ms. buffalino 9apmshistorybuff.com/9 pre-ap/final keys/2019/harleigh.pdf · 2020-03-12 · river...

Ms. Buffalino

9AP The content you are being tested on is coming from: this packet, class

notes, quizzes, exams, assigned readings, homeworks and class projects. TBD Exam Format: 55 M.C., 3 SAQs, and an LEQ essay.

This review packet was created by Ms. Buffalino in order to prepare students for the AP World Final on

_____________. Students are to use their AP Barron’s Review Book, Prentice Hall Review Book (digitally), Weekly Assignment Book, and Traditions and Encounters textbook/website while filling out this review packet.

Throughout the packet Ms. Buffalino has even referenced page numbers and the recommended reference source(s) for additional assistance! SAVE THIS FOR NEXT YEAR – THIS IS THE FIRST HALF OF NEXT YEAR’S

REVIEW PACKET. You will need this when studying for the AP Examination NEXT YEAR. Sections from this packet will be assigned throughout the remainder of the school year. The first half of this packet was

completed for midterms. The final, completed packet is due Tuesday May 14, 2019.

Students should also be studying sample essays and sample multiple choice questions on their own. Sample questions can be found under Ms. Buffalino’s “Useful links” on her website as well as in the

AP Barron’s Review Book/CD.

Student’s Name (Printed): Harleigh Buck

Student’s Signature: ______________________________________________

Parent’s Signature: ______________________________________________

Assigned Date: __________________

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 2 Geography Review

Category Russia India England China Japan Latin America Africa

Important Geographic Features

Europe and Asia Lack of warm water ports Ural mountains Strait of Dardanelles

South Asia Island location Had features for industrialization

Europe Island location Had features for industrialization

Asia Gobi Desert Himalayas Isolation Monsoons -Ethnocentric (feel as though they’re the best)

Asia Lack natural resources Islands Mountains

South America Andes Mountains (terrace farming) Diverse rainforests

Mount Kilimanjaro Congo River

Impact of Features Socially

Limited cultural diffusion

Himalayan mts subcontinent monsoons Deccan plateaus West and East Gnats Isolation

island Limited cultural diffusion

isolated Diverse population Diverse population Many tribes

Impact of Features Politically

Limited cultural diffusion Gained access to Baltic and Black Sea

isolation Strong navy

Limited cultural diffusion

Isolated Vulnerable to invasion

Diverse population Large open land allowed for ease of trade

Impact of Features Economically

No warm water ports = no trade Large size = not a prosperous economy

Monsoon= affects crops/harvest Fertile farm= agricultural society

Island = increased trade Limits fertile farmland Became industrial nation

Farming soil in east Peasants = farmers Large size = not a prosperous economy

Limited farming Little fertile soil Rely on fishing

Diverse landforms Deforestation = increase farmland

Prosperous because of ease of cultural diffusion

Use class notes

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 3

AP World Regions These are referenced for the MC and Essay Questions.


Technological and Environmental Transformations

10,000BCE to 600 BCE

What was the Paleolithic Era and why is it significant?

-Another Name for the Old Stone Age -Significance: Age before the development of advanced technology and complex civilizations

What is the significance of hunting-foraging bands of humans gradually migrating from their origins in East Africa to Eurasia, Australia and the

Americas? Nomadic Migrations from Africa Shows that nomadic people will follow their food source to survive

What was the Neolithic Revolution and why is it significant?

Change from nomadic life-style to a agricultural lifestyle -led to complex civs -government -religion -patriarchal societies

Define: pastoralism and give an example of where it was used

Nomadic Peoples that travel from place to place with domesticated livestock example: Americas or Mongols

Neolithic Revolution

How did agricultural

advancements impact society?

Permanent settlements due to

increase in agriculture

Population increase- settling in one area Surplus of goods

Prentice Hall, pages 4-8 5 Steps to a 5: 70-73, 76-80, 154

5 Steps to a 5: 65-69 Prentice Hall Unit 1


Ancient Civilizations Chart

Civilizations Geography Religion Government Contributions

Egypt

Africa Middle east Deserts Nile River -Flows north -Longest river -Left silt deposits -fertile delta

Polytheistic pyramids -God of Nile- Osiris -Aman-Re – sun god

Monarchy ruled by a pharaoh – saw himself as god Dynasties Centralized Patriarchal

-writing (hieroglyphics) -mathematics -science (mummification) -papyrus -record keeping -medicine

Mesopotamia (Sumer)

Modern day Iraq Iran Syria “land between two rivers” Tigris and Euphrates River Good farmland

Polytheistic Ziggurats -explain natural phenomena Epic of Gilgamesh

City states-decentralized Hereditary rulers Walled cities Irrigation Collected taxes Code of Hammurabi -Written law code -Held all accountable -Not easily changed -Shows social class distinctions

- Code of Hammurabi

- cuneiform

Indus River Valley

(Harappa and Mohenjo-

Daro)

Modern day Pakistan and India Subcontinent Monsoons and floods Indus and Ganges rivers River valley Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa Himalayas (mountain range)

Polytheistic Inferred hereditary rulers Centralized (organized) Hilltop fortresses (citadels)

Plumbing with baths Sewers Wells Grow and weave cotton Measuring system Pottery Metal working

China

Huang He River (the yellow river/ China’s sorrow) Loess (yellow silt deposits) Yangzi (Chiang/Jaing) Isolation Middle kingdom Ethnocentric (believed they were superior Monsoons

Polytheistic Dynasties Mandate of heaven (right to rule) Shang 1600BCE- 1046 BCE Xia comes first 2070 BCE Dynasty is used until the 1900's (1949=communist regime)

Pictograph writing-tens of thousands of characters wealthy upper-class men were literate Oracle Bones Zhou Literature (The Book of Songs)

