµ trêng hîp Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To . Ch¼ng h¹n, We shouldn't deal with drug addicts (Chóng ta kh«ng nªn giao du víi ngêi nghiÖn ma tóy), He will come back (Anh ta sÏ trë l¹i). # Phñ ®Þnh cña nguyªn mÉu = Not + to + ®éng tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, They decide not to attend the next symposium (Hä quyÕt ®Þnh kh«ng dù héi nghÞ chuyªn ®Ò s¾p tíi). # Nguyªn mÉu chÎ (Split infinitive) lµ trêng hîp chÌn çc phã tõ Really , completely , entirely , duly , unduly ... vµo gi÷a To vµ ®éng tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, To duly punish serious crimes, National Assembly has made several amendments to the penal code (§Ó trõng ph¹t thÝch ®¸ng çc träng téi, Quèc héi ®· cã nhiÒu söa ®æi trong bé luËt h×nh sù). C«ng dông a) §ãng vai trß chñ tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, To go by plane is quicker and safer (§i m¸y bay th× nhanh h¬n vµ an toµn h¬n), To obey the laws is everyone's duty (Tu©n thñ luËt ph¸p lµ bæn phËn cña mäi ngêi), To argue with them appears useless (Tranh c·i víi hä cã vÎ v« Ých),To imitate them seemed unwise (B¾t chíc hä lµ d¹i). Tuy nhiªn, It is quicker and safer to go by plane , It is everyone's duty to obey the laws , It appears useless to argue with them vµ It seemed unwise to imitate them th× th«ng dông h¬n. b) §ãng vai trß bæ ng÷. Ch¼ng h¹n, Their mission was to destroy the enemy naval bases (NhiÖm vô cña hä lµ ph¸ hñy çc c¨n cø h¶i qu©n cña ®Þch). c) Sau çc ®éng tõ Agree , aim , appear , arrange , ask , attempt , bother , care (phñ ®Þnh hoÆc nghi vÊn), choose , claim , condescend , consent , decide , demand , determine, be determined ,



endeavour , fail , forget , guarantee , happen , hesitate, hope , know, learn , long , manage, neglect , offer , plan , be prepared, pretend , proceed , promise , prove , refuse, remember , resolve , seem , swear , tend , threaten , trouble , try , volunteer , vow , wonder .

VÝ dô : - They arranged to meet at the riverside five-star hotel (Hä tho¶ thuËn gÆp nhau t¹i kh¸ch s¹n n¨m sao ven s«ng) - She didn't bother/trouble to answer straightforwardly (Bµ ta kh«ng chÞu tr¶ lêi th¼ng th¾n) - The boy asks to go swimming with his classmates (CËu bÐ xin phÐp ®i b¬i víi çc b¹n cïng líp) - Would you care to dance? (Anh thÝch khiªu vò hay kh«ng?) - The banker condescended to say hello to his poor neighbours yesterday morning (S¸ng h«m qua, «ng chñ ng©n hµng ®· h¹ m×nh mµ chµo nh÷ng ngêi l¸ng giÒng nghÌo khæ) - Soldiers were determined to fight till the last (Binh sÜ quyÕt t©m chiÕn ®Êu ®Õn h¬i thë cuèi cïng) - The strikers failed to reach a settlement with their employer (Phe ®×nh c«ng kh«ng ®¹t ®îc mét tho¶ thuËn víi «ng chñ) - The employer threatened to dismiss anyone claiming a pay rise (¤ng chñ do¹ sa th¶i bÊt cø ngêi nµo ®ßi t¨ng l¬ng) - They seem to be quarrelling about money matters (Dêng nh hä ®ang c·i nhau vÒ chuyÖn tiÒn nong) - The girl pretended to be making herself up (C« g¸i gi¶ vê ®ang trang trang ®iÓm) - I want to know how to use this device (T«i muèn biÕt çch dïng çch dïng thiÕt bÞ nµy) - We are wondering whether to be angry with her or with her friends (Chóng t«i ph©n v©n kh«ng biÕt nªn giËn c« ta hay giËn b¹n c« ta)

d) Sau Assume , Believe , Consider , Deem , Know , Think (nhÊt lµ ë d¹ng thô ®éng) . VÝ dô :

- Everyone must assume her to be innocent until she is proved guilty of blackmail (Mäi ngêi ph¶i xem c« ta lµ v« téi ®Õn khi nµo chøng minh ®îc r»ng c« ta ph¹m téi tèng tiÒn) - He is known to be a benevolent doctor (¤ng ta næi tiÕng lµ mét b¸c sÜ nh©n hËu) - Smoking is known to be harmful (Ai còng biÕt hót thuèc lµ cã h¹i) - The thieves were thought to be hiding in the wood-shed (Bän trém bÞ cho lµ ®ang trèn trong kho cñi) - The four escapees are believed to have suffered shipwreck off Cape Horn (Ngêi ta tin r»ng bèn kÎ vît ngôc ®· bÞ ®¾m tµu ë ngoµi kh¬i mòi Horn)

e) Sau Be about , be able, afford, do one's best , make an/every effort , make up one's mind , occur , set out, take the trouble, turn out .

VÝ dô : - They stayed at home because they couldn't afford to get tickets for the Cup Final (Hä ë nhµ v× kh«ng ®ñ tiÒn mua vÐ xem trËn chung kÕt Cóp v« ®Þch) - They have made up their mind to join their family in Vietnam (Hä ®· quyÕt ®Þnh ®i ®oµn tô víi gia ®×nh t¹i ViÖt Nam) - It never occurred to him to help anyone (H¾n ch¼ng bao giê n¶y ra ý nghÜ gióp ai) - The director-general turned out to be one of my fellow countrymen (Ho¸ ra «ng tæng gi¸m ®èc lµ ngêi ®ång h¬ng víi t«i)



f) Sau Advise, allow , ask , beg , command , compel , enable, encourage , expect , forbid , force , implore , induce , instruct , invite , oblige , order , permit , persuade , remind , request , show , teach , tell , train , urge , want , warn .

VÝ dô : - I want you to go there with me (T«i muèn anh ®i víi t«i ®Õn ®ã) - They asked Bill to finish his work as soon as possible (Hä yªu cÇu Bill hoµn thµnh c«ng viÖc cµng sím cµng tèt) - She always expects his husband to earn more and more money (C« ta lu«n mong chång m×nh ngµy cµng kiÕm ®îc nhiÒu tiÒn h¬n) - My parents taught me never to tell lies (Bè mÑ t«i d¹y t«i kh«ng bao giê ®îc nãi dèi) - Show us how to operate this machine-gun (H·y chØ chóng t«i çch sö dông khÈu sóng m¸y nµy) - Tell her to take medicine before bedtime (H·y b¶o bµ Êy uèng thuèc tríc khi ®i ngñ)

g) Sau The first , the second , the last , the only hoÆc sau h×nh thøc so s¸nh cùc cÊp ®Ó thay cho mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ.

VÝ dô : - They are the first to leave all their money to charity (Hä lµ nh÷ng ngêi ®Çu tiªn ®Ó l¹i toµn bé tiÒn b¹c cho c«ng cuéc tõ thiÖn) - She was the only person in her village to study abroad (C« ta lµ ngêi duy nhÊt trong lµng ®i häc ë níc ngoµi) - It is one of the best comedies to be performed last year (§ã lµ mét trong nh÷ng hµi kÞch hay nhÊt ®îc diÔn trong n¨m qua)

h) Sau çc tÝnh tõ Sorry, Anxious , Happy , Glad , Pleased , Ready , Proud , Ashamed , Afraid , Surprised , Sure , Reluctant , Unwilling ...

VÝ dô : - The young soldier was reluctant to give us a lift to the provincial polyclinic (Ngêi lÝnh trÎ miÔn cìng cho chóng t«i ®i nhê xe ®Õn bÖnh viÖn ®a khoa tØnh) - We are very surprised to see such scoundrels in a so-called institution (Chóng t«i rÊt ng¹c nhiªn khi thÊy nh÷ng kÎ c«n ®å nh vËy ë mét n¬i gäi lµ c¬ së tõ thiÖn) - He was proud to be a nobleman (H¾n tù hµo lµ m×nh thuéc dßng dâi quÝ téc) - I am ashamed to criticize my colleagues (T«i ng¹i phª b×nh b¹n ®ång nghiÖp)

i) Sau Too + tÝnh tõ / phã tõ , Too + tÝnh tõ + a + danh tõ, TÝnh tõ / Phã tõ + enough. VÝ dô :

- He is too short to become a pilot (H¾n qu¸ thÊp, nªn kh«ng thÓ lµm phi c«ng) - You speak too quickly for me to understand thoroughly (Anh nãi qu¸ nhanh, nªn t«i kh«ng hiÓu râ) - Bi was too numerate a pupil to succumb to such simple problems (Bi lµ mét häc sinh qu¸ giái to¸n, nªn kh«ng thÓ chÞu thua nh÷ng bµi to¸n ®¬n gi¶n nh vËy) - This concrete bridge isn't strong enough to support heavy lorries (ChiÕc cÇu bª t«ng nµy kh«ng ®ñ v÷ng ®Ó chÞu ®îc xe t¶i nÆng) - All athletes jumped high enough to reach the basket (TÊt c¶ çc vËn ®éng viªn ®Òu nh¶y ®ñ cao ®Ó vãi tíi çi ræ)

j) Sau çc danh tõ Ability , ambition, anxiety , attempt , decision , demand , desire , determination , eagerness , effort , failure , offer , plan , promise , refusal , request , scheme , willingness , wish .

VÝ dô : - Upstart officials often nurse their ambition to become the well-known statesmen



(Quan chøc míi phÊt lªn thêng nu«i tham väng trë thµnh chÝnh kh¸ch lõng danh) - I want to know the sanctions against the failure to comply with traffic regulations (T«i muèn biÕt biÖn ph¸p trõng ph¹t trêng hîp kh«ng tu©n thñ luËt ®i ®êng)

§Æc biÖt - Why did you take so much milk? - I had to [take so much milk]. I underwent an operation for appendicitis five days ago (Sao anh uèng s÷a nhiÒu vËy? - T«i ph¶i uèng nhiÒu nh vËy. T«i mæ ruét thõa çch ®©y n¨m ngµy). - Would you like to join us for dinner? - Yes, I'd love to (join you for dinner) but I must go to school right now (T«i rÊt muèn, nhng t«i ph¶i ®i häc ngay b©y giê). - She wished to become a teacher but she wasn't able to (become a teacher) (C« Êy muèn lµm c« gi¸o, nhng kh«ng thµnh). - I feel lonely and want someone to talk to (T«i c¶m thÊy c« ®¬n vµ muèn cã ai ®ã ®Ó nãi chuyÖn) - They need a cabinet to keep job applications in (Hä cÇn mét çi tñ ®Ó ®ùng hå s¬ xin viÖc) - There wasn't a thing to eat (Ch¼ng cã çi g× ®Ó ¨n c¶) - The main thing to remember is .... (§iÒu chñ yÕu cÇn nhí lµ...) - To be perfectly frank/ To be honest/ To tell the truth, you are no match for her in tae kwon do (Thùc t×nh mµ nãi, anh kh«ng ph¶i lµ ®èi thñ cña c« ta vÒ Th¸i cùc ®¹o) - Thay v× He intends to go to supermarket and to buy a dishwasher (Anh ta ®Þnh ®i siªu thÞ vµ ®Þnh mua mét m¸y röa b¸t ®Üa), ta viÕt He intends to go to supermarket and buy a dishwasher .

Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To a) Sau Do & Do not , Did & Did not , Can & Cannot , Could & Could not , May & May not , Might & Might not , Must & Must not, Shall &Shall not, Should & Should not , Will &Will not, Would & Would not , Need & Need not , Dare & Dare not .

VÝ dô : - Do say you'll help them ! (H·y nãi r»ng anh sÏ gióp hä!) - They didn't go to church last week (TuÇn råi, hä kh«ng ®i lÔ) - She daren't answer my question (C« ta kh«ng d¸m tr¶ lêi c©u hái cña t«i) - You musn't interrupt me now (Anh kh«ng ®îc ng¾t lêi t«i lóc nµy)

b) Sau çc ®éng tõ Feel, See, Hear, Watch, Had better, Would rather, Would sooner, Let, Make, Have.

VÝ dô : - I heard him knock at the door (T«i nghe h¾n gâ cöa) - Did you see her cross the road? (Anh cã thÊy c« ta b¨ng qua ®êng hay kh«ng?) - You'd better not tell lies (Anh ®õng nãi dèi th× h¬n) - I'd rather work than sleep all day long (T«i thÝch lµm viÖc h¬n lµ ngñ suèt ngµy) - He would sooner retire on a pension than take part in such scandalous business deals (¤ng ta nªn vÒ nghØ ¨n l¬ng hu h¬n lµ tham gia vµo nh÷ng vô lµm ¨n tai tiÕng nh vËy) - Let me know what you are doing (H·y cho t«i biÕt çc anh ®ang lµm g×) - Have your driver meet me at the airport



(H·y dÆn tµi xÕ cña anh ®ãn t«i t¹i t¹i phi trêng) - The delicious smell from the kitchen makes my mouth water (Mïi th¬m ngon tõ trong bÕp bay ra lµm t«i thÌm ch¶y níc d·i)

§Æc biÖt - The joiner helped me to unlock the bicycle (B¸c thî méc gióp t«i më kho¸ chiÕc xe ®¹p) = The joiner helped me unlock the bicycle.

