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Nervous SystemNervous System

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)(involuntary)

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)(involuntary)

Somatic nervous System (voluntary)

Somatic nervous System (voluntary)

Sympathetic Nervous System

Sympathetic Nervous System

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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PNSPNSCNSCNS

1. Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system

2. Somatic (voluntary) nervous system

4StimulusStimulus

Sensory System

CNS

Motor System (neurone)Somatic system

(voluntary)

Autonomic system

(involuntary)

Striated muscle Smooth muscle & glands

Effe ctor

ResponseResponse

(Brain / spinal cord)

(neurone)

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Brain protected by cranium

Spinal cord by vertebral column

Brain protected by cranium

Spinal cord by vertebral column

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Cerebro-spinal fluid: supplies oxygen & nutrients; absorbs shock; maintain shape & prevent collapse

Cerebro-spinal fluid: supplies oxygen & nutrients; absorbs shock; maintain shape & prevent collapse

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Hypo thalamus

1b 1c 1e1e

1e

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1. Numerous convolution - more neurones

2. Voluntary function

3. Left half controls the right side of body while right half controls the left side of body

4. Right hemisphere – spatial & musical sense

5. Left hemisphere – mathematical & language

1. Numerous convolution - more neurones

2. Voluntary function

3. Left half controls the right side of body while right half controls the left side of body

4. Right hemisphere – spatial & musical sense

5. Left hemisphere – mathematical & language

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11Degree of representation of the different muscles of the body in the motor cortex

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1. Sensory areas – receive impulse form different receptors.

2. Motor areas – send out impulse to different effectors

3. Association areas - integrating, interpreting and storing information, memory, learning , reasoning & intelligence

1. Sensory areas – receive impulse form different receptors.

2. Motor areas – send out impulse to different effectors

3. Association areas - integrating, interpreting and storing information, memory, learning , reasoning & intelligence

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CerebellumMedulla

oblongata

Cerebrum

Pituitary gland

Spinal cord

Ventricle

Hypothalamus

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1. Made of 2 cerebellar hemispheres

2. Right half control left side and left half control right side

3. Coordinate (but not initiate) muscle contraction (voluntary) and maintain balance & posture (involuntary)

4. Well developed in fast moving animals (e.g birds & fishes)

151. Main control centre for autonomic nervous system (e.g. heartbeat, blood pressure)

2. Receives impulse from internal organ and relays to effector (via medulla and spinal)

3. Monitor hormone (e.g. thyroxine), metabolite (e.g. CO2) & body temperature

4. Linkage of nervous & hormonal system

Hypo thalamus

161. Control unconscious &

involuntary actions (influenced by impulses from hypothalamus)

2. Brain reflex centre to regulate autonomic activities (heart rate, blood pressure, ventilation, swallowing, salivation, sneezing, vomiting and coughing).

3. Contains chemoreceptors (e.g. pH)

1. Control unconscious & involuntary actions (influenced by impulses from hypothalamus)

2. Brain reflex centre to regulate autonomic activities (heart rate, blood pressure, ventilation, swallowing, salivation, sneezing, vomiting and coughing).

3. Contains chemoreceptors (e.g. pH)

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1.Coordinating centre for involuntary reflex action

2.Provide pathway for transmitting impulse to and from the brain that controls voluntary actions

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PNSPNSCNSCNS

1. Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system

2. Somatic (voluntary) nervous system

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(2) Somatic Nervous System of PNS (voluntary)

(1) Autonomic Nervous System of PNS (involuntary)

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1. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System

2. Automatic and involuntary control

3. Control all internal organs (glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle)

4. 2 systems act antagonistically to maintain a steady internal environment

5. Motor neurones connect CNS to motor organ

1. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System

2. Automatic and involuntary control

3. Control all internal organs (glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle)

4. 2 systems act antagonistically to maintain a steady internal environment

5. Motor neurones connect CNS to motor organ

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Neurotransmitter = noradrenalin

Widespread effect

Withstand stress / emergency

adrenalin

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Neurotransmitter = acetylocholine

Effect localized & individual

Opposite to sympathetic

Maintain steady state

Neurotransmitter = acetylocholine

Effect localized & individual

Opposite to sympathetic

Maintain steady state

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27Brain + lower part of spinal

Middle part of spinal

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Features Sympathetic Parasympathetic

(1) Fibre from Thoracic, lumbar

Cranial, sacral

(2) Neurotransmitter Noradrenalin Acetylcholine

(3) For Stressful Non-stressful

(4) Effect widespread localized

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1. Spinal reflex: spinal cord; Cranial reflex: brain

2. Inborn, stereotyped, rapid, automatic

3. Unconscious & involuntary (not involve cerebrum)

4. Cannot prevent nor modify

5. Instinctive behaviour & immediate protection

1. Spinal reflex: spinal cord; Cranial reflex: brain

2. Inborn, stereotyped, rapid, automatic

3. Unconscious & involuntary (not involve cerebrum)

4. Cannot prevent nor modify

5. Instinctive behaviour & immediate protection

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(1) Stimulus(1) Stimulus

(2) Receptor(2) Receptor

(3) CNS (spinal cord)(3) CNS (spinal cord)

(4) Effector(4) Effector

(5) Response(5) Response

sensory neurone

motor neurone

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b

c e

d

g

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b

c

ed

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1. Acquired (not inherited) through training or learning.

2. Replace a normal stimulus by a unrelated stimulus to give same response.

3. Initial skills by voluntary; then become unconscious (conditional reflex)

4. Enable animal to modify behaviour to adapt the environment (i.e. avoid danger)

1. Acquired (not inherited) through training or learning.

2. Replace a normal stimulus by a unrelated stimulus to give same response.

3. Initial skills by voluntary; then become unconscious (conditional reflex)

4. Enable animal to modify behaviour to adapt the environment (i.e. avoid danger)

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1. Intentional & conscious by thinking & reasoning

2. Receptor Spinal cord sensory area (cerebrum)

1. Intentional & conscious by thinking & reasoning

2. Receptor Spinal cord sensory area (cerebrum)

3. Association area (cerebrum) for integration & decision.

4. Motor area (cerebrum) Motor neurone Relay Effector

3. Association area (cerebrum) for integration & decision.

4. Motor area (cerebrum) Motor neurone Relay Effector

b

c

d

d

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Reflex Action Conditional reflex Voluntary Action

(1) Inborn , instinctive

Acquired via experience / learning

Acquired via thinking / reasoning

(2) Cerebrum not involved

Cerebrum involved Cerebrum involved

(3) Involuntary & unconscious

Voluntary & less conscious

Voluntary & conscious

(4) Fast action Slow action Slow action

(5)Same stimulus same response

Unrelated stimulus same response

Same stimulus different response