Prentice Hall, pages 4-8 5 Steps to a 5: 70-73, 76-80, 154


Terms and Concepts Answer/Description

1. What is a nomad? Person who travels from place to place in search of food

2. Define irrigation: Method of spreading agriculture by increasing the distance water can travel

3. Define: social stratification Social Class system that defines a person in society

4. What role did women play in ancient civilizations?

Patriarchal (Women were subordinate) Women were responsible for child bearing and cleaning

5. How did agriculture and pastoralism transform human society (social structure/technology)?

Agriculture and pastoralism both allowed for a steady food supply which allowed for permanent settlements -new technologies and advancements - social class systems based on job specialization and wealth - government to provide order

6. How did improvements in agricultural production, trade and transportation impact metallurgy?

new metallurgy and advancements were needed for agriculture trade spread ideas from one place to another trade led to interactions à war which required weapons

7. Define: Compound bows and give an example of where they were used.

Used for hunting in Africa Improved hunting skills (shoots long distances)

8. Define: Iron weapons and give an example of where they were used.

More effective, easy, cheaper Invented by Hittites and spread during Bantu Migrations

9. Define: Chariot and give an example of where they were used.

Improved ability to travel Used by Hittites


10. Define: Quipu and include where it was used.

Used by Incas and Chavin Record keeping by knot tying

11. What is the significance of the Vedic religion during this periodization?

Influenced many religions such as Hinduism

12. What is the significance of Zoroastrianism during this periodization?

First monotheistic faith

13. What is the significance of Hebrew monotheism during this periodization?

Gave rise to anti-Semitism because they followed a monotheistic religion

14. Why was China known as the Middle Kingdom?

They believed they were at the center of the world Ethnocentric

15. What is a dynasty? What was the mandate of heaven?

Dynasty: bloodline of Emperors Mandate of Heaven: “God given right to rule”

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 8 Trade expanded locally to regional and transregional:

Spread of gold and precious Spread forms of record keeping, materials math, religion and writing

Describe illustrative forms of literature such as:

1. The Epic of Gilgamesh:

Story of fictional God-like King – failure to attain immortality made to

explain why humans don’t live forever

2. The Rig Veda:

Collection of hymns/teachings – sacred Hindu text

3. The Book of the dead:

An ancient Egyptian commodity given to those who could afford it – guidelines to aid Egyptians to the afterlife

Explain the significance of the

trade that occurred between:

Egypt and Nubia Mesopotamia and the Indus River Valley


Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies 600 BCE – 600 CE

Belief Systems (not organized by periodization)

Belief System

Approximate Date, Place of Origin and/or Place Worshiped

Founder, Beliefs and Sacred Text

Animism

•No single founder •Developed simultaneously around the world •Currently practiced in Africa and Americas (mainly)

Sacred Text: Storytelling Rituals take place in nature Shaman Nature worship Everything has a spirit Ancestor worship

Shintoism

•Founded in Japan •500BC •Descended from Animism

Focus on Nature Torri Gates Sacred texts: The Kojiki Believe in Harmony through the people and nature Harmony promotes peace

Prentice Hall, pages 21-27 Traditions and Encounters, Various Chapters

5 Steps to a 5: 99-103


Taoism

•Developed in the Zhou Dynasty in China •Founder- Lau Tze •Currently practiced- Southeast Asia •500 BCE

Sacred text- Tao-te-Ching Tao- the way Link between people and nature Yin and Yang- Harmony in the world

Hinduism

•Founded by the Aryan tribe •Originated in India •Still practiced today mainly in India •2000 BCE

The Vedas Monistic 3 main gods Dharma (wheel) Karma Reincarnation (samsara) Moksha – final destination Caste System- rigid social class Priests-> Warriors-> Merchants-> Peasants-> Untouchables patriarchal - women could not achieve Moksha because women could not become priests Ahisma- Nonviolence, cow is sacred animal

Buddhism

Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha/ the Enlightened One) •500BCE •Originated in India •Eventually spread to other nations such as China and other Asian countries •Descended from Hinduism

Texts: the Tripitaka Way of life Dharma Karma Nirvana- Final resting place for the soul women have more equality – women have soul Reincarnation (samsara) Ahisma- Nonviolence Rejects caste system


Judaism

Founded 2000 BCE Founders- Moses and Abraham (prophets) Founded in Israel – worldwide monotheistic

Sacred text: the Torah The 10 commandments- set of morals given from God to Moses on Mt. Sinai God= Yahweh Place of worship- Synagogue Name of followers- Jews Heaven- final destination synagogue

Christianity

•Developed in Judea (modern day Isreal) •Around 30 CE •Monotheistic •Messiah- Jesus

Text: Holy Bible 10 commandments- moral code Holy trinity- Father, son, holy spirit Place of worship- Church Christians (followers) Crucifixion- death on the cross •Many branches -Lutheran -Methodist -Anglican

Islam

•Founded 622 CE •Mecca - Saudi Arabia Muhammad Jerusalem

monotheistic: Allah is God Sacred Text: The Qu'ran 5 Pillars of Islam (moral codes) 1) One god and his prophet 2) Pray 5 times a day 3) Help poor 4) Fasting on Ramadan 5) Visit Mecca on Hajj (religious pilgrimage) Sharia- Islamic Law Dar-al-Islam- where Islam has spread and been accepted Caliph- Political leadership of Muslim Ummah Kaaba- black stone building in mecca where Muslims must pray in this direction •2 sects of Islam -Sunni- 90% -Shi'ite- 10% b/c of disagreements about caliph

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 12 Confucianism

What is the difference between Confucianism

and Neo-Confucianism? (include which dynasty)

Originated in China Fonder: Kong Fu Zi; Confucius Lived in the Zhou Dynasty 1050BCE-256 BCE

Natural social order to society 5 Relationships- if everyone knows their place in society society would prevail Filial Piety- Respect elders The Analects- sacred texts Focus on Education