DANH DONG TU

H×nh thøc 1/Danh ®éng tõ cã h×nh thøc y hÖt nh HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, Whentalking to this old man, you must speak loudly (Khi nãi chuyÖn víi «ng l·o nµy, anh ph¶i nãi to). 2/Danh ®éng tõ hoµn thµnh (Perfect Gerund) lµ danh ®éng tõ chØ hµnh ®éng trong qu¸ khø. Ch¼ng h¹n, "This lieutenant was suspected of having trafficked in drugs" (Viªn trung óy nµy bÞ nghi lµ bu«n ma tóy). 3/Danh ®éng tõ thô ®éng (Passive Gerund) lµ danh ®éng tõ thuéc D¹ng thô ®éng.

VÝ dô : - I object tobeing ill-treated in this way (T«i ph¶n ®èi viÖc bÞ ngîc ®·i nh vËy) - They admit having been attacked in broad daylight (Hä thó nhËn lµ ®· bÞ tÊn c«ng gi÷a ban ngµy)

C«ng dông 1/§ãng vai trß Danh tõ.

VÝ dô : - Thay v× "It is easier to speak Chinese than to write Chinese" (Nãi tiÕng Hoa dÔ h¬n viÕt tiÕng Hoa), ta cã thÓ nãi "Speaking Chinese is easier thanwriting Chinese". - Seeing is believing (ThÊy míi tin). - My father's hobby was reading (Thó tiªu khiÓn cña cha t«i lµ ®äc s¸ch). - I am fond of cooking (T«i thÝch nÊu níng). - She likesswimming (C« ta thÝch b¬i léi).

2/DiÔn t¶ sù cÊm ®o¸n.

VÝ dô : - No smoking (CÊm hót thuèc) - No loitering (CÊm l¶ng v¶ng) - No spitting (CÊm kh¹c nhæ) - No parking (CÊm ®ç xe)

VAN DUNG DDT

1/ Sau giíi tõ. VÝ dô :

- What else can you do besidessewing ? (Ngoµi viÖc may v¸, anh cßn lµm ®îc g× n÷a kh«ng?)



- She lodges a strong objection to rising so early (C« ta kÞch liÖt ph¶n ®èi viÖc dËy sím nh vËy) - We are afraid of getting our colleagues into trouble (Chóng t«i sî g©y r¾c rèi cho çc b¹n ®ång nghiÖp) - This engineer is good at programming in C language (Kü s nµy giái lËp tr×nh b»ng ng«n ng÷ C) - Thank you forhelping me find out the truth (Çm ¬n anh ®· gióp t«i t×m ra sù thËt) - A sphygmomanometer is an instrument for measuring blood pressure in the arteries (M¸y ®o huyÕt ¸p lµ mét dông cô ®o ¸p suÊt m¸u trong ®éng m¹ch) - I deleted the previous words by pressing the Backspace key (T«i xo¸ nh÷ng tõ liÒn tríc ®ã b»ng çch nhÊn phÝm Backspace) - Before leaving home, they didn't forget to switch on the fire-alarm (Tríc khi ra khái nhµ, hä kh«ng quªn bËt thiÕt bÞ b¸o ch¸y) - On arriving home, they hurried the help into serving lunch (Võa vÒ ®Õn nhµ, hä ®· giôc ngêi gióp viÖc dän c¬m ¨n) - Are you interested in learning foreign languages? (B¹n cã quan t©m ®Õn viÖc häc ngo¹i ng÷ hay kh«ng?) - What about having breakfast right now ? (Ta ¨n s¸ng ngay b©y giê chø?) - Let's go to bed instead of watching TV (Chóng ta h·y ®i ngñ thay v× xem TV) - He stole bread without being caught red-handed (H¾n lÊy trém b¸nh m× mµ kh«ng hÒ bÞ b¾t qu¶ tang)

2/Sau çc liªn tõ When vµ While .

VÝ dô : - When entering the bathroom, he caught a mouse nibbling the bar of soap (Khi bíc vµo buång t¾m, anh ta b¾t gÆp mét chó chuét ®ang rØa côc xµ phßng) - We ate while listening to the radio (Chóng t«i võa ¨n võa nghe ra®i«)

3/Sau çc cÊu tróc It needs / requires / wants , It is worth, It's no use .

VÝ dô : - This lock needs oiling (à kho¸ nµy cÇn ®îc tra dÇu) - Their tyres require inflating (Lèp xe cña hä cÇn ®îc b¬m phång) - Garden plants want watering every morning (C©y kiÓng cÇn ®îc tíi mçi buæi s¸ng) - This dictionary is worth consulting (Tù ®iÓn nµy ®¸ng ®Ó tham kh¶o) - It's no use crying over spilt milk (Kªu ca còng ch¼ng ®îc g×)

4/Sau Protest at , Care for, Give up, Leave off, Look forward to, Put off, Take to , Be used to, Be accustomed to.

VÝ dô : - She protested at sitting for a novice painter (C« ta ph¶n ®èi viÖc ngåi lµm mÉu cho mét ho¹ sÜ míi ra nghÒ) - I don't care forworking as an unpaid servant (T«i ch¼ng muèn lµm ®Çy tí kh«ng c«ng). - Let's try to give up smoking (Chóng ta h·y cè g¾ng bá hót thuèc) - I look forward towinning a scholarship to the university (T«i rÊt mong ®îc cÊp häc bæng vµo ®¹i häc)



- They are used tositting up for their drunken father (Hä ®· quen thøc khuya ®îi «ng bè n¸t rîu)

5/Sau Can't help, Can't resist , Can't bear , Can't endure .

VÝ dô : - I can't help laughing at the sight of the well-known comedians on stage (Nh×n thÊy çc danh hµi trªn s©n khÊu, t«i kh«ng nhÞn cêi ®îc) - They can't bear being short of money (Hä kh«ng chÞu ®îc c¶nh thiÕu tiÒn) - We can't resist thinking that she is your meal ticket (Chóng t«i kh«ng thÓ kh«ng nghÜ r»ng c« ta nu«i anh) - She can't endure seeing beggars wander about the streets (C« ta kh«ng chÞu næi khi nh×n thÊy nh÷ng ngêi ¨n xin lang thang ngoµi phè)

6/Trong Accuse sb of doing sth (KÕt téi ai ®· lµm ®iÒu g×), Suspect sb of doing sth (Nghi ai ®· lµm ®iÒu g×), Dissuade sb from doing sth (Khuyªn ai ®õng lµm ®iÒu g×), Stop sb from doing sth (Ng¨n c¶n ai lµm ®iÒu g×), Keep sb from doing sth (Ng¨n c¶n ai lµm ®iÒu g×), Prevent sb from doing sth (Ng¨n c¶n ai lµm ®iÒu g×), Discourage sb from doing sth (Ng¨n c¶n ai lµm ®iÒu g×), Restrain sb from doing sth (Ng¨n c¶n ai lµm ®iÒu g×), Deter sb from doing sth (Ng¨n c¶n ai lµm ®iÒu g×), Hinder sb from doing sth (Ng¨n c¶n ai lµm ®iÒu g×), Save sb from doing sth (Cøu cho ai khái bÞ ®iÒu g×), Bribe sb into doing sth (Hèi lé ai ®Ó ngêi ®ã lµm ®iÒu g×), Excuse sb for doing sth (Tha thø cho ai ®· lµm ®iÒu g×), Excuse oneself for doing sth (Xin lçi v× ®· lµm ®iÒu g×), Resign oneself to doing sth (§µnh ph¶i lµm ®iÒu g×), Involve sb in doing sth (L«i kÐo ai lµm ®iÒu g×), Forgive sb for doing sth (Tha thø cho ai ®· lµm ®iÒu g×), Pardon sb for doing sth (Tha thø cho ai ®· lµm ®iÒu g×), Reproach sb for doing sth (Tr¸ch ai ®· lµm ®iÒu g×), Congratulate sb on doing sth (Khen ai ®· lµm ®iÒu g×), Praise sb for doing sth (Khen ai ®· lµm ®iÒu g×), Reward sb for doing sth (Thëng cho ai ®· lµm ®iÒu g×),Thank sb for doing sth (Çm ¬n ai ®· lµm ®iÒu g×) ...

VÝ dô : - They accused me of inciting prisoners against the jailer (Hä kÕt téi t«i lµ xói giôc çc tï nh©n chèng l¹i cai ngôc). - Who can dissuade him fromsmoking ? (Ai cã thÓ khuyªn anh ta ®õng hót thuèc?) - The teacher reproaches some schoolgirls forneglecting their studies (ThÇy gi¸o tr¸ch mét vµi n÷ sinh lµ ®· sao l·ng viÖc häc hµnh). - The police rewarded them fordiscovering the smugglers' shelter (C¶nh s¸t ®· thëng c«ng hä t×m ra n¬i Èn n¸u cña bän bu«n lËu). - As everyone in the seminar spoke English, she resigned herself to speaking English (V× mäi ngêi trong cuéc héi th¶o ®Òu nãi tiÕng Anh, c« ta ®µnh nãi tiÕng Anh)

7/Sau çc ®éng tõ Admit (Thõa nhËn), Imagine (Tëng tîng), Anticipate (Dù tÝnh), Avoid (Tr¸nh), Consider (C©n nh¾c), Defer (Ho·n), Delay (Tr× ho·n), Deny (Phñ nhËn), Detest (GhÐt), Loathe (GhÐt), Dislike (Kh«ng thÝch), Dread (Kinh sî), Enjoy (ThÝch), Escape (Tr¸nh khái), Feel like (muèn), Finish (Hoµn tÊt), Keep (TiÕp tôc), Mind (ph¶n ®èi), Postpone (Tr× ho·n), Practise (TËp luyÖn), Propose (Dù ®Þnh), Recollect (Nhí l¹i), Remember (Nhí l¹i), Risk (Cã nguy c¬), Stop (Ngng), Suggest (§Ò nghÞ).

VÝ dô :



- The treasurer admits having embezzled the pension fund (Ngêi thñ quü thó nhËn lµ ®· biÓn thñ quü l¬ng hu) - The boy imagined straying into the fairyland and talking to a fairy (CËu bÐ tëng tîng m×nh l¹c vµo chèn thÇn tiªn vµ nãi chuyÖn víi mét vÞ tiªn) - He was considering buying a car on hire-purchase (H¾n ®ang c©n nh¾c viÖc mua tr¶ gãp mét chiÕc xe h¬i) - He feels like going to church (Anh ta muèn ®i lÔ) - They practised driving lorries at night (Hä tËp l¸i xe t¶i ban ®ªm) - The old man recollectedtaking medicine after dinner (¤ng l·o nhí lµ ®· uèng thuèc sau b÷a ¨n tèi) - I rememberwriting to them (T«i nhí lµ ®· viÕt th cho hä) - Their dilapidated house risks collapsing in the rainy season (Ng«i nhµ xiªu vÑo cña hä cã nguy c¬ bÞ sËp trong mïa ma) - Stoptalking nonsense ! (§õng nãi bËy n÷a!) - They suggested celebrating Christmas (Hä ®Ò nghÞ ¨n mõng N«-en) - We enjoy reading ghost stories (Chóng t«i thÝch ®äc truyÖn ma) - I proposed congratulating them on their wedding anniversary (T«i ®Þnh chóc mõng hä nh©n kû niÖm ngµy cíi cña hä)

8/So s¸nh hai c©u "She insisted on opening the door " (C« ta kh¨ng kh¨ng ®ßi më cöa) vµ "She insisted on me/my opening the door " (C« ta kh¨ng kh¨ng ®ßi t«i më cöa), ta thÊy c©u 2 kh¸c víi c©u 1 do cã sù hiÖn diÖn cña ®¹i tõ nh©n xng Me hoÆc tÝnh tõ së h÷u My . C¸c ®éng tõ Contemplate , Dislike , Dread , Fancy , Involve , Like (phñ ®Þnh), Mind , Object (to),Remember , Resent , Save , Stop , Tolerate , Understand , Approve (of), Disapprove (of) cã thÓ dïng víi mét trong hai hoÆc c¶ hai cÊu tróc nh vËy.

VÝ dô :

- They dislikeme/my keeping late hours (Hä kh«ng thÝch t«i thøc khuya) - I didn't likethem/their behaving in this way (T«i kh«ng thÝch h¾n c xö nh vËy) - The job involves him/his travelling backwards and forwards between Hanoi and Paris (C«ng viÖc Êy khiÕn anh ta ph¶i tíi lui xu«i ngîc gi÷a Hµ Néi vµ Pari) - We don't mind them/their knowing our address (Chóng t«i kh«ng ng¹i hä biÕt ®Þa chØ cña chóng t«i) - I remember you/your writing an apologetic letter (T«i nhí lµ anh cã viÕt th xin lçi) - He objects to them/their being behindhand with tuition (¤ng ta ph¶n ®èi viÖc hä ®ãng häc phÝ trÔ) - Fancy his getting up so early ! (Anh ta dËy qu¸ sím, l¹ thËt!) - Did they resent my being late for work ? (Hä cã bùc béi viÖc t«i ®i lµm muén hay kh«ng?) - We didn't contemplate him refusing our invitation (Chóng t«i kh«ng dù tÝnh viÖc «ng ta khíc tõ lêi mêi cña chóng t«i)

CAC TRUONG HOP DAC BIET

- Thay v× Excuse me for making so much noise (Xin lçi v× ®· lµm ån), ta cã thÓ viÕt: Excuse my making so much noise (Xin tha lçi cho viÖc t«i lµm ån).

