material recovery from waste incineration residues...processing and recovery technology municipal...
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Material recovery from waste incineration residues:
A UNFC case study on project development in the Canton of Zurich, Switzerland
29 April – 3 May 2019, Palais des Nations, Geneva
Acknowledgements
2
Sigurd Heiberg Sandra Mueller
Soraya Heuss-Aẞbichler Mohamed Osmani
Julian Hilton Mark Simoni
Daniel Müller Julia Stegemann
Ulrich Kral Katlin Szabó
David Laner Patrick Wäger
Felix MüllerMark Howson
Andrea WinterstetterDominik WittmerMINERAL RESOURCES
PROFESSIONAL LIMITED
Geneva, 28 September 2018:
IntroductionOverview
3
Aim: Assessment and
classification
Raw materials from waste incineration residues
Canton of Zurich, Switzerland
Reason: Application of the new
UNFC specifications
Increase of exploitable resource potential and knowledge
Recent technological development
IntroductionEmerging topic and number of case studies
4
Scope Spatial scope
Classification concept
Reference No.
Phosphor recovery from Austrian landfills National McKelvey (Lederer et al., 2014) 1
Zinc recovery from MSWI incineration residues Europe McKelvey (Fellner et al., 2015) 2
A geological reconnaissance of electrical and electronic waste as a source for rare earth metals
National UNFC (Mueller et al., 2015)
Material recovery from old landfills, obsolete computers and laptops, and wind turbines.
Project level
UNFC (Winterstetter, 2016)
2Material recovery from Vienna's Subway Network Regional McKelvey (Lederer et al., 2016)
Material recovery from old landfills in Flanders Project level
UNFC (Winterstetter 2017; Winterstetter et al., 2018)
3
Secondary aluminium, copper and zinc reserves on national level
National McKelvey (Maung et al., 2017; Maung et al. 2017; MaungLwin and Hashimoto 2019)
Metal and salt recovery from MSWI bottom ash Project level
UNFC (Huber and Fellner 2018)
Chromium recovery from steel slags Project level
UNFC (Winterstetter 2018)
Recovery of scarce / critical metals from electrical and electronic devices in passenger vehicles
Project level
UNFC (Wäger et al., 2018) 3
MethodResource Assessment and Classification
5
Recovery project definitionsDescribing the scope of the recovery project. This includes: project cornerstones, material flow system, and chronicling a timeline of the project development.
CharacterizationInvestigating the material quantity (i.e. material flow analysis and material production data), and quality.
EvaluationEvaluating the recovery projects regarding the development of the projects.
1
2
3
Categorization and classification Categorizing and classifying the development of the recovery project through the application of the United Nations Framework Classification for Resources (UNFC).
4
Resource assessment and classification
MethodResource Assessment and ?Classification?
6
Recovery project definitionsDescribing the scope of the recovery project. This includes: project cornerstones, material flow system, and chronicling a timeline of the project development.
CharacterizationInvestigating the material quantity (i.e. material flow analysis and material production data), and quality.
EvaluationEvaluating the recovery projects regarding the development of the projects.
1
2
3
Categorization and classification Categorizing and classifying the development of the recovery project through the application of the United Nations Framework Classification for Resources (UNFC).
4
Resource assessment and classification
MethodResource Assessment and ?Classification?
7
Recovery project definitionsDescribing the scope of the recovery project. This includes: project cornerstones, material flow system, and chronicling a timeline of the project development.
CharacterizationInvestigating the material quantity (i.e. material flow analysis and material production data), and quality.
EvaluationEvaluating the recovery projects regarding the development of the projects.
1
2
3
Categorization and classification Categorizing and classifying the development of the recovery project through the application of the United Nations Framework Classification for Resources (UNFC).
4
Resource assessment and classification
MethodResource Assessment and ?Classification?
8
Recovery project definitionsDescribing the scope of the recovery project. This includes: project cornerstones, material flow system, and chronicling a timeline of the project development.
CharacterizationInvestigating the material quantity (i.e. material flow analysis and material production data), and quality.
EvaluationEvaluating the recovery projects regarding the development of the projects.