Zoroastrianism

T& E

Chapers 7-12

•Founded by Zoroaster/Zarathustra •1000 BCE Middle East Major religion of Persian empire

One of the first monotheistic religions God- Ahura Mazda Dualistic- battle between good and evil Good thoughts, good deeds and good words Rituals take place in fire temples (fire is sacred) The Farahvar (symbol)

Sikhism

T& E

Chapers 7-12

•Punjab India •1500 CE •Guru Nanak

Syncretic religion - Buddhism and Hinduism monotheistic Reincarnation Meditation Text- Guru Granth Sahib Dharma Karma Ahisma


Baha’i

T& E

Chapers 7-12

•Iran- Middle Eastern •1863 CE

Meditation monotheistic

Legalism

T& E

Chapers 7-12

•Founder- Shi Huangdi •Qin Dynasty- enforced in Qin Dynasty but became less in as Confucianism came to China

Laws were important Harsh punishment The Book of Lord Shang = sacred text Rules and guidelines - soldiers helped Government based


Jainism

T& E

Chapers 7-12

•India •440 BCE

Sacred Texts: Agamas No gods Karma Dharma Ahisma= Nonviolence "Live and let live"


Important Concepts

Response

Why were the early faiths polytheistic? Explain.

People needed a way to explain the unexplainable Put a blame on natural phenomena

List the polytheistic religions: Animism, Shintoism, Hinduism, Daoism

List the monotheistic religions: Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Zoroastrianism

Give three examples of places in the world that practiced ancestor

veneration:

China, Japan and India

How did Buddhism change as it spread from India to China?

Buddhism became more patriarchal in China (women especially)

Who was Asoka and what faith did he help to spread?

A leader of the Mauryan Empire Spread Buddhism

How did Daoism develop Chinese culture? Explain and provide

specific examples.

Provided stability Coexisted with Confucianism, Buddhism and Legalism

Define filial piety: Respect for elders as they are wiser and have experienced

more

Which two faiths are known for their Missionary work?

Islam and Christianity

Is religion unifying or divisive? Explain.

Both: can create peace and equality or different interpretations can cause war - divisive

Why is Jerusalem considered to be a turbulent city?

It is a holy site for Christians, Jews and Muslims (monotheistic faiths)


EMPIRE GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION/SIGNIFICANCE

Assyrians

Ancient Mesopotamian Empire – conquered Babylonians and flourished in

1300 BCE Adopted idea of code of Hammurabi

(moral code)

Babylonians

Flourished in Mesopotamia City states

Code of Hammurabi – holds people accountable (diffuses into Rome) set in

stone

The conquests of the Assyrians, Babylonians and Roman empires contributed to the growth of Jewish diasporic communities around the Mediterranean and Middle East.

Parthian

INFLUENCED SILK ROAD TRADE

Sassanid LAST PERSIAN

IMPERIAL EMPIRE

BEFORE ISLAM

Achaemenid ORIGIONAL PERSIAN EMPIRE

Describe the significance of

the Persian empires:

Defeated ancient Greece; picked up different culture - arts and architecture

Advanced in education and culture influenced beliefs and customs

Traditions and Encounters, Various Chapters


Greece

Socrates Plato Aristotle

Socratic Method of questioning as a learning

tool.

Wrote The Republic Favored a strong,

controlling government

Developed ideas on government

Favored the one strong and wise rule as best form.

Considered to be first western philosopher

Society has three classes: Philosophers, Soldiers,

and Workers

Human Reason was the key to learning

Athens Sparta

Prentice Hall, 9-17 5 Steps to a 5: 92-94

Prentice Hall Unit 1: Sections 1 and 2

-limited democracy -laws made by assembly -only male citizens in assembly -trade with other city-states -educate boys -women are inferior

-monarchy with two kings -military society -trade and travel not allowed -military training for all boys - girls trained to be mothers of soldiers -women obey men -women can own property

-common language -shared heroes -Olympic games -same gods and religious beliefs


Rome

What was Hellenistic culture? Who established it? What were the accomplishments? Hellenistic culture was a blending of Greek, Persian, Indian and Egyptian Culture spread by Alexander the Great – accomplishments: architecture, philosophy, astronomy etc.

Terms and Concepts for Greece & Rome Answer/Description

1. Define a direct democracy: People have a say in government Vote on decisions

2. Define a republic: People elect representatives that vote on issues

3. Define patricians and plebeians: Patricians: wealthy Romans Plebeians: lower class poor Romans

4. Who was Pericles? Created direct democracy, stabilized govt, Golden Age of Greece… Delian League

5. What was the Peloponnesian War? Athens vs Sparta, Sparta won, weakened city states took over Alexander the Great

6. What was the Delian League? League formed by Pericles – joined city states to defend against Persia

How did I, Julius Caesar pave the way for the

Roman Empire? I ASKED FOR ABSOLUTE POWER AND MY NEPHEW GAINED IT AFTER MY MURDER

I am considered to be the first Roman

Emperor. Who am I?

AUGUSTUS CAESAR


Accomplishments Pax Romana

What was the Pax Romana? When did it occur? Where did occur? Who was the leader that began it?

ROMAN GOLDEN AGE BEGINNING WITH AUGUSTUS CAESAR LASTED FOR ABOUT 200 YEARS (27BC-180AD)


Aqueducts

Roman Law (12 Tables)

Road Systems

Colisseum Public Baths

Architecture

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 20 Why was Rome considered to be an administrative institution or centralized form of government? It was considered centralized because it was ruled by an elected leader who makes the laws and rules for Rome What did the fall of the Roman Empire pave the way for? The Catholic Church, Byzantine Empire and Feudalism 476CE

What lead to the fall of the Roman

Empire?