- Thay v× Forgive me for interrupting (Xin lçi v× ®· ng¾t lêi anh), ta cã thÓ viÕt Forgive my interrupting (Xin tha lçi cho viÖc t«i ng¾t lêi anh).



- Thay v× Nobody can prevent us from doing good things (Kh«ng ai cã thÓ ng¨n c¶n chóng t«i lµm ®iÒu tèt ), ta cã thÓ viÕt Nobody can prevent our doing good things (Kh«ng ai cã thÓ ng¨n c¶n viÖc chóng t«i lµm ®iÒu tèt ). - We began to go home (Chóng t«i b¾t ®Çu ®i vÒ nhµ) = We began going home . - She continues to stare me into silence (Bµ ta vÉn trõng m¾t buéc t«i im lÆng) = She continues staring me into silence . - He ceased to shout at the top of his voice (H¾n kh«ng g©n cæ lªn mµ hÐt n÷a) = He ceased shouting at the top of his voice . - My father intended to buy a villa in the suburbs (Cha t«i ®Þnh mua mét biÖt thù ë ngo¹i «) = My father intended buying a villa in the suburbs , nhng My father intended me to buy a villa in the suburbs (Cha t«i muèn t«i mua mét biÖt thù ë ngo¹i «). - I don't allow them to drop litter in my study (T«i kh«ng cho phÐp hä vøt r¸c trong phßng lµm viÖc cña t«i), nhng I don't allow dropping litter in my study (T«i kh«ng cho phÐp vøt r¸c trong phßng lµm viÖc cña t«i). - This book advises us to be neighbourly (QuyÓn s¸ch nµy khuyªn ta nªn sèng hoµ thuËn víi nhau), nhng This book advises being neighbourly (QuyÓn s¸ch nµy khuyªn nªn sèng hoµ thuËn víi nhau). - Remember to clean out the drawing-room (Nhí dän dÑp phßng kh¸ch nhÐ!), nhngI remember cleaning out the drawing-room (T«i nhí lµ ®· dän dÑp phßng kh¸ch). - He often forgets to close the doors before bedtime (¤ng ta thêng quªn ®ãng cöa tríc khi ®i ngñ), nhng He will never forget contracting lung cancer (¤ng ta sÏ kh«ng bao giê quªn lµ m×nh m¾c bÖnh ung th phæi). - We regret to tell the whole truth about him (Chóng t«i lÊy lµm tiÕc mµ nãi hÕt sù thËt vÒ h¾n), nhng We regret telling the whole truth about him (Chóng t«i hèi tiÕc lµ ®· nãi hÕt sù thËt vÒ h¾n). - She stopped to ask the way to the hospital (C« ta dõng l¹i ®Ó hái ®êng ®Õn bÖnh viÖn), nhng She stopped asking the way to the hospital (C« ta kh«ng hái ®êng ®Õn bÖnh viÖn n÷a). - He tried to drive faster (Anh ta cè g¾ng l¸i xe nhanh h¬n), nhng He tried driving faster to know the power of his car (Anh ta thö l¸i xe nhanh h¬n ®Ó biÕt c«ng suÊt cña xe).

PHAN TU HT PHAN TU

H×nh thøc §éng tõ nguyªn mÉu + ing ---> HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ (Xem thªm Phô lôc)

VÝ dô : Find + ing ---> Finding Work + ing ---> Working Read + ing ---> Reading

C«ng dông 1. T¹oTh× liªn tiÕn (Continuous Tense).

VÝ dô :



- He is working (Anh ta ®ang lµm viÖc) - At that time, theywere sleeping (Khi Êy, hä ®ang ngñ)

2. §ãng vai trß TÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt.

VÝ dô : - Boiling water (Níc s«i) - Extenuating circumstances (T×nh tiÕt gi¶m téi) - Alternating current (Dßng ®iÖn xoay chiÒu) - Convincing arguments (Lý lÏ ®ñ søc thuyÕt phôc)

3. §ãng vai trß Giíi tõ.

VÝ dô : - I have just read a document concerning Chinese acupuncture (T«i võa míi ®äc mét tµi liÖu vÒ thuËt ch©m cøu cña Trung Hoa) - There were three of us, not counting the driver (Chóng ta cã ba ngêi, kh«ng kÓ ngêi l¸i xe)

4. Theo sau çc ®éng tõ chØ tri gi¸c.

VÝ dô : - We heard someone sobbing downstairs (Chóng t«i nghe ai ®ã ®ang khãc nøc në ë tÇng díi) - Did you see himentering the first-aid ward? (Anh cã thÊy h¾n ®i vµo khu cÊp cøu hay kh«ng?) - She watched the childrencrossing the road (C« ta xem lò trÎ b¨ng qua ®êng)

- I feel somethingcrawling up my neck (T«i c¶m thÊy çi g× ®ã bß lªn cæ t«i)

- The boy cried hurriedly for help because he had smelt something burning (§øa bÐ véi vµng kªu cøu v× ngöi thÊy mïi khÐt)

5. Theo sau Catch, Find, Leave, Keep (§éng tõ + Tóc tõ + HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ ).

VÝ dô : - I am sorry to keep youwaiting (T«i rÊt tiÕc lµ ®· b¾t b¹n ph¶i chê ®îi) - Why did you leave herstanding outside in the downpour? (Sao anh l¹i ®Ó c« ta ®øng bªn ngoµi trong lóc trêi ma xèi x¶?) - They found a corpse lying face down in a pool of blood (Hä thÊy mét x¸c chÕt n»m óp mÆt xuèng vòng m¸u) - How did you catch themseeing pornographic films? (B»ng çch nµo anh b¾t ®îc chóng ®ang xem phim khiªu d©m?)

6. Theo sau Go, Spend, Waste, Be busy.

VÝ dô : - We shall goswimming /hunting /fishing /shopping tomorrow morning (S¸ng mai, chóng t«i sÏ ®i b¬i/s¨n/c©u/mua s¾m) - Let's spend more time learning English



(Ta h·y dµnh thªm thêi giê häc tiÕng Anh) - This moneyed merchant spent a lot of moneykeeping a dancing-girl (Tay l¸i bu«n giµu cã nµy ®· tèn nhiÒu tiÒn ®Ó bao mét c« g¸i nh¶y) - They wasted a whole month seeking employment in this remote village (Hä phÝ c¶ mét th¸ng trêi ®Ó t×m viÖc lµm ë çi lµng hÎo l¸nh nµy) - She's busydoing the ironing (C« ta ®ang bËn lµ quÇn ¸o)

7. Thay cho mét mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ.

VÝ dô : - A law which prohibits the export of raw materials = A law prohibiting the export of raw materials (Mét ®¹o luËt cÊm xuÊt khÈu nguyªn liÖu)

- American scientists who visited Great Wall of China = American scientists visiting Great Wall of China (Çc nhµ khoa häc Hoa Kú ®Õn th¨m V¹n Lý Trêng Thµnh cña Trung Hoa)

8. a) Khi mét chñ tõ thùc hiÖn hai hµnh ®éng gÇn nh ®ång thêi víi nhau, ta cã thÓ dïng hiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ diÔn ®¹t mét trong hai hµnh ®éng Êy.

VÝ dô - The man stooped down and kissed his children good night (Ngêi ®µn «ng cói xuèng vµ h«n chóc çc con ngñ ngon) = The man stooped down, kissing his children good night (Ngêi ®µn «ng cói xuèng, h«n chóc çc con ngñ ngon).

- She thought about the homeless and burst out crying (C« ta nghÜ ®Õn nh÷ng kÎ lang thang vµ bËt khãc) = Thinking about the homeless, she burst out crying (NghÜ ®Õn nh÷ng kÎ lang thang, c« ta bËt khãc). - Minister of Health addressed the nationwide medical conference and appreciated local health centers' encouraging achievements (Bé trëng y tÕ ph¸t biÓu t¹i héi nghÞ y häc toµn quèc, vµ ®¸nh gi¸ cao thµnh tÝch ®¸ng khÝch lÖ cña çc trung t©m y tÕ ®Þa ph¬ng) = Addressing the nationwide medical conference, Minister of Health appreciated local health centers' encouraging achievements (Ph¸t biÓu t¹i héi nghÞ y häc toµn quèc, Bé trëng y tÕ ®¸nh gi¸ cao thµnh tÝch ®¸ng khÝch lÖ cña çc trung t©m y tÕ ®Þa ph¬ng).

b) Thay cho mét mÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t ®Çu b»ng After (sau khi) hoÆc As / Since / Because (V×, do). VÝ dô

- He went to work in Paris after he had graduated in law at Oxford (Anh ta sang Pari lµm viÖc sau khi tèt nghiÖp ngµnh luËt trêng Oxford) = Having graduated in law at Oxford, he went to work in Paris (Sau khi tèt nghiÖp ngµnh luËt trêng Oxford, anh ta sang Pari lµm viÖc). - As we believed that he was strong in Danish, we both spoke Danish during the conversation (V× tin r»ng anh ta giái tiÕng §an M¹ch, c¶ hai chóng t«i ®Òu nãi tiÕng §an M¹ch trong buæi chuyÖn trß) = Believing that he was strong in Danish, we both spoke Danish during the conversation (Tin r»ng anh ta giái tiÕng §an M¹ch, c¶ hai chóng t«i ®Òu nãi tiÕng §an M¹ch trong buæi chuyÖn trß).



§Æc biÖt Kh«ng nhÊt thiÕt mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh vµ mÖnh ®Ò phô chØ nguyªn nh©n ph¶i thuéc cïng mét chñ tõ.

Ch¼ng h¹n, Since the weather is nice, we decide to go shopping (Do thêi tiÕt tèt, chóng t«i quyÕt ®Þnh ®i mua s¾m) = The weather being nice, we decide to go shopping (Do thêi tiÕt tèt, chóng t«i quyÕt ®Þnh ®i mua s¾m).

QUA KHU PHAN TU H×nh thøc §èi víi ®éng tõ cã quy t¾c, Qu¸ khø ph©n tõ h×nh thµnh b»ng çch thªm ed vµo nguyªn mÉu (hoÆc thªm d nÕu nguyªn mÉu tËn cïng b»ng e).

VÝ dô : Start + ed ---> Started Help + ed ---> Helped Breathe + d ---> Breathed Pledge + d ---> Pledged

§èi víi ®éng tõ bÊt quy t¾c, xin xem Phô lôc . Qu¸ khø ph©n tõ cã thÓ theo sauNot ®Ó chØ mét ý phñ ®Þnh. Ch¼ng h¹n, This is a subject not

dealt with in the recent discussions (§©y lµ mét ®Ò tµi kh«ng ®îc ®Ò cËp trong çc cuéc th¶o luËn gÇn ®©y).

C«ng dông 1. §ãng vai trß TÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt vµ thêng mang nghÜa bÞ ®éng.

VÝ dô: - An injured leg (Mét çi ch©n bÞ th¬ng) - Stolen money (TiÒn bÞ ®¸nh c¾p) - Lost property (§å ®¹c bÞ thÊt l¹c) - Restricted development (Sù ph¸t triÓn cã giíi h¹n)

2. T¹o Th× hoµn thµnh (Perfect Tense).

VÝ dô: - I have lived here for three years (T«i ®· sèng ë ®©y ba n¨m) - He left home after his mother had turned off the lights (Nã ra khái nhµ sau khi mÑ nã t¾t ®Ìn) - I should have invited them home (LÏ ra t«i ®· mêi hä ®Õn nhµ ch¬i)

3. T¹o D¹ng thô ®éng (Passive Voice).

VÝ dô : - Their trip was delayed by a traffic jam (ChuyÕn ®i cña hä bÞ trÔ do mét vô t¾c nghÏn giao th«ng) - This bag is used to contain paddy (Çi bao nµy ®îc dïng ®Ó ®ùng thãc)

4. Thay cho mét mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ.



VÝ dô : - We visited a village that had been devastated by war and famine (Chóng t«i viÕng th¨m mét x· tõng bÞ chiÕn tranh vµ n¹n ®ãi tµn ph¸) = We visited a village devastated by war and famine. - Those who had been considered responsible for this entrance examination were dismissed (Nh÷ng kÎ ®îc xem lµ chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm vÒ kú thi tuyÓn sinh nµy ®· bÞ ®uæi viÖc) = Those considered responsible for this entrance examination were dismissed.