1
2
3
Categorization and classification Categorizing and classifying the development of the recovery project through the application of the United Nations Framework Classification for Resources (UNFC).
4
Resource assessment and classification
MethodResource Assessment and ?Classification?
9
Recovery project definitionsDescribing the scope of the recovery project. This includes: project cornerstones, material flow system, and chronicling a timeline of the project development.
CharacterizationInvestigating the material quantity (i.e. material flow analysis and material production data), and quality.
EvaluationEvaluating the recovery projects regarding the development of the projects.
1
2
3
Categorization and classification Categorizing and classifying the development of the recovery project through the application of the United Nations Framework Classification for Resources (UNFC).
4
Resource assessment and classification
Recovery project definitions - project cornerstones
Resource Assessment and Classification
10
Item CharacteristicTarget materials
Ferrous, non-ferrous metals, stainless (VA-) steel, glass
Processing and recovery technology
Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) and wet and dry bottom-ash treatment
Material source
Bottom-ash from MSWI
Spatial scope Canton of Zurich, SwitzerlandTemporal scope
2003 – 2017 (the 2003 was selected, since then the well-founded monitoring of metals in bottom-ash commenced)
Reference point
Located at the output side of bottom-ash treatment plants
Recovery project definitions - project cornerstones
Resource Assessment and Classification
11
Item CharacteristicTarget materials
Ferrous, non-ferrous metals, stainless (VA-) steel, glass
Processing and recovery technology
Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) and wet and dry bottom-ash treatment
Material source
Bottom-ash from MSWI
Spatial scope Canton of Zurich, SwitzerlandTemporal scope
2003 – 2017 (the 2003 was selected, since then the well-founded monitoring of metals in bottom-ash commenced)
Reference point
Located at the output side of bottom-ash treatment plants
Recovery project definitions - timeline
Resource Assessment and Classification
12
Project DBA
Project WBA
Projects WBA & DBA
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Monitoring at incineration plant Thurgau, resource potential in fine bottom ash recognised
Founding network for distribution of collected waste
Publication of two cantonal urban mining action plans of Kt. Zurich, Initiating of cooperation for handling of market waste for incineration
plants with ZAV (Zurich waste treatment organisation association)
Commissioning of both small scale fine dry bottom-ash and non-iron sorting system for particles 0.2 -1mm
Publication on precious metals and rare earth elements in municipal solid waste – source and fate in a Swiss incineration plant
Commissioning of dry bottom-ash treatment system for particles <5mm at incineration plant KEZO
Building landfill Häuli , Recognizing potential from wet
bottom-ash treatment
Commissioning of dry bottom-ash treatment system for particles <5mm at incineration plant KEZO
Research and development in wet bottom-ash separation (i.e. supersort)
- Commissioning of large scale wet bottom ash treatment (i.e. supersort)- Publication on precious metals and rare earth elements in municipal solid waste –
source and fate in a Swiss incineration plant
Research and development of fine wet bottom-ash treatment systems (i.e. supersort fine)
Building and fully operating large and small wet bottom-ash treatment (i.e. supersort fine)
First full year of operation of large, small and non-ferrous wet bottom
ash fraction treatment system (i.e. supersort, supersort fine)
- Building of dry bottom ash discharging at KEZO, - Demonstration of increased Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd metals in dry bottom-ash, due to leaching metals to the water bath
after furnace of the wet discharge incineration plant
Research and development of large scale dry bottom-ash treatment system
Establishment of foundation centre for sustainable waste and resource use (ZAR)
Research and development of small scale fine dry bottom-ash treatment system at ZAR system for particles 0.2 - 1mm at ZAR.