Rise of Byzantine Empire

Corruption in government

Invasions from Huns (Mongols from central Asia)

Over Expansion Sack of Rome

Invasions by Germanic tribes

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 21 Who was Shi Huangdhi?

Ruler of China – started the construction

of the Great Wall of China

What dynasty is he from?

Qin dynasty

Compare and contrast the rise and fall of the Han and Roman Empires:

What is the significance of the Silk Road?

Allowed for an increase in cultural diffusion and the spread of religions

Who was Han Wudi and why is he significant?

5th Han Emperor rebuilt Great Wall of China, strengthened economy and army

Prentice Hall, 18-20 5 Steps to a 5: 90

Wudi- famous emperor Great Wall Confucian Ideas

Augustus (first Roman Emperor) Roman Roads (Appian Way) Eastern Empire lasts until 1453

-stable centralized govt -civil service system -education -trade and roads -Silk Road -Large empires – tributaries -Both fell after strong leaders -high taxes -Empires split into two -Disciplined army -Classical accomplishments

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 22 Geographic Study (This means study this J)

The number of key states and empires grew dramatically by imposing political unity on areas where previously there had been competing states.

Key States/Empires Approximate Location

Southwest Asia: Persian Empires

(Achaemenid, Parthian and Sassanid)

Persia = Iran today

East Asia: Qin and Han Empires

South Asia: Maurya and Gupta

MesoAmerica: Teotihuacan, Tenochtitlan, Maya city-states

Andean South America: Moche Civilization from 100-700 CE

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 23 Briefly, yet thoroughly respond to the following:

1. Define: Corvée

Tax payed in the form of labor: origionated in Egypt

Unpaid labor owed by a vassal to a lord

Describe the relationship between Han China and the Xiongu:

The Xiongu repeatedly pressured the Han dynasty and eventually overthrew the dynasty

2. Describe the relationship between the Guptas and the White Huns:

White Huns ended the Gupta Empire – White Huns applied constant external force through invasions

throughout the reign

3. Define: paterfamilias

The father has complete control of the families (originated in Rome)

4. How did the emergence of yokes, saddles and stirrups alter world history?

They made trade more efficient and quick also improving transportation and war

5. How did the domestication of horses, oxen, camels and llamas alter world history?

Can be used for trade, agricultural tasks, transportation

6. How did the inventions of the dhow and lateen sails alter maritime/world history?

They allowed for exploration and trade across different oceans and seas

7. Define: qanat system

A series of underground aqueducts bringing water to dry areas (common in Persia)

Traditions and Encounters, Various Chapters Steps to a 5: 107-108


600BC – 600 CE

Climate and

Geographic Location: Typical goods traded: Ethnicity of people involved: Significance of trade route:

Eurasian Silk Roads

Middle East

Ports in eastern Mediterranean

China’s Pacific

Coast

India: Spices, Jewels, Cotton

China: silk and

porcelain

Glassware, perfumes, slaves

Persians

Chinese

Romans

- Advances in technology

- Spread many beliefs (Christianity, Buddhism, Islam)

- New goods

Trans-Saharan Caravan Routes

Sub-Saharan Africa

Mediterranean

Middle East and Egypt

Arid not a lot of

water

Iron Salt

Manufactured goods Nuts Oil

Gold Ivory

Africans

Egyptians

Nubians

Arabs

- Islam expands its routes

- Slavery in northbound trade increases

- Connects Africa Egypt and India

Indian Ocean Trade

East Africa

Middle East

Southeast Asia; China and Japan

Monsoons

Ebony, Ivory, wood carvings

Copper, Myrrh,

Frankincence, dates

Spices, cotton, jewels

Africans

Middle Easterners

Indians

Chinese

Japanese (Muslims)

- Advancements in maritime technology

- Travel far distances - Religious diffusion

Mediterranean Trade

Africa

Eurasia

Egypt

Grains Technology Agricultural techniques

Armies/war supplies

Persians

Greeks

Romans

Phoenicians

- Trading bronze and iron (metallurgy)

- Connecting Italy and Egypt

- war

5 Steps to a 5: 108 Traditions and Encounters Various Chapters


Regional and Transregional Interactions 600 CE – 1450 CE

Chose two of the following trade cities and explain the significance of the city during this periodization: Novgorod, Timbuktu, Swahili City-States, Hangzhou, Calcut, Bagdad,

Melada, Venice, Tenochtitlan, Cahokia

City #1 Timbuktu

City #2 Venice

Modern day Turkey -Capital of Mali Empire -center of trade and commerce -spread of Islam -educational center -cultural diffusion -merchants make $$

Modern day Italy (Florence) flourished during Renaissance Art Architecture Literature, plays Latin Humanism/Inquiry Advancements

Give an example of a civilization that used paper money: China (Han Dynasty)

Explain how this process helped facilitate commercial infrastructure:

Paper money could be created and copied much quicker, creating a universal

currency that allowed traveling from place to place to be easier. It was easier to buy

and sell goods as well. Taxes could be payed with the same type of currency and all

of the money would be used for X (war efforts, infrastructure, technology etc.)

5 Steps to a 5: 142 Traditions and Encounters

Various Chapters


The Byzantine Empire is the eastern half of the Roman Empire that lasted until about 1453.

What was Justinian’s Code and who was

Justinian?

Emperor of the Byzantine Empire

Justinian’s Code –

modeled off of Hammurabi’s Code

Orthodox Christian Church

EASTERN ROME

Broke away from the

Roman Catholic Church

Great Schism

The split between the Eastern

Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic church.

