md clase 1y2 enero 2008

Metodologías de Diseño M00843 Ing. Eduardo González Mendívil

Metodologías de Diseño

Semestre Enero-Mayo2008

Ing. Eduardo González Mendívil

Metodologías de Diseño

Semestre Enero-Mayo2008

Ing. Eduardo González Mendívil


Ponderación del Curso:

Primer parcial 20%Segundo parcial 20%Tercer parcial 20%Proyecto Final 20%Examen Final 20%------------------------------------------Total 100%

Trabajos y Tareas son para puntos extras y a criterio del Profesor


INTRODUCTION - DESIGNING

"It is through knowledge that I gain understanding -- and understanding lets

me do by choice what others do by constraint of

fear.”

Aristotle


What Do We Understand by Designing?We stated that an idea about an object (product or process) which should be created must have been preconceived and developed, before it can be built or realized. Somebody must think ahead. According to our view, the "somebody with an idea" is the designer of: a house, a cathedral, a mill, their interior fittings, etc.Designing is defined as the transformation of information from the condition of needs, demands, requirements and constraints (including the demanded functions) into the description of a structure which is capable of fulfilling these demands. The demands must include the wishes of the customers, but also all stages and requirements of the life cycle and all intermediate states that the product must pass through.


Taylor (1959): Engineering design is the process of applying various techniques and scientific principles for the purpose of defining a device, a process, or a system in sufficient detail to permit its physical realization.

Asimow (1962): Engineering design is a purposeful activity directed towards the goal of fulfilling human needs, particularly those which can be met by the technology factors of our culture. And: (ibid.) Decision making, in the face of uncertainty, with high penalty for error.

Feilden (1963): Mechanical engineering design is the use of scientific principles, technical information and imagination in the definition of a mechanical structure, machine or system to perform pre-specified functions with the maximum economy and efficiency. The designer's responsibility covers the whole process from conception to the issue of detailed instructions for production and his interest continues throughout the designed life of the product in service.

Alexander (1963): Finding the right physical components of a physical structure.

Kesselring (1964): Designing means to find a technically perfect, economically favorable and esthetically satisfactory solution for a given task.

Booker (1964): Simulating what we want to make (or do) before we make (or do) it as many times as may be necessary to feel confident in the final result.

Archer (1964): A goal-directed problem-solving activity.

Reswick (1965): A creative activity -- it involves bringing into being something new and useful that has not existed previously.

Hansen (1966): Developing a technical construct is determined through prior visual thinking out.


Jones (1966): The performing of a very complicated act of faith.

Page (1966): The imaginative jump from present facts to future possibilities.

Farr (1966): The conditioning factor for those parts of the product which come into contact with people.

Gregory (1966): Relating product with situation to give satisfaction.

Matchett (1966): The optimum solution to the sum of the true needs of a particular set of circumstances.

Nadler (1967): Planning and design (P & D) is a process to create or restructure a situation-specific solution. The result may be a house, legislation, an information system, a corporate plan, an appropriate technology transfer, a regional housing plan, a product design, a course outline, a factory layout -- almost anything.

Alexander (1979): Design is the process of inventing physical things which display new physical order, organization, form, in response to function.

Jones (1980): ... the chain of events that begins with the sponsor's wish and moves through the actions of designers, manufacturers, distributors and consumers to the ultimate effects of a newly designed thing upon the world. All one can say with certainty is that society or the world is not the same as it was before the new design appeared.

Katz (1984): ... we normally think of design as the activity involved with actually constructing the system; i.e., given a specification of the system, we map that specification into its physical realization (e.g., an integrated circuit chip, a computer program, a physical plant or airplane). The design task, however, extends throughout a system life cycle, from the initial commitment to build a new system to its final full scale production.

Suh (1989): ... the creation of a synthesized solution in the form of products, processes or systems that satisfy perceived needs through mapping between the functional requirements (FRs) in the functional domain and the design parameters (DPs) of the physical domain, through proper selection of the


The nature of designing is reflected in many other statements which at best capture only parts of the truth. Typical for such statements (each made with the personal conviction of its author to have fully explained designing with one simplistic phrase) are, that "design is …":

* an art, not a science,* problems solving,* decision making,* applying science,* creativity and imagination,* heuristic search,* learning,* evolution,* selecting suitable patterns and adjusting,* dealing with people,* team-building,* collecting and processing data,* negotiating to achieve a satisfactory solution,* accepting adequate solutions, satisficing,* optimizing,* transferring and transforming knowledge,* drawing and calculating,* directing, leading, organizing,* considering the "bottom line" of costs and profit,* satisfying needs, satisfying the customer,* ethical and professional conduct,* foresight towards production, assembly, testing and other processes,* etc.


