nervous system anatomy. breakdown: central nervous system (cns) brain spinal cord peripheral nervous...
TRANSCRIPT
Nervous System Anatomy
Breakdown:
Central Nervous System (CNS)
• Brain• Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• Somatic Nervous System
• Autonomic Nervous System– Sympathetic N.S.–Parasympathetic
N.S.
Function of the CNS:
• Spinal Cord– Conducts sensory information to the brain– Conducts motor information to the brain• Skeletal Muscle• Cardiac Muscle• Smooth Muscle• Glands
– Minor reflex center
Functions of the CNS:• Brain– Receives sensory input from Spinal Cord and own
nerves (e.g. olfactory/optical nerves)– Process information– Generates and coordinates appropriate responses
Functions of the PNS:Somatic Nervous System–Regulate body
movement• Control of skeletal
muscle• Reception of
external stimuli (i.e. the senses!!)
Summary: RECEIVE and REACT to the WORLD around us!!!
Functions of the PNS:
Autonomic Nervous System• Innervates:
– Cardiac Muscle– Smooth Muscle– Glands
• Regulates hormone levels• Homeostasis!!
Functions of the PNS:
Sympathetic Nervous System
• Localized adjustments and reflex adjustments of cardiovascular system
• Whole system response: Fight or Flight
Parasympathetic Nervous System
• Returns body to normal after Sympathetic response
• Vagus Nerve – originates in Medulla Oblongata, can play a role in controlling inflammation
The Brain
Major Divisions
• The brain of all vertebrates develops from three swellings at the anterior end of the neural tube of the embryo. From front to back these develop into the:– Forebrain (Prosencephalon)
• Cerebral Hemispheres: Telencephalon and Diencephalon
– Midbrain (Mesencephalon)• Substantia nigra, Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
– Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)• Medulla oblongata, Pons, Cerebellum
Structures of the Hindbrain
Medulla Oblongata
• Rhythmic stimulation of intercostals and diaphragm
• Regulate heartbeat• Regulate bloodflow
(diameter of arterioles)
Pons
• Relays information from eyes, ears, and touch receptors from cortex to cerebellum
Cerebellum
• Functions:– Coordination of voluntary
movement– Motor-learning– Balance– Reflex memory– Posture– Timing
• Contains as many neurons as rest of brain combined!
• Associated with Damage:– Loss of fine coordination– Tremor– Inability to walk– Dizziness (vertigo)– Slurred speech
Cerebellum
Midbrain
• Substantia Nigra:– Helps “smooth” out
body motions
• Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA):– One of the pleasure
centers of the brain (dopamine releasing neurons)
Brain Stem
• Midbrain• Pons• Medulla oblongata
Forebrain: Telencephalon
• Cerebrum–4 lobes• Frontal• Parietal • Occipital• Temporal
Frontal Lobe
• Higher cognitive functions– Attention– Conscious thought– Voluntary movement– Decision making– Language– Planning– Problem-solving– Many more!
• Associated with damage:– Paralysis– Loss of spontaneity – Mood changes– Inability to express
language– Atypical social skills and
personality traits
Parietal Lobe
• Perception/Integration of somatosensory information (e.g. touch, pressure, temperature, pain)
• Visuospatial processing• Spatial attention• Spatial mapping• Number representation
• Associated with Damage:– Inability to locate and
recognize objects, events, and parts of the body
– Difficulty in discriminating between sensory information
– Disorientation– Lack of coordination
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
• Vision! • Associated with Damage:– Hallucinations– Blindness– Inability to see color,
motion, or orientation– synesthesia
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe
• Recognition• Perception (hearing,
vision, smell)• Understanding language• Learning and Memory
• Associated with Damage:– Difficulty understanding
speech, faces, objects– Inability to attend to
sensory input– Persistent talking– Long and short-term
memory loss– aggression
Temporal Lobe
Forebrain: Diencephalon
• Thalamus• Hypothalamus• Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamus
– Hunger– Thirst– Body temperature– Arousal– Parenting– Perspiration– Blood pressure– Beart rrate– Shivering– Pupil dilation– Circadian rhythms
• Aggression• Chronic stress• Hypothermia• Hypersomnia• Lethargy• Self-mutilitation• Weight gain/loss
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
• Relaying motor/sensory information
• Memory• Alertness• Consciousness• Contributes to
perception and cognition
• Associated with Damage:– Amnesia– Apathy– Coma– Dementia– Difficulty speaking– Loss of alertness and activitaion– Sleepiness– Impaired processing of sensory
information– Inattention– Impaired movements/posture– pain
Thalamus
Thalamus
Pituitary Gland
• Secretes hormones
• Referred to as the “master gland”
• Associated with Damage:– Loss of hormonal
regulation in many areas of the body
Pituitary Gland
Crossing Over
• “Impulses reaching the spinal cord from the left side of the body eventually pass over to tracts running up to the right side of the brain and vice versa. In some cases this crossing over occurs as soon as the impulses enter the cord. In other cases, it does not take place until the tracts enter the brain itself.”
• How is this possible???– Corpus Callosum!!
Corpus Callosum
• Connects right and left hemisphere and allows information to pass between them
• Associated cognitive disorders:– Coma or vegetative state– Schizophrenia– Psychotic episodes– Memory impairment– Split-brain syndrome
Corpus Callosum