Sparked by the fall of Rome- east vs

west

Cyrillic Alphabet

United Russian region under a single, unified

language

Adapted Greek alphabet

Used to translate Bible

Orthodox Christianity

A form of

Christianity followed and preached in the Byzantine Empire

Autocratic Government

One ruler with total

authority (used in Russia)

Czars

BYZANTINE EMPIRE

Effect On Russia

Byzantine Empire

Roman Empire

Prentice Hall, 44-47


Caliphates

Geographic Location

Time Frame

Significance

Umayyad caliphate

Iraq Mecca Medina

661-750 CE -Merchants -Trade

networks -religious tolerance

-taxes

Abbasid caliphate

Iraq (Baghdad)

Mecca Medina

750-1258 CE

Trade from Mediterranean

to China Greco-Roman

influence Math

Indian numbers Astrolabe

Suffis

Delhi Sultanates

India and Afghanistan Bangladesh

Pakistan

1306-1526 CE

Led to Mughal Empire

Many

Islamic converts

5 Steps to a 5: 120-121 Traditions and Encounters

Various Chapters


China

Sui Dynasty Accomplishments

Tang and Song Dynasties

1.

Levied Taxes

2.

Improved Military = expansion

3. Expanded Grand Canal

What were three accomplishments that occurred during the Tang and Song dynasties?

Land Reform – redistribute land to peasants

Canals improve transportation and trade

Ship building and naval power increased


5 Steps to a 5: 127-128

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 29 Geographic Location/

Environmental Adaptation Significance and notable

accomplishments:

Scandinavian Vikings

Iceland/Greenland Northern Europe

- raided villages - end of Carolingian

Empire - Germanic kingdoms

established in Europe

Berbers

North Africa - Spread Islam - Spread storytelling

and writings

Bantu

Trans Saharan Africa - Spread metallurgy used for war technology and agriculture

- Refined metallurgy

The following groups developed diasporic communities:

• Muslim merchant communities in the Indian Ocean • Chinese merchants in Southeast Asia • Sogdian merchants throughout Central Asia • Jews in the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean basin and along the Silk Road

What is a diasporic community? Explain.

Diasporic communities are made of people who have been DISPERSED from their original civilizations. They are caused by trade and travel. -Muslims – Indian Ocean - Chinese – Southeast Asia - Jews – Mediterranean

5 Steps to a 5: 146-147 Traditions and Encounters, Various Chapters

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 30 Explain: Dar-al-Islam Spread of Islam (Golden Age of Islam) What are the characteristics that make up a golden age? Relative peace, achievements/advancements, economic/political/social stability List 5 achievements that came out of the Golden Age of Islam:

1. Art – paintings and calligraphy 2. Architecture – mosques/palaces 3. Mathematics/Astronomy 4. Medicine – advanced practices 5. Literature and philosophy

(others are measurements, agriculture, trade routes) How were the Muslim scholars influenced by Greek and Indian mathematics? Muslim scholars used philosophy such as that of Plato and Aristotle and ancient mathematical systems in order to develop their own ideas and concepts.



III. The Middle Ages What years are considered the Middle Ages? 500-1400s CE

feudalism manoralism Catholic Church

Decentralized govt based on social classes

How did feudalism

operate? King – figure head Lords (Vassals) – owned land, mainly ruling for king Knights – warriors Peasants – low class Serfs – tied to land

(no trade) How were manors self-

sufficient?

Serfs worked on the fields (tied to land) to

provide for lords, landowners and knights to rule and protect the

king **Little cultural diffusion

What was chivalry?

Code of bravery and loyalty taken by knights to protect the king, land and women

Who were the serfs?

Bound to manor Agriculture

Worked for lords (landowners)

The Catholic Church was

a unifying force in a time of political

instability after the fall of the Roman Empire.

How did the Church

assert authority over rulers?

They would excommunicate those who did not comply with rules- court of justice, tithe (tax), laws

POLITICAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL



THE CRUSADES

Why are the Crusades considered a successful failure? Explain. The Crusades are a failure in that they lost and did not capture the holy land but successful in that they gained new ideas and cultural diffusion led to wealth. During what years were the Crusades fought? 1095-1261 or 1000s-1200s

Causes

Free holy land of Jerusalem

from Seljuk Turks

Christians told their sins are

forgiven if they fought

People wanted $, power and

land

Effects

Trade increased

People learned about other

cultures and set up period of

exploration

Pope became more powerful


Ms. Buffalino, APWH 33 ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

ISLAM SPREAD TO

AFRICA

ASIA EUROPE

Caliph should be chosen by Muslim leader Caliph does not have religious power 90% of the population Do not support successor to Muhammed

Caliph should be descendant of prophet Muhammed 10% of population More extremist prone

DIFFERENCES

SUNNIS SHIITES


-gained influence through conquest -seized control -Crusades -influenced technology

Spread to North Africa though conquest Spread to West Africa

Spread through trade (networks made) Conquered Indus River Valley Capital; Delhi Clashed with Buddhism and Daosim


Define: kow-tow – kneeling and touch ground with forehead in worship or submission as part of Chinese custom

Describe Japan’s geography: Archipelago (chain of islands) Part of Ring of Fire (earthquakes and volcanoes) Mountainous (natural barrier) Impact of geography on the people: Difficult to farm, rugged terrain = decentralized, sea for trade and food, tidal waves

Geography

Shintoism Uniquely Japanese religion that stresses love of nature Shrines are located in places of natural beauty

Religion

Cultural Diffusion List two ways in which Japan was influenced by Korea or China Borrowed writing, music, dance, design

Confucianism and Buddhism borrowed = social order

Japanese Feudalism




How did the Tokugawa Shogunate isolate Japan from the outside world?

Family that rules 1603-1876 DID NOT ALLOW TRADE WITH FOREIGN STATES

What was Heian Japan? The Japanese Court- Fujiwara Clan; many achievements in their time _______________________________________________________________________

Define Bushido Similar to the code of chivalry – code of bravery taken by Samurai (warrior class)

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 36 Compare and Contrast

European Feudalism Japanese Feudalism

Europe Knights Vassals hold power Serfs tied to land Chivalry

Japan Samurai Shoguns held power Code of Bushido

Feudalism Similar structure King/Emperor didn’t hold true power nobles held true power

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 37 Genghis Khan conquered the largest land empire ever in the history of the world in one life time. The Mongols conquered areas of China, Persia and parts of Europe. His armies were made up of skilled horsemen and bowmen. Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis started the Yuan Dynasty in China.