Black Box Design


The design process is modified in its breadth according to the object to be designed and/or the stages in the design process. To designate such cases, particular terms have become traditional. Some examples are:

* planning -- emphasizes the temporal dimension of the problems (mostly of longer duration) and the scale of the solution suggestions (mostly larger) which result in a large number of smaller problems for other more specialized areas; this expression is used especially in connection with the planning of regions, cities, etc. and the overall construction of large plant. "Designing" is often described as "part the planning process," but the relationship is reciprocal;

* project engineering -- the object to be constructed is usually a large to medium industrial plant, where many of the elements are selected as independent machines from suitable manufacturers' catalogs or are produced by manufacturers to special order ("one-of-a-kind" or small series);

* developing -- the object should be a new, unknown system (at that time) -- caution is needed in this connection, the same word is also used for the different process of testing and modifying an existing, newly built (realized) system (e.g., a prototype) to achieve satisfactory operational parameters;

* organizing -- the object consists mostly of humans (and technical means to support human activities), the task is composed of generating goals, and giving the instructions


Other activity words refer to partial areas of designing, but they can be considered under some circumstances as equivalent to designing:

* conceptualizing -- conceiving one or several possible structures which could fulfill the given needs, demands, requirements and constraints. A concept can be a sketched interpretation of a proposed solution, but also an intellectual abstraction with relationships for a class of objects or phenomena;

* laying out -- representing and deciding about the possible arrangements of physical elements and their functionally conditioned sizes and forms, normally by producing drawings (similarly to an assembly drawing) in which only the main dimensions (and connecting dimensions between the elements) are indicated and which deliver the information for producing detail drawings (or their analogs on data carriers -- e.g., computer media);

* detailing -- producing the individual drawings (or their computer analogs) for the components which should be manufactured;

* form-giving -- establishing the possible and necessary forms (and sizes) for the complete assembly and the components.


KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS (SCIENCE) AND DESIGNING

"Knowledge is power"Francis Bacon

"Wenn man wissen will, WOHIN man geht, sollte man zuerst feststellen, WOHER man kommt. (If you wish to know WHERE you are going, you should first

establish FROM WHERE you came)"Vizebürgermeister Franz Jochum,

Klagenfurt (Vice-Mayor of Klagenfurt)


Science and Designing

One important role for science is collecting, defining, categorizing and classifying knowledge. This includes finding relationships, structuring, and systematizing. An accepted model for scientific procedure is: (a) ask an appropriate question, (b) propose a model and a hypothesis, (c) collect data, (d) analyze the data, (e) formulate an answer, (f) accept the new knowledge and revert to (a).


Technical (Branch, Domain) Knowledge


For the area of designing in engineering, the term technical system (TS) was introduced to emphasize the most important characteristic (property) of technical objects, namely belonging to a system. Otherwise the terms "technical object" or "technical work" would also be useful. We can therefore define "technical systems" as artificial (implemented or manufactured by humans) process objects and material (real) objects. The technical system is the object of study for the technological (engineering) sciences.


NOMINAL GROUP TECHNIQUE (NGT)Purpose:To organize more productive meetings especially for problem identification,

problem-solving, and program planning. To balance and increase participation and reduce errors in group decisions.

Summary:Meetings within organizations are not always productive. Most managers feel that much of their time which is taken up in meetings is not well spent. Nominal group Technique is a way of organizing a meeting to enhance its productivity. Its purpose is to balance and increase participation, to use different processes for different phases of creative problem solving and to reduce the errors in aggregating individual judgments into group decisions. It is especially useful for problem identification, problem-solving and program planning.

Process:Small group meeting process. Time 2 - 3 hours for the full step-by-step process, although the silent generation and balloting of ideas can be used strategically in a wide variety of situations, taking relatively little time, e..g, for quick agenda setting. Numbers 6 - 12, larger groups can work in subgroups on the same topic or ondifferent topics dending on the situation. The results can later be shared.


The name, Nominal Group Technique, describes how the process works. It is a process for a group of people who become a group in name in only (hence the name, nominal group) when they are using the technique. The purpose of NGT is to eliminate social and psychological dynamics of group behavior which tend to inhibit individual creativity and participation in group decisions. For the time that the group uses the technique they avoid the normal problems of a few individuals doing all the talking, the rest listening, and very few people taking the time to actually think about the issue at hand. Individuals can be more creative and everyone is given a structured opportunity to participate. This helps to overcome these common problems often encountered in small group meetings organized for the purpose of generating ideas, planning programs, and problem solving


The following outline lists each step of NGT along with ways in which that step contributes to better meetings and decisions. This listing will help to clarify how and why NGT works. -Silent Generation of Ideas in Writing Provides time to think Provides a creative setting Provides focus and uninterrupted thought Encourages each member to search for ideas Avoids competition and status differences Avoids conformity pressures Avoids evaluation and closure Avoids polarizing on ideas

-Recorded Round-Robin Listing of Ideas on Chart Structures equal sharing and participation Encourages problem Encourages each member to build on other member's ideas Depersonalized ideas Tolerates conflicting ideas Reinforces concentration: hear and see ideas Provides written permanence


-Discussion and Clarification of Each Idea on Chart Each idea is as important as another Equal time to each idea Clarifies ideas

-Preliminary Vote on Priorities Provides focus on important issues Structures equality in choices Allows a "trial run" Avoids a premature decision Avoids dominance by strong members

-Discussion of Preliminary Vote Clarifies misunderstandings Encourages minority opinions Promotes "criticizing" ideas on wall - not people Provides preparation for decision


-Final Vote on Priorities Structures an independent judgment from each member Provides closure Promotes sense of accomplishment Motivates involvement in future phases of planning and problem-solving Provides a written record of the ideas generated

md clase 1y2 enero 2008

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