Nervous System (pg. 2)

What effects did Morgan Spurlock’s lifestyle have on his experiment?

If you were to re-run the test, what things would you do differently? Why?

Nervous System/Communication

Page #2 of notebook

Topic

Vocab TermDefinition

Other important things about the topic

(picture)

Nervous System

Nervous System: The body’s electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells

CNS vs. PNS

Central Nervous System:

Brain and Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nervous System:

Sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

Anything not the brain/spinal cord

Types of Neurons

Sensory Neurons:Nerves that carry messages from the body’s tissue and sensory receptors inward towards the brain

Motor Neurons:Nerves that carry instructions from the CNS to the body’s muscles

Types of Neurons

Sensory

Motor

What is a neuron?

Neuron = Nerve cell

The Neuron

Neuron = nerve cell

Job: To send information throughout the Nervous System

Dendrites

Dendrites

DendritesDendrites:Neuron’s bushy, branching extensions that receive messages from other neurons

Dendrites “Listen”

Mean ‘tree-like’

Dendrites

Cell Body

Dendrites

Cell Body

Nucleus

Cell Body

…Body of the cell; where the Nucleus is

Information is collected and determined whether or not to be sent down the axon

Axon

Dendrites

Axon

Axon terminal

Cell Body

Nucleus

AxonAxonThe neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons

Two parts: Axon and Axon Terminals

Axons ‘talks’ through process called synapse (we’ll discuss that later)

Recap

1

2 3

4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vyNkAuX29OU

Myelin Sheath

Dendrites

Axon

Axon terminal

Cell Body

NucleusMyelin Sheath

Node of Ranvier

Myelin Sheath

Myelin SheathFatty tissue layer encasing the axons of some neurons

Enables greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one s to the next

Node of Ranvier: Space in between the myelin sheaths

Myelin Sheath

What happens when there is no Myelin Sheath?

Over time, covering gets damaged; causes neural transmission speed to decrease

Multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's

Action PotentialPage #3 of notebook

Recap

Neurons send information across body

Dendrites listen/receive informationAxon talk/send information

ACTION POTENTIAL IS THE PROCESS OF TELLING THE AXON TERMINALS

TO SEND INFORMATION!!!!!!!!

Action Potential

Action Potential:Brief electrical charge that travels down the neuron’s axon

Action PotentialReceive Information Send

Information

AP: Step One

1. Resting PotentialInside of cell has negative charge (~70mV)

Potassium (K) on inside; Sodium (Na) on outside

Cell is ready to jump into action!

AP: Step Two

2. Na+ Doors OpenNa+ channels open; Na+ ions from the outside enter the cell

Cell becomes more positive; will it reach the action threshold?!?

AP: Step Three

3. DepolarizationAs Na+ is coming in, K+ doors open up; K+ ions from the inside leave the cell

Cell’s charge begins to level out (becoming more positive)

AP: Step Four

4. Action Potential Climax Na+ channels close; no more Na+

ions can enter cell

Note: K+ ions are still leaving; what is that going to do to the electrical charge of the cell?

AP: Step Five

5. Repolarization K+ ions continue to leave the cell

Cell is returning to a “resting level” stage

AP: Step Six

6. HyperpolarizationK+ doors finally close; more K+ outside than Na+ inside

Result: Cell body is too negative; cell adjusts to reach resting potential once more.

AP: Step Seven

Back to resting potentialThe system is ready to go again!

Synapse: Axons talking to Dendrites

Page #4 in notebook

Bell Ringer 11/6Page #4 in notebook

Does the process of action potential send messages to other neurons?

If so, how? If not, what does it do then?

RecapWhat are the parts of the neuron? What does each part do?

Action potential is getting messages from one end of neuron to the other

Recap: Action Potential

Like a wave: Electrical charge of cell goes up and down

That up and down of charge pushes the message down axon

Synapse

Now that the information is at the axon, it needs to be sent to another neuron

Synapse: The Junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

Synapse ActivityEach row will have 1 dendrite, 1 axon terminal; everyone else is in the axon

Goal: to send down the most messages down the neuron Dendrite receives message from Mr. D Axon show the processes in the action potential

Axon terminal shoots message into bin

11/7/13: The BrainPage #5 of notebook

Yesterday we showed how synapse worked and how sometimes synapse is blocked.

Using that information, how does Tylenol work with neurons?

Look what I found!http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/10/31/242158325/a-new-look-at-an-old-epilepsy-drug-yields-treatment-clue

11/7/13: RecapMessages travel through the

nervous system; this system is created by neurons

In the neuron: dendrites listen, axon terminals talk

Action Potential = message travels from dendrite to axon (SAME NEURON)

Synapse = messages travels from one neuron to the other (OTHER NEURON)

11/7/13: The BrainFour Lobes

Frontal Parietal (Par-riot-al) Occipital (Awk-sip-it-al) Temporal

Each lobe has a specific function; neuron sends different messages to each

11/7/13 ActivityColor Brain before cutting

Frontal: Blue Parietal: Green Occipital: Orange Temporal: Pink Page 3: Brown

BE CAREFUL HOW YOU CUT; YOU DON’T WANT TO RUIN YOUR BRAIN!

11/13/13: The BrainPage #5 of notebook (continued)

Finish this sentence:“The brain is like a _______.”

Tell me why compared the brain in that way. Be creative.

Presentation AssignmentSide 1:What lobe do you have?What does that lobe control?Where in the brain is it located?

Side 2:Specifics about your case study OR

What is going on in the disease?

11/14/13: The BrainPage #5 of notebook (continued)

What are the four lobes and their functions?

11/14/13: Temporal Lobe

FunctionsHearingUnderstanding

LanguageMemory

11/14/13: Occipital Lobe

FunctionsPerceives visual

informationSight, sights,

and more sight

Color blindness would start here

11/14/13: Pareital Lobe

Functions:Received

messages from senses

Self-locationSelf-

OrientationSensory cortex

11/14/13: Frontal LobeFunctions:Consciousness and

PersonalityControls mood and

emotional responsesJudgments we make

throughout dayLAST PART OF BRAIN

TO DEVELOP

11/14/13: Frontal Lobe example

Phineas Gage

Railroad rod went through his face, damaging frontal lobe

Before: Soft-spoken

After: Irritable, profane, and dishonest

11/14/13: Motor CortexPART OF FRONTAL

LOBE

Motor CortexArea that controls

voluntary movements

Electrical stimulus causes body to move

11/14/13: Motor Cortex

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GTPWu0ag2uo

11/14/13: Sensory Cortex

Sensory CortexArea in front of the parietal lobe that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

Places that are more sensitive (lips) are have a larger area on Sensory Cortex

11/14/13: Sensory Cortex

11/15/13: The BrainPage #5 of notebook (continued)

Write the following sentence WITH YOUR LEAST DOMINANT HAND:

“The lazy dog jumped over the quick brown fox.”

11/15/13: Brain PlasticityRecap:What does the motor cortex do?What does the sensory cortex do?

What do you think would happen to both cortexes after an injury to a limb?

11/15/13: Brain PlasticityPlasticity:The brain’s ability to modify itself after damage

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VaDlLD97CLM

11/15/13: Brain PlasticityWhich characteristics define the left hemisphere? Which characteristics define the right hemisphere?

What jobs would work best for a left-brained person? What jobs would work best for a right?