5. Th«ng dông trong çc cÊu tróc díi ®©y :

- Besieged by the police on every side, both drug traffickers killed themselves in an uninhabited house (BÞ c¶nh s¸t bao v©y tø phÝa, c¶ hai kÎ bu«n ma tóy ®· tù s¸t trong mét ng«i nhµ hoang) - Seen from the hill, the palace looks quite magnificent (Nh×n tõ trªn ®åi xuèng, l©u ®µi tr«ng thËt tr¸ng lÖ). - The two leaders came in, followed by an escort armed to the teeth (Hai nhµ l·nh ®¹o bíc vµo, theo sau lµ mét ®éi hé tèng vò trang ®Õn tËn r¨ng) - All deputies had been warned about the order of the day and got ready for lively discussions in the meeting hall (TÊt c¶ çc ®¹i biÓu ®Òu ®· ®îc b¸o tríc vÒ ch¬ng tr×nh nghÞ sù vµ s½n sµng th¶o luËn s«i næi t¹i héi trêng) = Having been warned about the order of the day, all deputies got ready for lively discussions in the meeting hall (Do ®îc b¸o tríc vÒ ch¬ng tr×nh nghÞ sù, tÊt c¶ çc ®¹i biÓu ®Òu s½n sµng th¶o luËn s«i næi t¹i héi trêng). - Whencooked properly, sausages will make a fine meal (Khi ®îc nÊu ®óng çch, xóc xÝch sÏ lµm nªn mét b÷a ¨n tuyÖt vêi) - Though seriouslywounded , he managed to crawl back to his camp (Dï bÞ th¬ng nÆng, anh ta vÉn bß ®îc vÒ ®Õn tr¹i) - Why didn't you have your haircut ? (T¹i sao b¹n kh«ng nhê ai c¾t tãc? = T¹i sao b¹n kh«ng ®i c¾t tãc?) - We're having our carrepaired (Chóng t«i ®ang nhê söa chiÕc xe l¹i = Chóng t«i ®ang cho söa chiÕc xe l¹i) - Jack had his pocket picked (Jack bÞ mãc tói) - They want the parcel delivered immediately (Hä muèn gãi hµng ®îc ph©n ph¸t ngay tøc kh¾c)

DANG THU DONG Kh¸i niÖm vÒ D¹ng thô ®éng My father bought these two houses in 1972 (Cha t«i mua hai c¨n nhµ nµy n¨m 1972) lµ mét c©u thuéc D¹ng chñ ®éng (Active voice), v× chÝnh chñ tõ My father thùc hiÖn hµnh ®éng mua . C©u nµy ®æi sang D¹ng thô ®éng (Passive voice) thµnh These two houses were bought by my father in 1972 (Hai c¨n nhµ nµy ®îc cha t«i mua n¨m 1972). Chñ tõ My father trong c©u thø nhÊt ë thÕ chñ ®éng. (Mua ), cßn chñ tõ These two houses trong c©u thø hai ë thÕ bÞ ®éng (§îc mua ). Trong c©u thø nhÊt, My father lµ chñ tõ, These two houses lµ tóc tõ. Do c©u nµy ®æi sang D¹ng thô ®éng, tóc tõ These two houses trë thµnh chñ tõ, cßn chñ tõ My father b©y giê trë thµnh tóc tõ (theo sau giíi tõ By ). Bought trong c©u thø nhÊt lµ ®éng tõ Buy ë ng«i thø ba sè Ýt, Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n. Were bought trong c©u thø hai lµ ®éng tõ Buy ë ng«i thø ba sè nhiÒu (v× chñ tõ b©y giê lµ These two houses ), Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n vµ D¹ng thô ®éng. VËy, cÊu tróc cña c©u thuéc D¹ng thô ®éng lµ Chñ tõ + §éng tõ To Be + Qu¸ khø ph©n tõ.



Ch¼ng h¹n,These trees are planted in South America (Çc c©y nµy ®îc trång t¹i Nam Mü) hoÆc The streets will be swept every day (§êng phè sÏ ®îc quÐt dän mçi ngµy). Lu ý Khi ®æi c©u tõ D¹ng chñ ®éng sang D¹ng thô ®éng, ta ph¶i chia To Be ®óng th× vµ çch cña

®éng tõ ë D¹ng chñ ®éng. - Columbus discovered America in 1492 (Columbus t×m ra ch©u Mü n¨m 1492) --> America was discovered by Columbus in 1492 (Ch©u Mü ®îc Columbus ph¸t hiÖn n¨m 1492) - The court martialwill sentence him to death (Toµ ¸n qu©n sù sÏ kÕt ¸n tö h×nh h¾n) ---> He will be sentenced to death by the court martial (H¾n sÏ bÞ toµ ¸n qu©n sù kÕt ¸n tö h×nh) - American specialists are repairing this airplane (Çc chuyªn viªn Hoa Kú ®ang söa chiÕc m¸y bay nµy) ---> This airplane is being repaired by American specialists (ChiÕc m¸y bay nµy ®ang ®îc çc chuyªn viªn Hoa Kú söa) - He said that the local authorities would investigate these scandals (¤ng ta nãi r»ng chÝnh quyÒn ®Þa ph¬ng sÏ ®iÒu tra nh÷ng vô bª bèi nµy) ---> He said that these scandals would be investigated by the local authorities (¤ng ta nãi r»ng nh÷ng vô bª bèi nµy sÏ ®îc chÝnh quyÒn ®Þa ph¬ng ®iÒu tra).

VÝ dô minh ho¹

1) You may / can / must / should / ought to / needn't park your car there (Anh ®îc phÐp/cã thÓ /ph¶i/nªn/nªn/ch¼ng cÇn ®ç xe ë ®ã) ---> Your car may / can / must / should / ought to / needn't be parked there (Xe cña anh ®îc phÐp/cã thÓ/ph¶i/nªn/ nªn/ch¼ng cÇn ®ç ë ®ã). 2) She should have / needn't have parked her car in the car-park (LÏ ra c« ta nªn/ch¼ng cÇn ®ç xe trong b·i ®ç xe) ---> Her car should have / needn't have been parked in the car-park (LÏ ra xe cña c« ta nªn/ch¼ng cÇn ®ç trong b·i ®ç xe) 3) Someone offered him a cigarettes (Ai ®ã mêi h¾n mét ®iÕu thuèc) ---> He was offered a cigarette (H¾n ®îc mêi mét ®iÕu thuèc). 4) The boy gave the girl a bouquet of roses hoÆc The boy gave a bouquet of roses to the girl (Ngêi con trai tÆng ngêi con g¸i mét bã hoa hång) ---> The girl was given a bouquet of roses by the boy (Ngêi con g¸i ®îc ngêi con trai tÆng mét bã hoa hång) hoÆc The bouquet of roses was given to the girl by the boy (Bã hoa hång ®îc ngêi con trai tÆng ngêi con g¸i). 5) Thay v× The pane of glass was broken (¤ cöa kÝnh bÞ vì), ta cã thÓ nãi The pane of glass got broken . 6) Thay v× One sells these English - Chinese dictionaries everywhere (Ngêi ta b¸n nh÷ng tù ®iÓn Anh - Hoa nµy kh¾p n¬i), ta nªn nãi These English - Chinese dictionaries are sold everywhere (Nh÷ng tù ®iÓn Anh - Hoa nµy ®îc b¸n kh¾p n¬i). 7) Thay v× People use English all over the world (Ngêi ta sö dông tiÕng Anh trªn kh¾p thÕ giíi), ta nªn nãi English is used all over the world (TiÕng Anh ®îc sö dông trªn kh¾p thÕ giíi). 8) My secretary will deal with this application (Ngêi th ký cña t«i sÏ gi¶i quyÕt ®¬n nµy) ---> This application will be dealt with by my secretary (§¬n nµy sÏ ®îc ngêi th ký cña t«i gi¶i quyÕt).



9) Last night, a lorry ran over a street-sweeper (§ªm qua, mét chiÕc xe t¶i ®· çn mét ngêi quÐt ®êng) ---> Last night, a street-sweeper was run over by a lorry (§ªm qua, mét ngêi quÐt ®êng ®· bÞ mét chiÕc xe t¶i çn ph¶i). 10) They told me that.... (Ngêi ta nãi víi t«i r»ng ...) ---> I was told that ... (T«i nghe nãi r»ng ...). 11) His answer is acknowledged to be true (C©u tr¶ lêi cña anh ta ®îc thõa nhËn lµ ®óng) 12) She is presumed to be innocent until she is proved guilty (C« ta ®îc suy ®o¸n lµ v« téi ®Õn khi nµo ngêi ta chøng minh ®îc r»ng c« ta cã téi) 13) This fortune-teller was believed to be a swindler (G· thÇy bãi nµy bÞ cho lµ lõa ®¶o) 14) His age is estimated to be about 50 (Tuæi cña «ng ta ®îc íc tÝnh lµ kho¶ng 50) 15) This billionaire was thought to be one of the richest men in Africa (Nhµ tØ phó nµy ®îc cho lµ mét trong nh÷ng ngêi giµu nhÊt ch©u Phi) 16) Visitors are kindly requested not to smoke in the pagoda (§Ò nghÞ kh¸ch tham quan kh«ng hót thuèc trong chïa) 17) You're supposed to keep it carefully (B¹n ph¶i gi÷ çi ®ã thËt kü 18) It was widely supposed to have been lost during the tempest (Çi ®ã bÞ mäi ngêi cho lµ ®· thÊt l¹c trong c¬n b·o) 19) Their family is supposed to be living abroad (Gia ®×nh hä ®îc cho lµ ®ang sèng ë níc ngoµi) 20) It was said that he was crazy about football (Ngêi ta nãi r»ng h¾n si mª bãng ®¸) hoÆc He was said to be crazy about football (H¾n bÞ nãi lµ si mª bãng ®¸).

LOI NOI GIAN TIEP

Lêi nãi trùc tiÕp (Direct Speech) lµ nguyªn v¨n lêi ph¸t biÓu cña mét ngêi. Ch¼ng h¹n, He says : " I shall be a programmer." (Anh ta nãi : "T«i sÏ lµ lËp tr×nh viªn"). Råi mét ngêi kh¸c nghe ®îc lêi nãi nµy vµ thuËt l¹i; lêi thuËt l¹i chÝnh lµ Lêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp (Indirect Speech hoÆc Reported Speech). BÊy giê, c©u trªn ®©y ®æi thµnhHe says that he will be a programmer (Anh ta nãi r»ng anh ta sÏ lµ lËp tr×nh viªn). §éng tõ says trong c©u He says that he will be a programmer gäi lµ §éng tõ têng thuËt (Reporting verb); mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh trong c©u nµy lµ He says vµ mÖnh ®Ò phô lµ that he will be a programmer . Lêi nãi trùc tiÕp lu«n n»m gi÷a hai dÊu ngoÆc kÐp, nhng ®æi sang lêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp th× hai dÊu ngoÆc kÐp kh«ng cßn n÷a. Ngoµi ra, cÇn x¸c ®Þnh xem lêi nãi trùc tiÕp lµ c©u kÓ, c©u hái hoÆc c©u mÖnh lÖnh.

NHUNG DIEU LUU Y NÕu ®éng tõ têng thuËt ë Th× hiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n (Simple Present), Th× hiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh

(Present Perfect) hoÆc Th× t¬ng lai ®¬n gi¶n (Simple Future), ®éng tõ trong lêi nãi trùc tiÕp ë Th× nµo ¾t ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò phô ë Th× nÊy. VÝ dô :

- She says : "They are waiting outside" (C« ta nãi : "Hä ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi") ---> She says that they are waiting outside (C« ta nãi r»ng hä ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi). - She has just said : "They are waiting outside" (C« ta võa míi nãi : "Hä ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi") ---> She has just said that they are waiting outside (C« ta võa míi nãi r»ng hä ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi). - She will say : "They are waiting outside" (C« ta sÏ nãi : "Hä ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi") --->She will say that they are waiting outside (C« ta sÏ nãi r»ng hä ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi).



Tuy nhiªn, ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò phô sÏ ®æi Th× nÕu ®éng tõ têng thuËt ë Th× qu¸ khø.

VÝ dô : - She said , "They are waiting outside" (C« ta nãi : "Hä ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi") ---> She said that they were waiting outside (C« ta nãi r»ng hä ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi). - She said , "They will understand it" (C« ta nãi : "Hä sÏ hiÓu ®iÒu ®ã") ---> She said that they would understand it (C« ta nãi r»ng hä sÏ hiÓu ®iÒu ®ã). - She said , "I never smoke" (C« ta nãi : "T«i ch¼ng bao giê hót thuèc") ---> She said that she never smoked (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta ch¼ng bao giê hót thuèc). - She said , "I have lived here for five years" (C« ta nãi : "T«i sèng ë ®©y ®· n¨m n¨m") ---> She said that she had lived there for five years (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta sèng ë ®ã ®· n¨m n¨m). - She said , "My grandfather died five years ago" (C« ta nãi : "¤ng t«i mÊt c¸ch ®©y n¨m n¨m") ---> She said that her grandfather had died five years before (C« ta nãi r»ng «ng cña c« ta ®· mÊt tríc ®ã n¨m n¨m). - They said , "We have just heard from our teacher" (Hä nãi : "Chóng t«i võa nhËn ®îc tin thÇy chóng t«i") ---> They said that they had just heard from their teacher (Hä nãi r»ng hä võa nhËn ®îc tin thÇy hä).

§Æc biÖt

§èi víi sù thËt hiÓn nhiªn kh«ng bao giê thay ®æi, ®éng tõ trong lêi nãi trùc tiÕp ë Th× nµo ¾t ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò phô ë Th× nÊy. Ch¼ng h¹n, He said, "The earth revolves round the sun" (Anh ta nãi : "Qu¶ ®Êt quay quanh mÆt trêi") ---> He said that the earth revolves round the sun (Anh ta nãi r»ng qu¶ ®Êt quay quanh mÆt trêi).

