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  • Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is
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Minor/non-finite System • Major and minor sentences • A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE • However, a minor sentence is an irregular type of sentence. It does not contain a finite verb. • For example, "Mary!" "Yes." "Coffee." etc. • Other examples of minor sentences are headings (e.g. the heading of this entry), stereotyped expressions ("Hello!"), emotional expressions ("Wow!")…..

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Page 1: Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is

Minor/non-finite System

• Major and minor sentences• A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT

and a PREDICATE • However, a minor sentence is an irregular type of sentence.

It does not contain a finite verb. • For example, "Mary!" "Yes." "Coffee." etc. • Other examples of minor sentences are headings (e.g. the

heading of this entry), stereotyped expressions ("Hello!"), emotional expressions ("Wow!")…..

Page 2: Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is

SAL – CLAUSESMinor/non-finite System

The non-finite clause always has the ability to do without a subject: The best thing would be to tell everybodyAlso (optional subject) … for you to tell everybodyIt’s great to be freeCovered in confusion, I left the roomThe absence of a finite verb from non-finite clauses, means that they have no distinction of person, number, or tense.

Page 3: Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is

SAL – CLAUSESMinor/non-finite System

• Kids like to play on computers. (an infinitive clause using the English to-infinitive)

• It's easy for kids to play on computers. (an infinitive clause containing periphrastic expression of the subject)

• Playing on computers, they whiled the day away. (a participial clause, using a present participle)

• The kids playing on their computers, we were able to enjoy some time alone. (a participal clause with a subject)

• Having played on computers all day, they were pale and hungry. (a participial clause using a past participle)

• Playing on computers is fun. (a gerund clause)

Page 4: Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is

SAL – CLAUSESMinor/non-finite System

They constitute a means of syntactic compression.Popular in certain types of written discourse where the writer wants to suggest that their meaning should be recovered from the context.Can you try to detect the missing forms (verb TO BE + pronoun)?:Defeated, he left the roomOnce appointed prime minister, he took the strict measures expected of himDuring emergencies, feelings normally kept in check are ready to flourish

Page 5: Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is

SAL – CLAUSESMinor/non-finite System

• non-finite and minor clauses are a feature of disjunctive grammar;

• In disjunctive grammar (i.e. marked by break or disunity) relation between different parts of the message is inferred (not grammatically indicated):

“Cascade. Because you don’t have time for spots”(Cascade dishwasher)

Page 6: Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is

Disjunctive grammarLeech, English in Advertising, chapter 9

• Main difference between discursive and disjunctive grammar:

– in discursive grammar, minor and non-finite clauses are dependent;

– in disjunctive grammar, minor and non-finite clauses are independent

Page 7: Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is

Disjunctive grammarMinor sentences

(The new 2012 Buick La Crosse)

Page 8: Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is

Disjunctive grammarMinor sentences

Page 9: Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is

Disjunctive grammarBlock Language

Page 10: Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is

SAL – CLAUSESMinor/non-finite System

Page 11: Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is

Disjunctive & abbreviated modes Leech, English in Advertising, chapter 9

Message is very simple, its significance inferred from the circumstances in which it is transmitted. Accompanied by other means (visuals)•Disjunctive mode is used– Public notices, signs– Posters– Catalogues, inventories, tabulated materials– Postal address– Labels and trade-marks– Titles and headings

Page 12: Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is

Disjunctive & abbreviated modesLeech, English in Advertising, chapter 9

• Abbreviated mode is used in:– Telegrams– Newspaper headlines.

Page 13: Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is

Disjunctive mode See Leech, English in Advertising, chapter 9

• Disjunctive language offers many clues so as to have a correct interpretation of the message.

Notices on 4 DOORS:Artizzu

Prof. FoddeNo exit

Staff onlyHow much of English grammar is needed for

their description??

Page 14: Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is

Disjunctive mode See Leech, English in Advertising, chapter 9

• In disjunctive grammar, the only grammar we need is a knowledge of the structure of English proper names: one part of the nominal group.

GENTLEMEN’S WASHROOMENQUIRIES AND APLICATIONS FOR VISA

Page 15: Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is

Disjunctive mode See Leech, English in Advertising, chapter 9

• The disjunctive grammar that uses proper names or nominal group structures only is called BLOCK LANGUAGE.

• Block language is characteristic of many types of public announcements, in posters.

Page 16: Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is

Disjunctive grammarLeech, English in Advertising, chapter 9

Page 17: Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is

Disjunctive grammarLeech, English in Advertising, chapter 9

Page 18: Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is

Disjunctive grammarLeech, English in Advertising, chapter 9

Page 19: Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is

Disjunctive grammarLeech, English in Advertising, chapter 9

• Each NG = isolated unit • Relation between different

parts of the message is inferred (not grammatically indicated).

• In poster-like presentation the Z-reading path is waived for the sake of immediate visual impact

Page 20: Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is

Disjunctive grammarLeech, English in Advertising, chapter 9

• Each NG = isolated unit • Relation between different

parts of the message is inferred (not grammatically indicated).

• In poster-like presentation the Z-reading path is waived for the sake of immediate visual impact

Page 21: Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is

Disjunctive grammarLeech, English in Advertising, chapter 9

• For you this summer … a golden tan • (A Z structure – INDEPENDENT MINOR CLAUSE)

• The castle, at one time a royal residence, is now the property of the National Trust

• (A Z structure – DEPENDENT MINOR CLAUSE)

You…if you are aged 16-19 and are taking or have passed your G.C.E. …

and your future • (A Z structure – INDEPENDENT MINOR CLAUSE)

Page 22: Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is

Disjunctive grammarLeech, English in Advertising, chapter 9

• Main difference between discursive and disjunctive grammar:

– in discursive grammar, minor and non-finite clauses are dependent;

– in disjunctive grammar, minor and non-finite clauses are independent

Page 23: Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is

Abbreviated grammarLeech, English in Advertising, chapter 9

• Typical of newspapers headlines • Examples:– “Customs accused of offering secret amnesty”

Page 24: Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is

Abbreviated grammar

Page 25: Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is

Abbreviated grammar

• There are a lot of pre-modifiers required to save space & to create ambiguity (which means to catch the interest of the reader)

British left waffles on Falkland islandsa) left Predicator + waffles Complement (waffle = a cake fried

in butter) => P Cb) left (British left) Head of S + waffles Predicator (to waffle =

to ramble, i.e. speak in a confused manner ) => S P.

Page 26: Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is

Small AD

• Small ad uses disjunctive grammar abbreviated grammar & block grammar:

• LTD Company est 1981 for sale. No assets or liabilities. VAT registered. UK bank acc with chequebook. Avble now. Substantial offers over £15,000. Internet bkg nominee service avble on both. Tel.08000 152469 or 07845 495852. quote ref DPH

(The Sunday Times, Feb 27th, 2005)

Page 27: Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is

Small ADClassifieds

• Small ad uses disjunctive grammar abbreviated grammar & block grammar:

“The landlord just finished this beautiful Salon and Spa and offering it for sale. Brand new equipment, retail displays, first class decoration, waiting room with fire place. Great Corner Visibility! Excellent retail displays with a great inventory. (4) chair Stations (2) Manicure and pedicure stations (1)Massage room Must see to appreciate, great investment for an active stylist or investment opportunity to run your own business”.

(The New York Times, Nov. 26th, 2013)

Page 28: Minor/non-finite System Major and minor sentences A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE However, a minor sentence is

…phew*

You can now buy the emergency contraceptive pill

from the pharmacy. It’s called Levonelle andworks best within 24 hours but can be used

up to 72 hours after unprotected sex.


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