motivation ch 9
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Motivation Ch 9. PSY 1000. Motivation. Process by which activities are started, directed, and continued Meets our physical and psychological needs or wants . Types of Motivation. Extrinsic Motivation Perform and action that leads to an outcome outside of self Work for money - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Motivation Ch 9
PSY 1000
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Motivation Process by which activities are started,
directed, and continued Meets our physical and psychological needs or
wants
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Types of Motivation Extrinsic Motivation
Perform and action that leads to an outcome outside of self Work for money
Decreases creativity
Intrinsic Motivation Perform an action because the act
itself is rewarding or satisfying Good grades to feel proud Physical challenges
Becomes ours
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Approaches to Motivation Instinct
Biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior
William McDougall proposed 18 instincts for humans Flight, running away Aggressiveness Gathering possessions
Frued Psychoanalytical Theory Concepts of instincts reside in the id, basic human
needs and drives This theory has faded since it is able to describe
the behavior but not explain it
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Approaches to Motivation Drive Reduction
Behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drive to satisfy need and reduce tension Primary Drive
Survival needs of the body such as hunger, thirst Body is in a state of imbalance
Acquired (secondary) Drive Learned through experience or conditioning Money Social approval
Homeostasis Body maintains a steady state
Does not explain all human behavior
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Approaches to Motivation Arousal
The need for stimulation Curiosity, playing, exploration
People have an optimal level of tension Some tasks may have a high level of arousal
Anxiety over a test Nervous over a first date
Maintaining an optimal level may require increasing or decreasing tension
Sensation Seekers Need more complex and varied sensory experiences
than do others
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Approaches to Motivation Incentive
Things that attract or lure people into action External stimulus and its rewarding properties
No need No tension
Expectancy-value Theories Actions of humans cannot be fully understood without
understanding the persons beliefs and values
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Approaches to Motivation Humanistic
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs Several level of needs to fulfill before a person achieves
the highest level of personality fulfillment Self-actualization the highest level
Person is fully satisfied with all the lower levels in their lives Seldom reached
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Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Many management programs are based on
this model Issues
No concrete research or study Based on Maslow’s observations Studies of Americans
Cross cultural needs /order of needs may differ
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Self Determination Theory Self-Determination theory
Three inborn and universal needs Help a person gain a complete sense of self and healthy
relationships with others
1. Autonomy1. Need to be in control of one’s own behavior and goals
2. Competence1. Need to be able to master the challenging tasks of
one’s life3. Relatedness
1. Need to feel a sense of belonging, intimacy, and security in relationships with others
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Emotions Feeling aspect
of consciousness
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Physiology of Emotions When experiencing an emotion
Arousal is created by the sympathetic nervous system
Many emotions have the same physiological response Heart rate increases Body temp changes
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Behavior of Emotions Facial expressions Body movements Actions Most are culturally universal
Display rules When the emotion is displayed
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Subjective Experience: Labeling Emotions Interpreting the feelings by giving it a label
Anger, sad, happy Learned response influenced by their
language and culture
Goal of psychologists engaged in cross cultural research is to understand the meaning of a persons mental and emotional state without interpreting them incorrectly
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Theories of Emotion Original thought of emotions were
Feeling emotion Behavior that responded to emotion
Event leads to Arousal leads to
Interpretation or Emotion or Reasoning or Cognitive labels
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James-Lange Theory Event Arousal Interpretation
Emotion We will read what our body says and then label
the emotion
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Cannon-Bard Theory Event Arousal Emotion Body responds and we label emotion at the
same time
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Schachter-Singer and cognitive Arousal Event Arousal Cognitive Labels
Emotion Physical arousal and the labeling must occur
before the emotion is experienced
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Facial Feedback Hypothesis Event Arousal/change of facial expression
Emotion What our facial expression is will go to the brain
and the emotion will intensify Emotion being expressed can cause the emotion
HAPPY
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Lazarus and the Cognitive-Mediational Theory Event Interpretation Emotion
Arousal Event causes us to interpret what is going on then
we label the emotion and our body responds