3/ BiÕn ®æi tõ ng÷ khi chuyÓn sang Lêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp Trùc tiÕp Gi¸n tiÕp Today (H«m nay) That day (H«m ®ã) Yesterday (H«m qua) The day before (H«m tríc ®ã) The day before yesterday (H«m kia) Two days before (Hai h«m tríc ®ã) Tomorrow (Ngµy mai) The next day / The following day (H«m sau) The day after tomorrow (Ngµy mèt) Two days later (Hai h«m sau) This morning (S¸ng nay) That morning (S¸ng h«m Êy) This afternoon (ChiÒu nay) That afternoon (ChiÒu h«m Êy) Tonight (§ªm nay) That night (§ªm Êy) Yesterday morning (S¸ng h«m qua) The morning before / The previous morning (S¸ng h«m tríc ®ã) Yesterday afternoon (ChiÒu h«m qua) The afternoon before / The previous afternoon (ChiÒu h«m tríc ®ã) Last night (§ªm h«m qua) The night before / The previous night (§ªm tríc ®ã) Last Saturday (Thø b¶y võa qua) The Saturday before / The previous Saturday (Thø b¶y tríc ®ã) Next Saturday (Thø b¶y tíi) The next Saturday (Thø b¶y sau ®ã) Last week (TuÇn råi) The previous week (TuÇn tríc) Last year (N¨m råi) The previous year (N¨m tríc) A year ago (C¸ch ®©y mét n¨m) A year before (Tríc ®ã mét n¨m)



Next week (TuÇn tíi) The following week (TuÇn sau ®ã) Next year (N¨m tíi) The following year (N¨m sau ®ã) Nowadays (Thêi nay) In those days (Thêi Êy) Now (B©y giê) Then (Khi Êy), At that time (Khi Êy) Ago (Tríc ®©y) Before, earlier (Tríc ®ã)

Here (™ ®©y) There (™ ®ã) This (...nµy) That (... Êy) These (Nh÷ng...nµy) Those (Nh÷ng ... Êy) I (T«i) He / She (Anh ta/c« ta) We (Chóng t«i) They (Hä) My (... cña t«i) His / Her (...cña anh ta/... cña c« ta) Our (... cña chóng t«i) Their (... cña hä) Shall Should (nÕu ®éng tõ têng thuËt ë Th× qu¸ khø) Will Would (®éng tõ ë Th× qu¸ khø) Can (Cã thÓ) Could May (Cã thÓ) Might Must (Ph¶i) Must, Had to

VÝ dô : - " Many Italian tourists will come here tomorrow ", said the hotel manager (Gi¸m ®èc kh¸ch s¹n nãi : "Ngµy mai, nhiÒu du kh¸ch sÏ ®Õn ®©y") ---> The hotel manager said that many Italian tourists would come there the following day (Gi¸m ®èc kh¸ch s¹n nãi r»ng h«m sau, nhiÒu du kh¸ch sÏ ®Õn ®ã). - "I finished reading this story-book the day before yesterday", he said (Anh ta nãi : "H«m kia, t«i ®· ®äc xong quyÓn truyÖn nµy ") ---> He said that he had finished reading that story-book two days before (Anh ta nãi r»ng anh ta ®· ®äc xong quyÓn truyÖn Êy hai h«m tríc ®ã).

§Æc biÖt

- My vÉn lµ My vµ I vÉn lµ I , nÕu ngêi nãi tù thuËt lêi cña m×nh. Ch¼ng h¹n, I said : "I lost my key yesterday" (T«i nãi : "H«m qua t«i mÊt ch×a kho¸") ---> I said that I had lost my key the day before (T«i nãi r»ng h«m tríc ®ã t«i mÊt ch×a kho¸). T¬ng tù, Our vÉn lµ Our vµ We vÉn lµ We , nÕu ngêi nãi tù thuËt lêi cña m×nh. Ch¼ng h¹n, We said : "We shall meet our family at the airport " (Chóng t«i nãi : "Chóng t«i sÏ ®ãn gia ®×nh chóng t«i t¹i s©n bay") ---> We said that we should meet our family at the airport (Chóng t«i nãi r»ng chóng t«i sÏ ®ãn gia ®×nh chóng t«i t¹i s©n bay). - NÕu lêi nãi trùc tiÕp vµ lêi thuËt l¹i ®îc ph¸t ra cïng mét ngµy th× khái cÇn ®æi tõ ng÷ vÒ thêi gian nh trªn. Ch¼ng h¹n, This morning, she said : "I'll go to church today" (S¸ng nay, c« ta nãi : "H«m nay, t«i sÏ ®i nhµ thê ")---> This morning, she said that she would go to church today (S¸ng nay, c« ta nãi r»ng h«m nay c« ta sÏ ®i lÔ)

TUONG THUAT CAU HOI CAU MENH LENH ChuyÓn tõ c©u hái trùc tiÕp sang c©u hái gi¸n tiÕp Th«ng thêng, c©u hái b¾t ®Çu b»ng c¸c tõWho , What , How , When , Where hoÆcWhy , ®ång

thêi cã sù ®¶o ngîc chñ tõ (trõ phiWho vµ What lµ chñ tõ cña c©u hái). NÕu chuyÓn sang c©u hái gi¸n tiÕp th× kh«ng ®¶o ngîc chñ tõ n÷a vµ còng kh«ng cÇn dÊu hái n÷a. Ngoµi ra, ph¶i lu ý nh÷ng ®iÓm cÇn thay ®æi cho phï hîp.



VÝ dô : - " Who are they speaking to?", she asked (C« ta hái : "Hä ®ang nãi chuyÖn víi ai vËy?") ----> She asked who they were speaking to (C« ta hái hä ®ang nãi chuyÖn víi ai). - " Who phoned me up yesterday morning?", he inquired (H¾n hái : " Ai gäi ®iÖn tho¹i cho t«i s¸ng h«m qua?") ---> He inquired who had phoned him up the previous morning (H¾n hái ai ®· gäi ®iÖn tho¹i cho h¾n s¸ng h«m tríc ®ã). - " What happened last night?", he wondered (H¾n th¾c m¾c : "§iÒu g× ®· x¶y ra ®ªm qua?") ---> He wondered what had happened the night before (H¾n th¾c m¾c kh«ng biÕt ®iÒu g× ®· x¶y ra ®ªm tríc ®ã).

§éng tõ têng thuËt lµ Say th× ph¶i ®æi thµnh Ask , Inquire , Wonder hoÆc Want to know ...

VÝ dô : - " What is the weather like?", she said to me (C« ta b¶o t«i : "Thêi tiÕt thÕ nµo?") ---> She asked me what the weather was like (C« ta hái t«i thêi tiÕt thÕ nµo) - " What shall I do first, mother?", he said (H¾n nãi : "MÑ ¬i, con sÏ lµm g× tríc tiªn?") ---> He asked his mother what he should do first (H¾n hái mÑ h¾n xem sÏ lµm g× tríc tiªn). - " When will they help me?", she said (C« ta nãi : "Khi nµo hä sÏ gióp t«i?") ---> She inquired when they would help her (C« ta hái khi nµo hä sÏ gióp c« ta).

NÕu c©u hái trùc tiÕp kh«ng b¾t ®Çu b»ng Who , What , How , When , Where hoÆcWhy , c©u hái gi¸n tiÕp sÏ b¾t ®Çu b»ng If hoÆc Whether . VÝ dô :

- " Are you Hoa?", I said to her (T«i b¶o c« ta : "C« lµ Hoa ph¶i kh«ng?") ---> I asked her if she was Hoa (T«i hái c« ta xem c« ta cã ph¶i lµ Hoa hay kh«ng). - "Can you speak French?", she said to me (C« ta b¶o t«i : "Anh nãi ®îc tiÕng Ph¸p hay kh«ng?") ---> She asked me if / whether I could speak French (C« ta hái t«i nãi ®îc tiÕng Ph¸p hay kh«ng). - "Did anybody see me?", he said to me (H¾n b¶o t«i : "Cã ai nh×n thÊy t«i hay kh«ng?") ---> He asked me if / whether anybody had seen him (H¾n hái t«i cã ai nh×n thÊy h¾n hay kh«ng). - "Mary, are there many people in this room?", they said (Hä b¶o : "Mary, cã nhiÒu ngêi trong phßng nµy hay kh«ng?") ---> They asked Mary if / whether there were many people in that room (Hä hái Mary xem cã nhiÒu ngêi trong phßng ®ã hay kh«ng).

§Æc biÖt

T¬ng tù, ta còng ®æi ®îc c©u c¶m th¸n trùc tiÕp thµnh c©u c¶m th¸n gi¸n tiÕp. VÝ dô :

- "How well she sings!", they said (Hä nãi : "C« ta h¸t hay qu¸ ! ") ---> They exclaimed that she sang very well (Hä thèt lªn r»ng c« ta h¸t hay qu¸). - "What a picturesque garden! ", she said (C« ta nãi : "Khu vên thËt th¬ méng! ") ---> She exclaimed that it was a picturesque garden (C« ta thèt lªn r»ng ®óng lµ mét khu vên th¬ méng).

ChuyÓn tõ c©u mÖnh lÖnh trùc tiÕp sangc©u mÖnh lÖnh gi¸n tiÕp §éng tõ têng thuËt thêng dïng lµ Tell (b¶o) , Ask (yªu cÇu) , Advise (khuyªn), Warn (c¨n

dÆn), Order (Ra lÖnh), Remind (Nh¾c) ...



VÝ dô : - "Open the door! ", he said to the doorkeeper (¤ng ta b¶o ngêi g¸c cöa : "Më cöa ra !") ---> He told / ordered the doorkeeper to open the door (¤ng ta b¶o/ra lÖnh cho ngêi g¸c cöa më cöa ra). - "Don't make any spelling mistake!", they said to the examinees (Hä b¶o c¸c thÝ sinh : "§õng viÕt sai chÝnh t¶! ") ---> They asked / advised the examinees not to make any spelling mistake (Hä yªu cÇu/khuyªn c¸c thÝ sinh ®õng viÕt sai chÝnh t¶). - "Don't forget to feed the dogs! ", Ann said to the servant (Ann b¶o ngêi gióp viÖc : "§õng quªn cho chã ¨n nhÐ!") ---> Ann reminded the servant to feed the dogs (Ann nh¾c ngêi gióp viÖc cho chã ¨n). - "Lan, drive carefully! ", I said (T«i nãi : "Lan, h·y l¸i xe cÈn thËn!") ---> I told / warned Lan to drive carefully (T«i b¶o/c¨n dÆn Lan l¸i xe cÈn thËn). LIEN TU TONG QUAN E LT

Lµ mét lo¹i tõ kh«ng biÕn ®æi, Liªn tõ cã c«ng dông : a) Nèi hai tõ cïng mét chøc n¨ng trong mét mÖnh ®Ò b) Nèi hai mÖnh ®Ò cïng mét chøc n¨ng trong mét c©u, hoÆc hai c©u riªng biÖt nhau c) Nèi mÖnh ®Ò phô (Subordinate Clause) víi mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh (Main Clause) trong mét c©u

Liªn tõ trong trêng hîp a vµ b lµ Liªn tõ kÕt hîp (Co-ordinating Conjunction), ch¼ng h¹n nh And , Or , But , Yet , Still , However , Therefore , Nevertheless , Neither ... nor , Not only... but also , Both ... and , So , Otherwise ... Liªn tõ trong trêng hîpc lµ Liªn tõ phô thuéc (Subordinating Conjunction), ch¼ng h¹n nh That , Because , For , So that , If , When , After , Unless , Provided that , Though ...

VD VE LIEN TU KET HOP 1) I live with my brothers and sisters (T«i sèng víi anh t«i vµ chÞ t«i) 2) She came in and sat down (C« ta ®i vµo vµ ngåi xuèng) 3) This restaurant serves cheap but excellent food (Nhµ hµng nµy phôc vô thøc ¨n rÎ nhng ngon tuyÖt) 4) My father likes traditional music, but my mother doesn't (Cha t«i thÝch ©m nh¹c cæ truyÒn, nhng mÑ t«i th× kh«ng) 5) Is the baby a boy or a girl? (§øa bÐ lµ trai hay g¸i?) 6) You can walk up or take a bus (B¹n cã thÓ ®i bé hoÆc ®i xe bóyt) 7) We have neither time nor money for concerts (T«i ch¼ng cã thêi giê mµ còng ch¼ng cã tiÒn ®Ó ®i nghe nh¹c) 8) Not only men but also women appear in that casino (Kh«ng nh÷ng ®µn «ng mµ c¶ ®µn bµ còng xuÊt hiÖn trong sßng b¹c Êy) 9) Both his brother and sister are unmarried (C¶ anh lÉn chÞ nã ®Òu cßn ®éc th©n) 10) He worked hard, yet he failed in his finals (Nã häc hµnh ch¨m chØ, vËy mµ nã vÉn trît kú thi tèt nghiÖp) 11) They've behaved badly towards you; still, they are your intimate friends and you should help them (Hä ®èi xö tÖ víi anh; tuy nhiªn, hä vÉn lµ b¹n th©n cña anh vµ anh nªn gióp hä)



12) I shall invite Hoa to dinner. However, she may not accept my invitation (T«i sÏ mêi Hoa ®i ¨n tèi. Tuy nhiªn, cã thÓ c« ta kh«ng nhËn lêi mêi cña t«i) 13) There was no letter of introduction; nevertheless we came there (Ch¼ng cã giÊy giíi thiÖu g× c¶, song chóng t«i vÉn ®Õn ®ã) 14) They always get up late, so we cannot wait for them (Hä lu«n dËy muén, nªn chóng t«i kh«ng thÓ ®îi hä) 15) Put on your raincoat; otherwise you'll catch cold (H·y mÆc ¸o ma vµo; nÕu kh«ng, b¹n sÏ bÞ c¶m l¹nh)

