Chapter 6

The nervous system

Two main parts of the nervous system

Central Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous system

How neurons communicate with each other

Neurons send and receive messages to and from the brainOver 100 billion mostly located in the brain

Neurons

SynapseDendriteAxon TerminalsAxon stemNeurons send messages across the synapse using neurotransmitters

NeurotransmittersAre chemicals stored in the axon terminal sacsEx: Dopamine-low=Parkinson's high= schizophreniaSerotonin-sleep & emotion

Drug WithdrawalsFlooding the body with artificial drugs causes the brain to stop producing pain killer (temp)If the artificial drug is removed the person may experience sever pain until the brain starts producing endorphins again

Peripheral Nervous System

Somatic Nervous SystemHot cold pain and pressure

Autonomic Nervous SystemRegulates involuntary function

Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic Nervous SystemStressFight or flight

ParasympatheticPeace time

Psychologist are interested in the Autonomic nervous system

WhyWhat is it linked to that psychologist study?

EmotionsTrigger a response from the Autonomic nervous system

Central Nervous system

BrainEndocrine system

Spinal Cord

Spinal Cord

Spinal Cord Reflex

The Brain

Hind Brain-lower brain-heart rate and balanceMid Brain-vision and hearingForebrain-emotion

HindbrainMedulla-heart rate, breathingPon in front of the medulla-movement, attention, sleep Cerebellum-little brain-balance and coordination

PonsCerebellumMedulla

The midbrain has 3 parts

Mid brain

Located between the hind brain and the forebrainVision and hearing

Midbrain

Forebrain

Has 4 major areas Thalamus Hypothalamus Cerebrum Corpus callosum

Forebrain

Forebrain

Thalamus-inner chamber relay station for sensation Hypothalamus-under-body temp, motivation hunger, thirst, child care, aggression

Hypothalamus problems can led to unusually eating

Forebrain-Cerebrum

Largest part of the Bain 70% of the brains weightLatin for brainLanguage, perceptions, complex thinking

Forebrain-cerebrum

Surface of cerebrum is the cerebral cortex-tree barkCerebral cortex has 2 sides called right and left hemispheres-walnut shell

Forebrain-cerebrum

Connecting the 2 hemispheres is the corpus callosumRight side controls left side of body and vise a versa

Forebrain-cerebrum-cerebral cortex

Each hemisphere has 4 lobesLobes function together for many events

Cerebellum - the part of the brain below the back of the cerebrum. It regulates balance, posture, movement, and muscle coordination.Corpus Callosum - a large bundle of nerve fibers that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres. In the lateral section, it looks a bit like a "C" on its side.Frontal Lobe of the Cerebrum - the top, front regions of each of the cerebral hemispheres. They are used for reasoning, emotions, judgment, and voluntary movement.Medulla Oblongata - the lowest section of the brainstem (at the top end of the spinal cord); it controls automatic functions including heartbeat, breathing, etc.Occipital Lobe of the Cerebrum - the region at the back of each cerebral hemisphere that contains the centers of vision and reading ability (located at the back of the head).

Parietal Lobe of the Cerebrum - the middle lobe of each cerebral hemisphere between the frontal and occipital lobes; it contains important sensory centers (located at the upper rear of the head).Pituitary Gland - a gland attached to the base of the brain (located between the Pons and the Corpus Callosum) that secretes hormones.Pons - the part of the brainstem that joins the hemispheres of the cerebellum and connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum. It is located just above the Medulla Oblongata.Spinal Cord - a thick bundle of nerve fibers that runs from the base of the brain to the hip area, running through the spine (vertebrae).Temporal Lobe of the Cerebrum - the region at the lower side of each cerebral hemisphere; contains centers of hearing and memory (located at the sides of the head).

Right brain left brain

Right-creativeLeft-logicalCan people function fully with only half a brain?

The Endocrine SystemGlands that secrete hormones into the bloodHorman-Greek-stimulateHormones stimulate growth, moods and activity levelsLike neurotransmitter they are secreted from receptors in the body

Pituitary GlandLies below the hypothalamus –pea sized- stimulated by the hypothalamus-effects growth, bone, muscle-ex of hormones oxytocin-labor

ThyroidProduces thyroxin-metabolismHypothyroidism-too little=gainHyperthyroidism-too much=loss

Adrenal GlandAbove the kidneysCortical Steroids-regulates stress/ sugar for energyAdrenaline&noradrenalind stimulated by the SNS mixAdrenaline intensifies emotion

How do we study the brainCase studies of injuries like pheinas GageElectrical Stimulation –Jose Delgado- bull 1964James Olds and Peter Milner – rats choose pleasure over food-hypothalamus

ElectroencephalogramEEGRecords electrical activity of the brainDiff. Wave pattern are assoc with different feelingsUses-some psy disorders and tumors

Scans c.a.t

Computerized axial tomographyUses radiation feed back to piece together a 3-D pic

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Uses Magnetic and radio waves to gain a visual image of the brainCan take it in slices

Positron emission tomography

Pet ScanShows brain activity not images watches the brain workRadio active sugarBrain activity during math or music

Nature - nurture debate

Nature-biological make upNurture – environmental influencesWhich is the most powerful? Are serial killers born or Created?Are your parents responsible for your happiness or success in life?

Nature – nurture debateWhy are most criminals from lower working class neighborhoods?What about genetic potential to figure skate or play hockey but you live in a place with no frozen water?How can you live up to all your potential

Nature – nurture debate

Where is the balanceHow can we lean more about it

Nature – nurture debate

Twin studies (identical) Separated at birth Share the same genitic make up

but not the same environment Some studies conclude that

twins raised together are less alike than twins raised apart