Approximate dates: 1167 - 1267

The famous Chinese explorer Zheng He traveled to Southeast Asia, along the coast of India, around the Arabian Peninsula and to the port cities of East Africa. After his explorations the Chinese decided that no other civilization was as superior as theirs. They decided to isolate themselves and limit foreign contact with other.

Raided and set up an empire in Russia displacing princes

Made Russian cities pay tributes (taxes)

Mongol’s lasting effect upon Russia

Who was Genghis Khan? Mongol Ruler • Took much of Asia from Korea, Persia, India and Northern China • Skilled bowmen and horsemen • Advanced military technology

Who was Kublai Khan? • Dominated China from the south • Took parts of Korea, Vietnam, and Tibet • Adopted the name the Yuan Dynasty • Only allowed Mongol to serve in the army and gave best government jobs to Mongols • Allowed Chinese to rule provinces with a tax Error! Filename not specified.



Be able to explain the significance of the following people, places or concepts:

1. Hanseatic League: This was a league formed by Germanic peoples in the 1100s. Monopolized trade in the Baltic Sea; Worked to make trade safe by building lighthouses, controlling piracy and training sailors.

2. Grand Canal: This was a canal build under the Tang and Song dynasties. This canal connected the Huang He and the Yangzi rivers. It allowed for food from farms in southern China to be sent north.

3. Marco Polo: Marco Polo cam from Venice and traveled to China in the late 13th century. He wrote about his travels and gave information about where he went. He is significant because he helps historians to better record history. He was employed by Kublai Khan

4. Ibn Battuta: Ibn Battuta was a Moroccan legal scholar who traveled to Mesopotamia, Persia and Africa. Similar to Marco Polo, he wrote about his travels and helped historians.

5. Xuanzang: Buddhist monk that wrote about interactions between India and China during the Tang Dynasty

6. Toltecs: Mesoamerican civilization located in Mexico

7. The significance of bananas in Africa: Bananas gave a reliable food source to tribes such as the Bantu and became a staple food as well as a large portion of their nutrition source

8. The significance of the spread of cotton, sugar and citrus throughout Dar al-Islam and the Mediterranean basin: These products stimulated the economy as well as provided food throughout the empire.

9. tributary system: This is when independent states remain independent under a rule but acknowledge a greater power and pay a tax.

10. Waru waru agriculture: System of Agriculture created in Mesoamerica before the Encounter

11. Ethiopian Christianity: Christianity that was spread to Africa by trans-Saharan trade

Traditions and Encounters Various Chapters

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 39 12. Oligarchy:

Government system of a small governing body

13. Holy Roman Empire: German Based Catholic Empire; Formed after the fall of Rome in 476

14. Neo-Confucianism This is a combination of Buddhist and Confucian ideas. Was used mainly during the reign of the Song Dynasty


The Bubonic Plague spread everywhere, because of trading and exploration.

Population Losses Economic Decline Social and Political

Change Confusion and

Disorder

• 35 million Chinese died • 7,000 people a day died in Cairo • 1/3 of European population died

• Farm and industrial production declined • Prices rose and higher wages were demanded • Peasant revolts • Disrupted trade • Trade cities struggled

• Feudalism declined as peasant revolts weakened landowners • Monarchs gained power • People questioned their faith and the Church

• Turned to magic and witchcraft • Jews were persecuted and killed

Why is the rat the animal chosen to represent the Black Death? Fleas bit rats with disease and then bit humans = how it spread

B L A C K P L A G U E

EFFECTS OF THE PLAGUE

Prentice Hall, 82-83 5 Steps to a 5: Page 146

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 41 List two factors that led to the Commercial Revolution

What is a guild?

Decline in Feudalism

Increase in Capitalism

1

2

COMMERICIAL REVOLUTION

LED TO

Rise of towns

This is a group of workers that joined together to • Ensure the quality of goods • Provide social services to members • Regulate hours of work and prices of goods • ensure a supply of new artisans by training young people called apprentices

List three new

businesses

Partnerships between merchants

2. Banking (money stored and exchanged) 3. Insurance for products



Global Interactions 1450 - 1750

The Renaissance: A Rebirth of Greek and Roman ideals that focused on human ability,

potential, and achievement During what years did the Renaissance occur? 1300s-1500s

List Three Artists

One work for each

List Three Writers

One work for each

Michelangelo Sistine Chapel David

Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet Macbeth

DaVinci

Mona Lisa Thomas More

Utopia

Raphael

School of Athens

Erasmus

In Praise of Folly

Who invented the printing press? Johannes Gutenberg What are three effects of the printing press? Mass production, interpreting for oneself, increased literacy, led to Reformation in Christianity

Define: humanism Focus on the human body and inquiry- asking questions

Human ability and achievement

I wrote that the ends

justifies the means.

Who am I? Machiavelli


Ms. Buffalino, APWH 43 The Protestant Reformation and the Counter Reformation 1. Martin Luther 2. John Calvin

What was the Counter Reformation? What was its purpose? The Counter Reformation was the response to the Protestant Reformation. It eventually led to reform in the Catholic Church When did the Reformation occur: 1520s -1600s When did the Counter Reformation occur: 1545-1648

CAUSES OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

Long Term Pope became too powerful as

Catholicism spread

Humanists urged return to

simple religion

Corruption

Short Term Indulgences

95 Theses – Martin Luther (translated

Bible to German

Printing press

The Protestant Reformation had many leaders. Two of the most important were:

Long Term Formation of Lutheranism

2. Wars and tensions between

Protestants and Catholics

3. Catholic Reformation

Short Term Peasant revolts

Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican and

other Protestant churches form

Holy Roman Empire weakened

EFFECTS OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION


WestAfricanKingdoms(note this chart is includes multiple periodizations)

Ghana (800-1000) Mali (1200-1450) Songhai (1450 – 1600)

§ Controls trade in gold and

salt across West Africa. § Women work in business

and government. § King has Muslim advisors.