Building and commissioning of large scale dry bottom-ash separation system
Building of dry bottom ash discharging at MWSI Horgen
Building of dry bottom ash discharging at MSWI Zürich Hagenholz
First full year of operation of fine dry bottom-ash treatment
Publication of sampling, sample preparation and analysis of solid residue
from thermal waste treatments
Recovery project definitions - timeline
Resource Assessment and Classification
13
Project DBA
Project WBA
Projects WBA & DBA
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Monitoring at incineration plant Thurgau, resource potential in fine bottom ash recognised
Founding network for distribution of collected waste
Publication of two cantonal urban mining action plans of Kt. Zurich, Initiating of cooperation for handling of market waste for incineration
plants with ZAV (Zurich waste treatment organisation association)
Commissioning of both small scale fine dry bottom-ash and non-iron sorting system for particles 0.2 -1mm
Publication on precious metals and rare earth elements in municipal solid waste – source and fate in a Swiss incineration plant
Commissioning of dry bottom-ash treatment system for particles <5mm at incineration plant KEZO
Building landfill Häuli , Recognizing potential from wet
bottom-ash treatment
Commissioning of dry bottom-ash treatment system for particles <5mm at incineration plant KEZO
Research and development in wet bottom-ash separation (i.e. supersort)
- Commissioning of large scale wet bottom ash treatment (i.e. supersort)- Publication on precious metals and rare earth elements in municipal solid waste –
source and fate in a Swiss incineration plant
Research and development of fine wet bottom-ash treatment systems (i.e. supersort fine)
Building and fully operating large and small wet bottom-ash treatment (i.e. supersort fine)
First full year of operation of large, small and non-ferrous wet bottom
ash fraction treatment system (i.e. supersort, supersort fine)
- Building of dry bottom ash discharging at KEZO, - Demonstration of increased Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd metals in dry bottom-ash, due to leaching metals to the water bath
after furnace of the wet discharge incineration plant
Research and development of large scale dry bottom-ash treatment system
Establishment of foundation centre for sustainable waste and resource use (ZAR)
Research and development of small scale fine dry bottom-ash treatment system at ZAR system for particles 0.2 - 1mm at ZAR.
Building and commissioning of large scale dry bottom-ash separation system
Building of dry bottom ash discharging at MWSI Horgen
Building of dry bottom ash discharging at MSWI Zürich Hagenholz
First full year of operation of fine dry bottom-ash treatment
Publication of sampling, sample preparation and analysis of solid residue
from thermal waste treatments
Recovery project definitions - timeline
Resource Assessment and Classification
14
Project DBA
Project WBA
Projects WBA & DBA
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Monitoring at incineration plant Thurgau, resource potential in fine bottom ash recognised
Founding network for distribution of collected waste
Publication of two cantonal urban mining action plans of Kt. Zurich, Initiating of cooperation for handling of market waste for incineration
plants with ZAV (Zurich waste treatment organisation association)
Commissioning of both small scale fine dry bottom-ash and non-iron sorting system for particles 0.2 -1mm
Publication on precious metals and rare earth elements in municipal solid waste – source and fate in a Swiss incineration plant
Commissioning of dry bottom-ash treatment system for particles <5mm at incineration plant KEZO
Building landfill Häuli , Recognizing potential from wet
bottom-ash treatment
Commissioning of dry bottom-ash treatment system for particles <5mm at incineration plant KEZO
Research and development in wet bottom-ash separation (i.e. supersort)
- Commissioning of large scale wet bottom ash treatment (i.e. supersort)- Publication on precious metals and rare earth elements in municipal solid waste –
source and fate in a Swiss incineration plant
Research and development of fine wet bottom-ash treatment systems (i.e. supersort fine)
Building and fully operating large and small wet bottom-ash treatment (i.e. supersort fine)
First full year of operation of large, small and non-ferrous wet bottom
ash fraction treatment system (i.e. supersort, supersort fine)
- Building of dry bottom ash discharging at KEZO, - Demonstration of increased Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd metals in dry bottom-ash, due to leaching metals to the water bath
after furnace of the wet discharge incineration plant
Research and development of large scale dry bottom-ash treatment system
Establishment of foundation centre for sustainable waste and resource use (ZAR)
Research and development of small scale fine dry bottom-ash treatment system at ZAR system for particles 0.2 - 1mm at ZAR.