VD VE MENH DE PHU 1) Everyone thinks that it is going to rain (Mäi ngêi ®Òu nghÜ r»ng trêi s¾p ma) 2) They didn't acknowledge that they had been defeated by the revolutionary army (Hä ch¼ng thõa nhËn r»ng hä ®· bÞ qu©n ®éi c¸ch m¹ng ®¸nh b¹i) Lu ý Cã thÓ bá That nÕu That nghÜa lµ R»ng . 3) I watched her as she was making herself up (T«i ng¾m c« ta khi c« ta ®ang trang trang ®iÓm) 4) As he grew older, he took more interest in reading (Khi «ng ta cµng giµ, «ng ta cµng mª ®äc s¸ch) 5) It's ages since I left this quiet town (§· qua bao n¨m th¸ng tõ khi t«i gi· tõ thÞ trÊn yªn tÜnh nµy) 6) I have been lovesick since I saw her again (T«i m¾c chøng t¬ng t tõ khi gÆp l¹i c« ta) 7) Don't forget to turn off the lights before you leave home (§õng quªn t¾t ®Ìn tríc khi ra khái nhµ) 8) We arrived when it was raining (Chóng t«i ®Õn khi trêi ®ang ma) 9) He fell asleep while his parents were saying their prayers (Nã ngñ gËt trong lóc bè mÑ nã ®ang cÇu kinh ) 10) I shall go with you as soon as I have finished my homework (T«i sÏ ®i víi anh ngay khi t«i lµm xong bµi tËp ë nhµ) 11) Let's wait till the rain stops (Chóng ta h·y ®îi ®Õn khi ma t¹nh) 12) He had no sooner drunk wine than he began to vomit (H¾n võa uèng rîu vµo lµ n«n möa ngay) 13) As you are strong in French, you'd better translate this document (V× anh giái tiÕng Ph¸p, anh nªn dÞch tµi liÖu nµy) 14) As it rains cats and dogs, we resign ourselves to staying at home (Do trêi ma nh trót níc, chóng t«i ®µnh ph¶i ë nhµ) 15) Since his child has a high fever, he cannot go to work (V× con anh ta bÞ sèt cao, anh ta kh«ng ®i lµm ®îc) 16) Since this phrase has more than eight characters, we cannot use it as a password (Do côm tõ nµy dµi qu¸ t¸m ký tù, ta kh«ng thÓ dïng nã lµm mËt khÈu) 17) They have nothing to eat, for their parents have been out of work (Chóng ch¼ng cã g× ®Ó ¨n, v× bè mÑ chóng ®· thÊt nghiÖp)



18) Because the water had risen, the troops couldn't cross the river (Do níc s«ng ®· d©ng cao, binh lÝnh kh«ng vît s«ng ®îc) 19) The old mendicant went away because nobody gave him money (L·o hµnh khÊt bá ®i v× ch¼ng ai cho tiÒn) 20) Why did you do it? - I did it just because I flew into a temper (T¹i sao anh lµm ®iÒu ®ã? - T«i lµm ®iÒu ®ã chØ v× qu¸ giËn d÷) 21) He stole not because he wanted money, but because he liked stealing (H¾n ¨n c¾p kh«ng ph¶i v× cÇn tiÒn, mµ v× h¾n thÝch ¨n c¾p) Lu ý Liªn tõ As vµ Since thêng ®øng ë ®Çu c©u ®Ó chØ nguyªn nh©n. Liªn tõ For kh«ng ®øng ë ®Çu c©u. Because thay cho For khi tr¶ lêi c©u hái vµ khi theo sau

Not, But hoÆc Just ... 22) Please bring it nearer that I may see it better (Lµm ¬n ®a çi ®ã l¹i gÇn ®Ó t«i thÊy râ h¬n) 23) Light the lamp that he read the letter (H·y th¾p ®Ìn lªn ®Ó «ng Êy ®äc bøc th) 24) The workers got up early in order that their boss wouldn't tell them off (Çc c«ng nh©n dËy sím ®Ó «ng chñ khái m¾ng hä) 25) The contract is written in English and Chinese so that foreign partners can understand it (B¶n hîp ®ång viÕt b»ng tiÕng Anh vµ tiÕng Hoa ®Ó çc ®èi t¸c níc ngoµi cã thÓ hiÓu ®îc) 26) I speak slowly so that you would understand me through and through (T«i nãi chËm ®Ó anh hiÓu hÕt ý t«i) 27) I have kept some cans of grapefruit juice in the fridge in case we get thirsty (T«i ®· tr÷ s½n vµi lon níc nho trong tñ l¹nh ®Ó phßng khi kh¸t) 28) He ran away lest someone should recognize him (H¾n ch¹y biÕn ®i v× sî r»ng cã ngêi nhËn ra h¾n) 29) You delivered such a lengthy speech that nobody was patient enough to listen to you (Anh ®äc mét bµi diÔn v¨n dµi dßng ®Õn nçi kh«ng ai ®ñ kiªn nhÉn l¾ng nghe anh) 30) How could he be so stupid as to believe his boastful friends? (Sao nã l¹i ngèc ®Õn nçi tin vµo nh÷ng ®øa b¹n kho¸c l¸c?) 31) This man ate so many cakes that he suffered from indigestion (Ngêi ®µn «ng nµy ¨n nhiÒu b¸nh ®Õn nçi bÞ ®Çy bông) 32) He drank so much beer that he couldn't find his way home (¤ng ta uèng nhiÒu bia ®Õn nçi kh«ng biÕt ®êng vÒ nhµ) 33) So many people protested that the hypocrite had to shut up (Cã nhiÒu ngêi ph¶n ®èi ®Õn nçi kÎ gi¶ nh©n gi¶ nghÜa ph¶i c©m måm) 34) He showed so much concern about politics that people took him to be a future leader (H¾n quan t©m ®Õn chÝnh trÞ ®Õn nçi ngêi ta tëng h¾n lµ mét l·nh tô t¬ng lai) 35) His speech was so lengthy that nobody was patient enough to listen to him (Bµi diÔn v¨n cña anh ta dµi dßng ®Õn nçi kh«ng ai ®ñ kiªn nhÉn l¾ng nghe anh ta) 36) The thief ran so fast that nobody could catch him (Tªn trém ch¹y nhanh ®Õn nçi kh«ng ai tãm ®îc h¾n) 37) Elderly as they are, they exercise twice a day (Tuy ®· lín tuæi, hä vÉn tËp thÓ dôc hai lÇn mçi ngµy) 38) Impertinent as he is, he always holds his parents in high regard



(Dï xÊc l¸o ®Õn ®©u, h¾n vÉn lu«n kÝnh träng bè mÑ h¾n) 39) However talented you are, you remain fallible (Dï tµi giái ®Õn ®©u, anh vÉn cã thÓ ph¹m sai lÇm) 40) I cannot help blaming her though she is my only daughter (T«i kh«ng thÓ kh«ng tr¸ch nã dï nã lµ con g¸i duy nhÊt cña t«i) 41) Although my uncle was only an amateur photographer, he won first prize (Dï chØ lµ nhµ nhiÕp ¶nh nghiÖp d, chó t«i vÉn ®¹t gi¶i nhÊt) 42) I like them even though they may be my future opponents (T«i vÉn thÝch hä dï cã thÓ hä sÏ lµ ®èi thñ cña t«i trong t¬ng lai) 43) She refused to switch off the radio even if her husband was flying into a temper (Bµ ta vÉn cha chÞu t¾t m¸y thu thanh dï chång bµ ta ®ang næi c¬n thÞnh né) 44) Why didn't you tighten the screw as I told you to? (T¹i sao anh kh«ng siÕt chÆt ®inh èc nh t«i ®· b¶o anh?) 45) Leave the fingerprints as they are (H·y ®Ó nguyªn c¸c dÊu v©n tay) 46) It's just as I thought (§iÒu ®ã ®óng nh t«i nghÜ) 47) The hyprocrite behaves as if nobody equalled him in virtue (KÎ ®¹o ®øc gi¶ c xö nh thÓ kh«ng ai s¸nh næi víi h¾n vÒ ®øc h¹nh) 48) Lynn suddenly went pale as if she were about to faint (Lynn bçng t¸i nhît nh thÓ s¾p xØu) 49) They talk as though they knew each other for ages (Hä chuyÖn trß nh thÓ biÕt nhau l©u l¾m råi) 50) If I pass my exams, my parents will be very happy (NÕu t«i thi ®ç, bè mÑ t«i sÏ rÊt sung síng) 51) You will get a good seat, provided you come first (Anh sÏ kiÕm ®îc chç ngåi ®µng hoµng, miÔn lµ anh ®Õn tríc tiªn) 52) Supposing it rains, can we come back safe and sound? (Gi¶ sö trêi ma, chóng ta cã thÓ trë vÒ b×nh an v« sù hay kh«ng?) 53) You'll fail in mathematics unless you attend tutorial classes (B¹n sÏ trît m«n to¸n, trõ phi b¹n cã häc phô ®¹o)

SO DEM 1 ---> One (mét) 2 ---> Two (hai) 3 ---> Three (ba) 4 ---> Four (bèn) 5 ---> Five (n¨m) 6 ---> Six (s¸u) 7 ---> Seven (b¶y) 8 ---> Eight (t¸m) 9 ---> Nine (chÝn) 10 --> Ten (mêi) 11 --> Eleven (mêi mét) 12 --> Twelve (mêi hai) 13 --> Thirteen (mêi ba) 14 --> Fourteen (mêi bèn) 15 --> Fifteen (mêi l¨m) 16 --> Sixteen (mêi s¸u)



17 --> Seventeen (mêi b¶y) 18 --> Eighteen (mêi t¸m) 19 --> Nineteen (mêi chÝn) 20 --> Twenty (hai m¬i) 21 --> Twenty-one (hai m¬i mèt) 22 --> Twenty-two (hai m¬i hai) 23 --> Twenty-three (hai m¬i ba) 24 --> Twenty-four (hai m¬i bèn) 25 --> Twenty-five (hai m¬i l¨m) 26 --> Twenty-six (hai m¬i s¸u) 27 --> Twenty-seven (hai m¬i b¶y) 28 --> Twenty-eight (hai m¬i t¸m) 29 --> Twenty-nine (hai m¬i chÝn) 30 --> Thirty (ba m¬i) 31 --> Thirty-one (ba m¬i mèt) 40 --> Forty (bèn m¬i) 50 --> Fifty (n¨m m¬i) 60 --> Sixty (s¸u m¬i) 70 --> Seventy (b¶y m¬i) 80 --> Eighty (t¸m m¬i) 90 --> Ninety (chÝn m¬i) 100 ---> A hundred (mét tr¨m) 1000 ---> A thousand (mét ngh×n) 1,000,000 ---> A million (mét triÖu) 400 ---> Four hundred (bèn tr¨m) 140 ---> A hundred and forty (mét tr¨m bèn m¬i) 525 ---> Five hundred and twenty-five (n¨m tr¨m hai m¬i l¨m) 1,101 ---> One thousand, one hundred and one (mét ngh×n mét tr¨m lÎ mét) 3,200 ---> Three thousand, two hundred (ba ngh×n hai tr¨m) 7,000 ---> Seven thousand (b¶y ngh×n) 450,259 ---> Four hundred and fifty thousand, two hundred and fifty-nine (bèn tr¨m n¨m m¬i ngh×n hai tr¨m n¨m m¬i chÝn) 809,000,000 ---> Eight hundred and nine million (t¸m tr¨m lÎ chÝn triÖu) Lu ý

- Five hundred men (n¨m tr¨m ngêi), nhng Hundreds of people (hµng tr¨m ngêi) - Eight thousand pounds (t¸m ngh×n b¶ng), nhng Thousands of pounds (hµng ngh×n b¶ng) - Four dozen eggs (bèn t¸ trøng), nhng Dozens of times (hµng chôc lÇn) - 6.6 ®äc lµ "Six point six" (s¸u phÈy s¸u) - 14.65 ®äc lµ "Fourteen point six five" (mêi bèn phÈy s¸u m¬i l¨m) - 0.5 ®äc lµ "Nought point five" (kh«ng phÈy n¨m) - 9.09 ®äc lµ "Nine point nought nine" (chÝn phÈy kh«ng chÝn) SO THU TU

First (thø nhÊt) Second (thø hai) Third (thø ba)



Fourth (thø t) Fifth (thø n¨m) Sixth (thø s¸u) Seventh (thø b¶y) Eighth (thø t¸m) Ninth (thø chÝn) Tenth (thø mêi) Eleventh (thø mêi mét) Twelfth (thø mêi hai) Thirteenth (thø mêi ba) Fourteenth (thø mêi bèn) Fifteenth (thø mêi l¨m) Sixteenth (thø mêi s¸u) Seventeenth (thø mêi b¶y) Eighteenth (thø mêi t¸m) Nineteenth (thø mêi chÝn) Twentieth (thø hai m¬i) Twenty-first ( thø hai m¬i mèt) Twenty-second (thø hai m¬i hai) Twenty-third (thø hai m¬i ba) Twenty-fourth (thø hai m¬i bèn) Twenty-fifth (thø hai m¬i l¨m) Twenty-sixth (thø hai m¬i s¸u) Twenty-seventh (thø hai m¬i b¶y) Twenty-eighth (thø hai m¬i t¸m) Twenty-ninth (thø hai m¬i chÝn) Thirtieth (thø ba m¬i) Thirty-first (thø ba m¬i mèt) Fortieth (thø bèn m¬i) Fiftieth (thø n¨m m¬i) Sixtieth (thø s¸u m¬i) Seventieth (thø b¶y m¬i) Eightieth (thø t¸m m¬i) Ninetieth (thø chÝn m¬i) Hundredth (thø mét tr¨m) Thousandth (thø mét ngh×n) Millionth (thø mét triÖu) Lu ý

- 1/5 ®äc lµ A /one fifth & 3/5 ®äc lµ Three fifths & - 1/8 ®äc lµ A /one eighth & 5/10 ®äc lµ Five tenths . - 4 1/4 kilos ®äc lµ Two and a quarter kilos . - 1/2 gi©y ®äc lµ Half a second , nhng 1/4 gi©y ®äc lµ A quarter of a second . - Five (sè ®Õm) --> Fifth (sè thø tù) & Eight (sè ®Õm) --> Eighth (sè thø tù) & Nine (sè ®Õm) --> Ninth (sè thø tù) & Twelve (sè ®Õm) --> Twelfth (sè thø tù).