§ Mali conquers kingdom of Ghana.

§ Mansa Musa becomes great emperor.

§ Mali controls gold trade routes.

§ Timbuktu becomes a great trading city and center of learning.

§ Songhai grows into largest West African state.

§ Controls important trade routes.

§ Emperor sets up Muslim dynasty.

Who was Mansa Musa and what were the major effects of his rule? Mansa Musa was the King of Mali. He extended the empire and converted to Islam. He made Timbuktu a center of learning and spread Islamic Ideas.

My Hajj is one of the most famous in history.


Ms. Buffalino, APWH 45 LATIN AMERICA (Mesoamerica)

OLMECS MAYAS AZTECS INCAS

WHERE FOUND

AND WHEN? (note this chart

is includes multiple

periodizations)

1200 BC Gulf of Mexico

• 300- 900 CE • Southern Mexico and Central America

• Late 1200s • North valley of Mexico

• Developed in the Andes mountain region • Modern Day Peru and Bolivia

POLITICAL STRUCTURE

(gov’t)

• Theocracy • Gov. based on religion

• City-States • Social Pyramids • Patriarchal

• Single Emperor • Chosen by nobles and priests • Social pyramids

• Centralized • Emperor • Rulers seen as gods

ROLE OF

RELIGION

• Legend of Quetzalcoatl- god who would someday rule his people in peace • Polytheistic

• Polytheistic • Priests

• Priests led rituals • Polytheistic • Pyramids dedicated to gods • Human sacrifices to please gods

• Many gods • Polytheistic • Based on nature • Chief god- sun god

ACHIEVEMENTS

• Lavish Pyramids and temples • Pyramids of the sun and moon

• Calendar • Astronomy • Writing based on pictographs • Value of Zero • Lavish Pyramids and temples Pyramids of the sun and moon

• Accurate Calendar • Schools • Kept records • Medicine • Architecture • Engineering • Agriculture

• Terrace Farming • Record Keeping in knot tying- Quipu • Discovered gold silver and copper metallurgy • Trade



CHINA

1. Why did China choose to isolate themselves from trade in 1433? Zheng He was an explorer that had many voyages for the Ming Empire. He died in 1433. When he died the Ming Ruler banned expeditions because they were too costly. Also, Confucian scholars taught that China was the most advanced civ so isolation would preserve their culture.

2. How did geography contribute to Chinese isolation? Vast and diverse geographies allow isolation/center of earth preserves culture

List the many ways China had influenced the following areas KOREA WESTERN

EUROPE JAPAN SOUTHEAST

ASIA • Civil service Exams • Learned Porcelain and then created Celadon (blue-green glaze) • WRITING NOT CONNECTED TO CHINESE

• Traded silk and porcelain • Spread religion • Gunpowder

• Was bridged to China by Korea • Buddhism • Painting influenced by Chinese • Zen-Buddhism- influenced literature art and theater

• Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam • VIETNAM- -Confucian civil service exam -Bureaucracy (resembled China)

CHINA IMPACTS THE WEST AND ASIA



Capital City: Istanbul (Constantinople) Religion: Muslim Successful because of: Well armed forces, effective military strategies

Absolute Ruler SULEIMAN: List two accomplishments:

Modernized army & navy

Conquered Baghdad and created better justice system

How did the Ottomans treat different ethnic and religious groups? How did cultural diversity and nationalism impact the Ottoman Empire? Millets formed- small towns groups of different religions that were allowed religious toleration if they followed the Islamic Law (Sharia) Toleration = diverse groups came to the empire where they could worship

How did Europe contribute to Ottoman decline? Europeans took over trade and overpowered Ottoman military, economy and government.

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

YEARS:1299-1922

Define: janissary

Members of an elite force in the

Ottoman Army

Define: devshrime

Process of making Christian

boys Muslim and slaves that

would work for the Ottomans

Prentice Hall 116-118 5 Steps to a 5: 166-167

Traditions and Encounters


THE AGE OF EXPLORATION What were the reasons for European exploration? Resources for the economy, spices and luxury items, gold $$, spread religion, glory

Three advancements:

Astrolabe and Compass

Sternpost

Lateen Sail

How they were useful for exploration:

Navigation

Easier to maneuver a ship

Helped to sail

EXPLORERS

Vasco de Gama Portuguese sailor 1st European to reach India by sea Landed and traded in Calicut 1498

Christopher Columbus

Sailed for Spain Tried to sail to Indies Landed in Caribbean 1492 Funded by Ferdinand and Isabella Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese Sailed for Spain Leader of first circumnavigation of globe

Prentice Hall 119-125 5 Steps to a 5: 141-145


5 Steps to a 5: 152-155, 164-165

Conquistadors: Who did he conquer? Reasons for Success?

HERNANDO CORTES

Took over Aztecs -Tenochtitlan – headquarters for Spain -Spain gained much of Mesoamerica -Disease, horses, gunpowder -allied with native tribes

FRANCISCO PIZARRO

Inca Empire -horses -gunpowder -stirred up rivalries w native tribes -diseases (Smallpox and Measles)

How did the colonization of the Americas lead to the spread of smallpox, the measles and influenza? Explain. The American Explorers who were accustomed to disease in Europe brought over the diseases to the "New World". Here the inhabitants did not have the immunity to the diseases so it spread fast and decimated many native people.