- First = 1st & Second = 2 nd & Third = 3 rd & Fourth = 4 th. Ch¼ng h¹n, Forty-first viÕt lµ 41st & Seventy-second viÕt lµ 72 nd & Ninety-third viÕt lµ 93 rd. - Tríc sè thø tù thêng cã The. Ch¼ng h¹n, The hundredth anniversary of the poet's death (lÔ kû niÖm lÇn thø mét tr¨m ngµy mÊt cña thi sÜ), The first three weeks (ba tuÇn ®Çu tiªn), The fifty-seventh passenger (hµnh kh¸ch thø 57)

NGAY THANG

B¶y ngµy trong tuÇn Sunday (Sun.) (Chñ NhËt) Monday (Mon.) (Thø Hai) Tuesday (Tues.) (Thø Ba) Wednesday (Wed.) (Thø T) Thursday (Thurs.) (Thø N¨m) Friday (Fri.) (Thø S¸u) Saturday (Sat.) (Thø B¶y) Mêi hai th¸ng trong n¨m January (Jan.) (Th¸ng Giªng) February (Feb.) (Th¸ng Hai) March (Mar.) (Th¸ng Ba) April (Apr.) (Th¸ng T) May (Th¸ng N¨m) June (Th¸ng S¸u) July (Th¸ng B¶y) August (Aug.) (Th¸ng T¸m) September (Sept.) (Th¸ng ChÝn) October (Oct.) (Th¸ng Mêi) November (Nov.) (Th¸ng Mêi Mét) December (Dec.) (Th¸ng Mêi Hai) Lu ý Ngµy ®îc viÕt b»ng nhiÒu c¸ch. Ch¼ng h¹n, ngµy 16/10 ®äc lµ The sixteenth of October &

October the sixteenth vµ viÕt lµOctober 16 & 16 October & 16th of October &October 16th & 16th October & October the 16th .

N¨m 1998 ®äc lµ Nineteen hundred and ninety-eight hoÆc Nineteen ninety-eight . BC (Before Christ) nghÜa lµ tríc C«ng nguyªn , cßn AD (Anno Domini) nghÜa lµ sau C«ng

nguyªn .

QUI TAC CHINH TA 1) GÊp ®«i phô ©m a) §èi víi tõ ®¬n ©m tiÕt cã cÊu tróc tèi ®a ba phô ©m + mét nguyªn ©m + mét phô ©m, ta gÊp ®«i phô ©m cuèi khi ghÐp thªm mét hËu tè b¾t ®Çu b»ng nguyªn ©m.

VÝ dô: Step + ing = Stepping



Split + ing = Splitting Run + er = Runner Gun + er = Gunner Shop + ing = Shopping

Tuy nhiªn, nÕu phô ©m cuèi lµ w, x hoÆc y th× kh«ng gÊp ®«i phô ©m nh trªn. VÝ dô:

Bow + ed = Bowed Bay + ing = Baying Box + ing = Boxing

b) §èi víi tõ hai hoÆc ba ©m tiÕt mµ ©m tiÕt cuèi lµ mét phô ©m + mét nguyªn ©m + mét phô ©m (nhÊt lµ khi träng ©m r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt cuèi), ta còng gÊp ®«i phô ©m cuèi.

VÝ dô: Admit + ed = Admitted Begin + er = Beginner Recur + ing = Recurring Refer + ed = Referred Occur +ed = Occurred Handicap + ed = Handicapped Worship + ed = Worshipped

Nhng Murmur --->Murmuring , Murmured Shelter ---> Sheltered , Sheltering Utter ---> Uttered , Uttering Answer + ing = Answered , Answering Limit ---> Limited, Limiting Budget ---> Budgeting

Focus + ed ---> Focussed hoÆc Focused Bias + ed ---> Biassed hoÆc Biased c) §èi víi tõ tËn cïng b»ng mét nguyªn ©m (hoÆc hai nguyªn ©m ®äc rêi nhau) + l, ta còng gÊp ®«i l.

VÝ dô: Appal + ed = Appalled Cruel + ly = Cruelly Fuel + ing = Fuelling Signal + er = Signaller

§«i khi ngêi Mü viÕt Modeler , Labeling , Traveler , Funneling , Signaler , Duelist , Fueling ... Tuy nhiªn, hä vÉn gÊp ®«i l khi träng ©m r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt cuèi, ch¼ng h¹n nh Repel + ed = Repelled , Rebel + ing = Rebelling . 2) Tõ tËn cïng b»ng e



a) §èi víi tõ tËn cïng b»ng mét phô ©m + e, ta bá e khi thªm hËu tè vµo. VÝ dô:

Use +able = Usable Move + able = Movable Remove + er = Remover

Love + er = Lover Strike + er = Striker

Thrive +ing = Thriving Nhng

Dye + ing = Dyeing Singe + ing = Singeing

Age + ing = Ageing hoÆc Aging b) E kh«ng mÊt ®i khi hËu tè b¾t ®Çu b»ng mét phô ©m.

VÝ dô: Manage + ment = Management

Infringe + ment = Infringement Deliberate + ly = Deliberately Polite + ly = Politely Spite + ful = Spiteful Peace + ful = Peaceful Forgive + ness = Forgiveness

Nhng Probable + ly = Probably Visible + ly = Visibly

Argue + ment = Argument Due + ly = Duly True + ly = Truly Whole + ly = Wholly Judge + ment = Judgement hoÆc Judgment

c) §èi víi tõ tËn cïng b»ng ee, ta còng kh«ng bá ee khi thªm hËu tè. VÝ dô:

Disagree ---> Disagreed , Disagreeing , Disagreement , Disagreeable Free ---> Freed , Freeing , Freedom , Freeman

d) §èi víi tõ tËn cïng b»ng ge, ta còng kh«ng bá e khi thªm hËu tè ous.

VÝ dô: Courage + ous = Courageous Outrage + ous = Outrageous

e) §èi víi tõ tËn cïng b»ng ge hoÆc ce, ta còng kh«ng bá e khi thªm hËu tè able. VÝ dô:



Enforce + able = Enforceable Service + able = Serviceable Knowledge + able = Knowledgeable Manage + able = Manageable

3) Tõ tËn cïng b»ng y a) §èi víi tõ tËn cïng b»ng mét phô ©m + y , ta ®æi y thµnh i khi thªm hËu tè vµo (ngo¹i trõ hËu tè ing).

VÝ dô: Carry + er = Carrier , nhng Carry + ing = Carrying Hurry + ed = Hurried , nhng Hurry + ing = Hurrying Lucky + ly = Luckily Worthy + ly = Worthily

b) §èi víi tõ tËn cïng b»ng mét nguyªn ©m + y, y vÉn lµ y.

VÝ dô: Grey + ed = Greyed , Grey + ish = Greyish Pay + able = Payable , Pay + ment = Payment

4) Sù kh¸c biÖt vÒ chÝnh t¶ gi÷a tiÕng Anh vµ tiÕng Mü a) Our cña Anh trë thµnh or cña Mü.

Ch¼ng h¹n, Neighbour ---> Neighbor, Favour ---> Favor, Labour ---> Labor, Colour ---> Color.

b) Gue trë thµnh g. Ch¼ng h¹n:

Dialogue ---> Dialog, Catalogue ---> Catalog, Monologue ---> Monolog, Epilogue ---> Epilog.

c) Re trë thµnh er. Ch¼ng h¹n:

Theatre ---> Theater, Centre ---> Center. Calibre ---> Caliber.

d) Vµi trêng hîp ce trë thµnh se. Ch¼ng h¹n:

Defence ---> Defense, Offence ---> Offense, Licence ---> License. Tõ ®©y, suy ra nh÷ng trêng hîp nh: Tyre ---> Tire, Cheque ---> Check, Aluminium ---> Aluminum, Aeroplane ---> Airplane.

e) §«i khi mét sù vËt ®îc diÔn t¶ b»ng hai tõ kh¸c nhau. Anh Mü Autumn Fall Bonnet Hood



Current account Checking account Flat Apartment Full stop Period Lift Elevator Pavement Sidewalk Saloon Sedan Timetable Schedule Toilet Bathroom, Rest-room Underground/Tube Subway Ngoµi ra, ph¶i kÓ ®Õn nh÷ng tõ dÔ bÞ lÉn lén nh: Affect - Effect , Except - Accept , Fare - Fair ,For - Four , Formally - Formerly , Passed - Past , Peace - Piece , Principal - Principle ,Stationary - Stationery ... 5) Th¸n tõ (Interjection) Th¸n tõ lµ tõ hoÆc côm tõ dïng nh mét tõ c¶m th¸n. Ch¼ng h¹n, Oh ! (Û!), Hurray ! (Hoan

h«!), Alas ! (Than «i !), For goodness sake ! (V× Chóa!), Cheers ! (Chóc søc khoÎ ! & T¹m biÖt nhÐ !), Sorry ! (Xin lçi !), Please ... (Xin vui lßng ...), Nonsense ! (BËy nµo!) ...

CAU VA MENH DE PHU

C©u (Sentence) Theo nghÜa th× cã 4 lo¹i c©u : 1) C©u kÓ (Declarative Sentence). Ch¼ng h¹n, I'm this girl's elder brother (T«i lµ anh cña c« g¸i nµy), She doesn't know how to use microcomputers (C« ta kh«ng biÕt c¸ch sö dông m¸y vi tÝnh). 2) C©u hái (Interrogative Sentence). Ch¼ng h¹n, Who are you ? (Anh lµ ai?), Does he like martial arts ? (Anh ta cã thÝch vâ thuËt hay kh«ng?), What time is it ? (MÊy giê råi?). 3) C©u mÖnh lÖnh (Imperative Sentence). Ch¼ng h¹n, Go away ! (H·y cót ®i !), Don't forget to lock the door ! (§õng quªn kho¸ cöa nhÐ !). 4) C©u c¶m th¸n (Exclamatory Sentence). Ch¼ng h¹n, What a good idea ! (ThËt lµ mét ý kiÕn hay !), What beautiful flowers he has ! (Anh ta cã nh÷ng b«ng hoa ®Ñp biÕt bao !) How lovely she is ! (C« Êy cã duyªn lµm sao !), How he snores ! (Nã ng¸y sao mµ to thÕ !), How fast he runs ! (Nã ch¹y nhanh thËt !). Theo h×nh thøc th× cã 3 lo¹i c©u : 1) C©u ®¬n (Simple Sentence) lµ c©u cã ván vÑn mét mÖnh ®Ò. Ch¼ng h¹n, I tell them to stand up (T«i b¶o hä ®øng dËy), He was late for school (Nã ®i häc trÔ), How old are you ? (Anh bao nhiªu tuæi?), Never go out in the rain ! (§õng bao giê ®i ra ngoµi ma), How chubby the child is ! (§øa bÐ sao mµ mòm mÜm thÕ !). 2) C©u kÐp (Compound Sentence) lµ c©u gåm hai hoÆc nhiÒu mÖnh ®Ò ®éc lËp nèi víi nhau b»ng liªn tõ And, Or, But ... Ch¼ng h¹n, He went to the movies, but his younger sister didn't (Nã ®i xem chiÕu bãng, nhng em g¸i nã th× kh«ng); She doesn't like John and neither do I (C« ta kh«ng thÝch John vµ t«i còng vËy). 3) C©u phøc (Complex sentence) lµ c©u cã mét mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh vµ mét hoÆc nhiÒu mÖnh ®Ò phô. Ch¼ng h¹n, I want to know with whom he comes here and why he has no money (T«i muèn biÕt

h¾n ®Õn ®©y víi ai vµ t¹i sao h¾n kh«ng cã tiÒn). ™ ®©y mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh lµ I want to know , hai



mÖnh ®Ò phô lµ With whom he comes here vµ Why he has no money (hai mÖnh ®Ò phô nµy nèi víi nhau b»ng liªn tõ And). MÖnh ®Ò (Clause) MÖnh ®Ò lµ mét nhãm tõ /côm tõ gåm chñ tõ (Subject), ®éng tõ ®· chia (Finite Verb) vµ cã thÓ cã hoÆc kh«ng cã tóc tõ (Object). Ch¼ng h¹n, The dog barks (Con chã sña) hoÆc The dog wags its tails (Con chã vÉy ®u«i). Mét c©u cã thÓ gåm nhiÒu mÖnh ®Ò, chø kh«ng ph¶i lóc nµo còng ván vÑn mét mÖnh ®Ò. Ch¼ng h¹n,They burst out laughing because his gestures look very comic (Hä cêi ph¸ lªn v× cö chØ cña anh ta tr«ng rÊt kh«i hµi), I want to know who you are and why you come here (T«i muèn biÕt anh lµ ai vµ t¹i sao anh ®Õn ®©y). MÖnh ®Ò ®éc lËp (Independent Clause hoÆc Simple Clause) lµ mÖnh ®Ò tù nã ®· ®ñ nghÜa,

ch¼ng phô thuéc mÖnh ®Ò nµo kh¸c vµ còng ch¼ng mÖnh ®Ò nµo kh¸c phô thuéc nã. Ch¼ng h¹n, My name is Hoa (Tªn t«i lµ Hoa), They went to bed at midnight (Hä ®i ngñ lóc nöa ®ªm).

MÖnh ®Ò kÕt hîp (Co-ordinate clause) lµ mét trong hai hoÆc mét trong nhiÒu mÖnh ®Ò ®éc lËp víi nhau; c¸c mÖnh ®Ò nµy nèi víi nhau b»ng liªn tõ kÕt hîp (Co-ordinating Conjunction). Ch¼ng h¹n, He ate bread and drank orangeade (Anh ta ¨n b¸nh m× vµ uèng níc cam).

MÖnh ®Ò chÝnh (Main Clause) lµ mÖnh ®Ò mµ c¸c mÖnh ®Ò kh¸c trong c©u ph¶i phô thuéc vµo.

MÖnh ®Ò phô (Subordinate Clause) lµ mÖnh ®Ò phô thuéc mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh vµ thêng b¾t ®Çu b»ng mét liªn tõ hoÆc mét ®¹i tõ quan hÖ. Ch¼ng h¹n, trong c©u If it rains, we shall stay at home (NÕu trêi ma, chóng t«i sÏ ë nhµ), MÖnh ®Ò chÝnh lµ We shall stay at home , MÖnh ®Ò phô lµ If it rains. Trong c©u I want to meet the girl who spoke to you this morning (T«i muèn gÆp c« g¸i nãi chuyÖn víi anh s¸ng nay), MÖnh ®Ò chÝnh lµ I want to meet the girl , MÖnh ®Ò phô lµ Who spoke to you this morning

MÖnh ®Ò cã tÝnh chÊt danh tõ (Noun Clause). Ch¼ng h¹n, That they are married is known to very few people (ViÖc hä lÊy nhau rÊt Ýt ngêi biÕt), Tom said that he would become a world-famous lawyer (Tom nãi r»ng anh ta sÏ trë thµnh mét luËt s næi tiÕng kh¾p thÕ giíi), They were anxious that you hadn't phoned (Hä lo l¾ng vÒ viÖc anh kh«ng gäi ®iÖn tho¹i), I didn' t know whether I should laugh or cry (T«i ch¼ng biÕt nªn cêi hay khãc), I want to know why you behaved towards them in this way (T«i muèn biÕt t¹i sao anh ®èi xö víi hä nh vËy), Let me know where you lived last year (H·y cho t«i biÕt n¨m ngo¸i anh sèng ë ®©u).

MÖnh ®Ò cã tÝnh chÊt phã tõ (Adverbial Clause). Ch¼ng h¹n, I like Hoa because she is always sincere (T«i thÝch Hoa v× c« ta lu«n ch©n thËt), I've known him since he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel (T«i biÕt «ng ta tõ khi «ng ta ®îc th¨ng lªn trung t¸), War breaks out easily wherever there is hunger and poverty (ChiÕn tranh dÔ bïng næ ë n¬i nµo cã c¶nh ®ãi nghÌo), Do it exactly as I've shown you (H·y lµm ®óng nh t«i ®· chØ ), I'll shoot if you don't step backwards (NÕu anh kh«ng lïi l¹i, t«i sÏ b¾n).

MÖnh ®Ò cã tÝnh chÊt tÝnh tõ (Adjectival Clause). Ch¼ng h¹n, I don't like the restaurant where they will throw a house-warming party (T«i ch¼ng thÝch nhµ hµng n¬i hä sÏ tæ chøc tiÖc mõng t©n gia), I have some recollection of the first day when my son went to school (T«i cßn nhí l¹i ®«i chót vÒ ngµy ®Çu tiªn con trai t«i ®i häc).

MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ (Relative Clause). Ch¼ng h¹n, The woman who phoned me last night wants to buy my house (Ngêi ®µn bµ gäi ®iÖn tho¹i cho t«i ®ªm qua muèn mua c¨n nhµ cña t«i), The boy whose father is on the phone has a very beautiful toy (CËu bÐ mµ bè ®ang nãi



chuyÖn ®iÖn tho¹i cã mét mãn ®å ch¬i rÊt ®Ñp), Here are the newspapers that I read last week (§©y lµ nh÷ng tê b¸o mµ tuÇn råi t«i ®äc).

HiÖn t¹i vµ Qu¸ khø ®¬n Qu¸ khø NghÜa nguyªn mÉu ph©n tõ Abide Abode Abode Tån t¹i ; Tró ngô Arise Arose Arisen XuÊt hiÖn, ph¸t sinh Awake Awoke/Awaked Awoken/Awaked Thøc dËy Be Was/Were Been Th× ; Lµ Bear Bore Born/borne Mang ; ChÞu ®ùng ; Sinh ra Beat Beat Beaten §¸nh ®Ëp; §¸nh b¹i Become Became Become Trë nªn Befall Befell Befallen X¶y ®Õn, x¶y ra Beget Begot Begotten Sinh ra, g©y ra Begin Began Begun B¾t ®Çu Behold Beheld Beheld Ng¾m nh×n Bend Bent Bent Cói gËp; BÎ cong Bereave Bereaved Bereaved/Bereft Lµm mÊt, lÊy ®i Beseech Besought Besought CÇu khÈn, nµi xin Bet Betted/Bet Betted/Bet C¸, cîc Bid Bade Bidden §Æt gi¸; Ra lÖnh Bid Bid Bid C«ng bè Bind Bound Bound Trãi, buéc Bite Bit Bitten C¾n, cÊu xÐ Bleed Bled Bled Ch¶y m¸u Blow Blew Blown §Êm; Thæi Break Broke Broken Lµm vì Breed Bred Bred Nu«i; Nh©n gièng; D¹y dç Bring Brought Brought Mang Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Ph¸t thanh; Gieo r¾c Build Built Built X©y dùng Burn Burned/burnt Burned/burnt §èt ch¸y Burst Burst Burst Bõng ch¸y ; Næ tung Buy Bought Bought Mua Cast Cast Cast LiÖng, nÐm Catch Caught Caught B¾t ®îc Chide Chid Chidden La m¾ng Choose Chose Chosen Chän lùa Cleave Clove/Cleft Cloven/Cleft ChÎ Cling Clung Clung B¸m vµo Clothe Clothed/Clad Clothed/Clad MÆc quÇn ¸o cho Come Came Come §Õn, tíi Cost Cost Cost TrÞ gi¸ Creep Crept Crept Bß



Crow Crowed/Crew Crowed Gï, g¸y Cut Cut Cut C¾t Deal Dealt Dealt Xö lý; Giao thiÖp Dig Dug Dug §µo Do Did Done Lµm Draw Drew Drawn VÏ; KÐo Dream Dreamed/Dreamt Dreamed/Dreamt M¬ méng Drink Drank Drunk Uèng Drive Drove Driven L¸i xe Dwell Dwelled/Dwelt Dwelled/Dwelt C tró Eat Ate Eaten ¡n Fall Fell Fallen R¬i, tÐ xuèng Feed Fed Fed Cho ¨n, cung cÊp Feel Felt Felt C¶m thÊy Fight Fought Fought §¸nh nhau Find Found Found T×m thÊy Flee Fled Fled Ch¹y trèn Fling Flung Flung NÐm; Lao nhanh Fly Flew Flown Bay Forbear Forbore Forborne NhÞn; ChÞu ®ùng Forbid Forbade Forbidden CÊm ®o¸n Forget Forgot Forgotten Quªn Forgive Forgave Forgiven Tha thø Forsake Forsook Forsaken Bá r¬i; Tõ bá Freeze Froze Frozen §«ng l¹nh Get Got Got/Gotten §¹t ®îc Gild Gilded/Gilt Gilded/Gilt M¹ vµng Gird Girded/Girt Girded/Girt §eo, th¾t Give Gave Given Cho Go Went Gone §i Grind Ground Ground NghiÒn, xay Grow Grew Grown Trång; Lín lªn Hang Hanged/Hung Hanged/Hung Treo; Treo cæ Have Had Had Cã Hear Heard Heard Nghe Hew Hewed Hewed/Hewn ChÆt, gät, ®Ïo Hide Hid Hidden Che giÊu; Ân nÊp Hit Hit Hit Thóc ; §ông Hold Held Held CÇm gi÷ Hurt Hurt Hurt Lµm ®au Keep Kept Kept Gi÷ Kneel Knelt Knelt Quú gèi Knit Knitted/Knit Knitted/Knit §an; KÕt chÆt Know Knew Known BiÕt Lay Laid Laid §Æt , ®Ó Lead Led Led DÉn d¾t Lean Leaned/Leant Leaned/Leant Dùa, tùa



Leap Leaped/Leapt Leaped/Leapt Nh¶y Learn Learned/Learnt Learned/Learnt Häc Leave Left Left Rêi khái Lend Lent Lent Cho mîn Let Let Let §Ó cho Lie Lay Lain N»m Light Lighted/Lit Lighted/Lit Th¾p s¸ng Lose Lost Lost §¸nh mÊt Make Made Made Lµm, t¹o nªn Mean Meant Meant Cã nghÜa lµ Meet Met Met GÆp Mow Mowed Mowed/Mown C¾t, xÐn Pay Paid Paid Tr¶ tiÒn Put Put Put §Æt, ®Ó Read Read Read §äc Rend Rent Rent XÐ Rid Rid Rid Tèng ®i, vøt bá Ride Rode Ridden Cìi (ngùa, xe) Ring Rang Rung Reo (chu«ng) Rise Rose Risen §øng lªn; Mäc lªn Run Ran Run Ch¹y Saw Sawed Sawed/Sawn Ca Say Said Said Nãi See Saw Seen ThÊy Seek Sought Sought T×m kiÕm Sell Sold Sold B¸n Send Sent Sent Göi ®i Set Set Set XÕp ®Æt Sew Sewed Sewed/Sewn May, kh©u Shake Shook Shaken L¾c, lay ®éng Shear Sheared Sheared/Shorn C¾t, gät Shed Shed Shed §æ trµn, ch¶y Shine Shone Shone ChiÕu s¸ng Shoe Shoed/Shod Shoed/Shod BÞt s¾t Shoot Shot Shot B¾n Show Showed Showed/Shown ChØ cho thÊy Shrink Shrank Shrunk Co l¹i, rót l¹i Shut Shut Shut §ãng l¹i Sing Sang Sung H¸t Sink Sank Sunk Ch×m, ®¾m (tµu) Sit Sat Sat Ngåi Slay Slew Slain GiÕt Sleep Slept Slept Ngñ Slide Slid Slid Trît ®i, lít ®i Sling Slung Slung NÐm, liÖng Slink Slunk Slunk §i lÐn Slit Slit Slit ChÎ, räc



Smell Smelled/Smelt Smelled/Smelt Ngöi Smite Smote Smitten §Ëp vì Sow Sowed Sowed/Sown Gieo h¹t Speak Spoke Spoken Nãi Speed Speeded/Sped Speeded/Sped T¨ng tèc ®é Spell Spelled/Spelt Spelled/Spelt §¸nh vÇn Spend Spent Spent Tiªu xµi Spill Spilled/Spilt Spilled/Spilt Trµn ra, Spin Spun Spun KÐo sîi Spit Spat Spat Kh¹c nhæ Split Split Split ChÎ Spoil Spoiled/Spoilt Spoiled/Spoilt Lµm h háng Spread Spread Spread Lan truyÒn Spring Sprang Sprung Phôt ra, nÈy lªn Stand Stood Stood §øng Steal Stole Stolen ¡n c¾p Stick Stuck Stuck G¾n, d¸n Sting Stung Stung Ch©m, ®èt Stink Stank/Stunk Stunk X«ng mïi thèi Strew Strewed Strewed/Strewn V·i, r¾c Stride Strode Stridden S¶i bíc Strike Struck Struck §¸nh String Strung Strung Cét, buéc Strive Strove Striven Cè g¾ng, phÊn ®Êu Swear Swore Sworn ThÒ Sweep Swept Swept QuÐt Swell Swelled Swelled/Swollen Sng lªn, phång lªn Swim Swam Swum B¬i léi Swing Swung Swung §¸nh ®u Take Took Taken LÊy Teach Taught Taught D¹y Tear Tore Torn XÐ r¸ch Tell Told Told KÓ, nãi Think Thought Thought Suy nghÜ Thrive Thrived/Throve Thrived/Thriven ThÞnh vîng, ph¸t triÓn Throw Threw Thrown NÐm, liÖng Thrust Thrust Thrust §Èy, Ên m¹nh Tread Trod Trodden/Trod Bíc lªn, giÉm lªn Understand Understood Understood HiÓu Undertake Undertook Undertaken Cam kÕt Wear Wore Worn MÆc, bËn, ®eo Weave Wove Woven DÖt Weep Wept Wept Khãc Wet Wetted/Wet Wetted/Wet Lµm ít Win Won Won Th¾ng; §¹t ®îc Wind Wound Wound VÆn Wring Wrung Wrung V¾t, bãp



Write Wrote Written ViÕt Kh«ng nªn nhÇm lÉn gi÷a To lay (§Æt, ®Ó) ---> Laid - Laid - Laying , To lie (N»m) ---> Lay - Lain - Lying vµ To lie (Nãi dèi) ---> Lied - Lied - Lying . ==================================== Chuyên đề ngữ pháp thông dụng của tiếng Anh Các bạn có thể liên lạc với mình qua facebook: Lê Văn Huynh, http://fb.com/huynhict SĐT: 01683515610.

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