Land Empires

Geographic Location Significance/Impact

Manchus

China

(modern day Northeast)

Established Qing Dynasties

Advancements in art,

scholarship and education

Mughals

India Centralized government

(Bureaucracy)

Military Campaigns

Gunpowder nation

Taj Majal

Religious Turbulence

Traditions and Encounters 5 Steps to a 5: 166-167


Eurocentrism is the belief that one race is superior to all. The social classes are based on ethnicity showing that one race is considered better than the other.

Europeans born in Spain

European descent, born in the colonies

A mix of European and Native American or African

How does the hierarchy reflect eurocentrism?


Peninsulares:


Goods from the Americas (be specific) Goods from Europe (be specific) • Maize • Potato • Sweet Potato • Beans • Peanut • Squash • Pumpkin • Tomato • Chili pepper • Avocado • Pineapple • Cocoa • Tobacco • Quinine (Medicine)

• Cattle • Goat • Sheep • Chicken • Smallpox • Measles • Typhus • Wheat • Sugar • Banana • Rice • Grape • Dandelion • Horse • Pig

Define MERCANTILISM: A policy adopted by Europeans in which raw goods are sent to the parent country and manufactured goods are sent back and sold for a profit àWHAT IS SENT TO THE PARENT COUNTRY? RAW GOODS àWHAT IS SENT TO THE COLONY? MANUFACTURED GOODS

Prentice Hall, 125 5 Steps to a 5: 174


THE SLAVE TRADE

Prentice Hall, 175-176 Traditions and Encounters

5 Steps to a 5: 178-180

N Causes: What did the Europeans need? Europeans needed people to work on farms and do hard labor for little pay in return.

Effects: List two negatives of the slave trade 1. People were taken from their homes and stripped of their lives 2. Slaves were expensive to transport

Which country was the last in the Americas to abolish slavery and in what year? Brazil in 1888


Monarch Country Facts

Akbar the Great India

- Built strong military - Centralized Mughal - Religious toleration of

Hindus - Muslim

Charles V Spain

- Against Protestantism - He resigned due to pressure

of Ottomans & Protestants - Holy Roman Emperor - Large territory = no

administration

Philip II Spain

- Believed he had divine right - Expanded his and the

church’s power - Patron of the arts - Philippines named after him

Louis XIII France

- Made France a leading European power

- Defeated Protestants - French army = strongest in

Europe - Won Huguenot Rebellion

Louis XIV “The Sun King” France

- Brought Golden Age of art/literature

- 72 yr. reign (one of longest) - Highly disciplined army - Persecuted Protestant

Huguenots - Palace of Versailles - Taxes, soldiers and

bureaucracy

The Age of Absolutism

Prentice Hall, 126-130, 146, 152-154

When was the Age of Absolutism?

1450-1750


Louis XVI France

- Last king of France before the French revolution

- Executed for treason

Peter the Great Russia

- Westernization (modeled after western Europe)

- Reduced nobility - Gained control of Russian

Orthodox Church

Catherine the Great Russia

- Gave more power to landowners

- Gained support of people even as a woman

THINK BACK TO PODCAST

Henry VIII England

- Anglican branch of Christianity

- Supported Protestant Reformation

- 6 wives

Elizabeth I England

- Golden Age (Elizabethan) - Protestantism – National

Church in England - Endorsed Shakespeare

Suleiman the Magnificent Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

- Built strong Navy - Conquered Baghdad - Rich and prosperous empire - Established a law code

(similar to Islamic Law)

Ms. Buffalino, APWH 56 1) What is the significance of the Glorious Revolution in England: The Glorious Revolution led to the drafting of the Bill of Rights, ensured Catholicism would not take too much power and transferred power from James II to William and Mary. 2) Define Limited Monarchy: A monarch is limited by a governing body (legislative branch) 3) What was the Magna Carta?

A charter that serves as a major part of the British Constitution ensuring Parliament.

4) List 5 elements of the English Bill of Rights:

§ Freedom of Speech

§ Limited power of the king and queen

§ Taxes must pass through Parliament first

§ Cannot be punished unless convicted first “Habeas Corpus”

§ Abolish extreme/unusual punishment

1) How did the Renaissance spark the Scientific Revolution? The Renaissance sparked the Scientific Revolution because it was a time of inquiry, advancements and new technology/philosophy.

2) Scientists and their accomplishments:

àCopernicus: questioned where the Earth was in the universe, the sun is in the center,

astronomer

àGalileo: invented the telescope, observed planets and moons, stars, proved

Copernicus’s theory

àNewton: Idea of gravity, Laws of Nature, basic concept of space

3) How did the Scientific Revolution change the way Europeans looked at the world? Conflict was prevalent due to contradictions to religion but Europeans learned and grew economically, politically and socially.

Prentice Hall, 139-143 5 Steps to a 5: 185

When was it?

1543



How did the Scientific Revolution lead to the Enlightenment? The Scientific Revolution challenged accepted beliefs and philosophers used problems in government and society to push Enlightenment.

Enlightenment Thinker Beliefs

John Locke

-natural rights -people have the true power in a nation and can overthrow government -government should protect rights

Montesquieu

Devoted to political literature -there should be branches; legislative, executive and judicial -checks and balances -separation of power

Voltaire

Attacked the Catholic Church and wrote philosophy about freedom of religion and speech

Rousseau

German writer who wrote about the importance of citizenship People are not born evil but are made evil by society

What are natural Rights? life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness

When was it? 1685-1815



Focus points for essays:

1. Geography 2. River Valleys 3. Belief Systems 4. Classical Civilizations 5. Mesoamerica 6. African Kingdoms 7. Chinese Dynasties 8. Middle Ages 9. Renaissance 10. Crusades 11. Trade 12. Cross-Cultural Interactions 13. Patriarchal Societies 14. Past College Board Essays

Study: the intro cue card, essay guides, essay graphic organizers and rubrics on the website.

GOOD LUCK!

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