Building and commissioning of large scale dry bottom-ash separation system
Building of dry bottom ash discharging at MWSI Horgen
Building of dry bottom ash discharging at MSWI Zürich Hagenholz
First full year of operation of fine dry bottom-ash treatment
Publication of sampling, sample preparation and analysis of solid residue
from thermal waste treatments
Recovery project definitions - timeline
Resource Assessment and Classification
15
Project DBA
Project WBA
Projects WBA & DBA
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Monitoring at incineration plant Thurgau, resource potential in fine bottom ash recognised
Founding network for distribution of collected waste
Publication of two cantonal urban mining action plans of Kt. Zurich, Initiating of cooperation for handling of market waste for incineration
plants with ZAV (Zurich waste treatment organisation association)
Commissioning of both small scale fine dry bottom-ash and non-iron sorting system for particles 0.2 -1mm
Publication on precious metals and rare earth elements in municipal solid waste – source and fate in a Swiss incineration plant
Commissioning of dry bottom-ash treatment system for particles <5mm at incineration plant KEZO
Building landfill Häuli , Recognizing potential from wet
bottom-ash treatment
Commissioning of dry bottom-ash treatment system for particles <5mm at incineration plant KEZO
Research and development in wet bottom-ash separation (i.e. supersort)
- Commissioning of large scale wet bottom ash treatment (i.e. supersort)- Publication on precious metals and rare earth elements in municipal solid waste –
source and fate in a Swiss incineration plant
Research and development of fine wet bottom-ash treatment systems (i.e. supersort fine)
Building and fully operating large and small wet bottom-ash treatment (i.e. supersort fine)
First full year of operation of large, small and non-ferrous wet bottom
ash fraction treatment system (i.e. supersort, supersort fine)
- Building of dry bottom ash discharging at KEZO, - Demonstration of increased Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd metals in dry bottom-ash, due to leaching metals to the water bath
after furnace of the wet discharge incineration plant
Research and development of large scale dry bottom-ash treatment system
Establishment of foundation centre for sustainable waste and resource use (ZAR)
Research and development of small scale fine dry bottom-ash treatment system at ZAR system for particles 0.2 - 1mm at ZAR.
Building and commissioning of large scale dry bottom-ash separation system
Building of dry bottom ash discharging at MWSI Horgen
Building of dry bottom ash discharging at MSWI Zürich Hagenholz
First full year of operation of fine dry bottom-ash treatment
Publication of sampling, sample preparation and analysis of solid residue
from thermal waste treatments
Recovery project definitions - timeline
Resource Assessment and Classification
16
Project DBA
Project WBA
Projects WBA & DBA
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Monitoring at incineration plant Thurgau, resource potential in fine bottom ash recognised
Founding network for distribution of collected waste
Publication of two cantonal urban mining action plans of Kt. Zurich, Initiating of cooperation for handling of market waste for incineration
plants with ZAV (Zurich waste treatment organisation association)
Commissioning of both small scale fine dry bottom-ash and non-iron sorting system for particles 0.2 -1mm
Publication on precious metals and rare earth elements in municipal solid waste – source and fate in a Swiss incineration plant
Commissioning of dry bottom-ash treatment system for particles <5mm at incineration plant KEZO
Building landfill Häuli , Recognizing potential from wet
bottom-ash treatment
Commissioning of dry bottom-ash treatment system for particles <5mm at incineration plant KEZO
Research and development in wet bottom-ash separation (i.e. supersort)
- Commissioning of large scale wet bottom ash treatment (i.e. supersort)- Publication on precious metals and rare earth elements in municipal solid waste –
source and fate in a Swiss incineration plant
Research and development of fine wet bottom-ash treatment systems (i.e. supersort fine)
Building and fully operating large and small wet bottom-ash treatment (i.e. supersort fine)
First full year of operation of large, small and non-ferrous wet bottom
ash fraction treatment system (i.e. supersort, supersort fine)
- Building of dry bottom ash discharging at KEZO, - Demonstration of increased Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd metals in dry bottom-ash, due to leaching metals to the water bath
after furnace of the wet discharge incineration plant
Research and development of large scale dry bottom-ash treatment system
Establishment of foundation centre for sustainable waste and resource use (ZAR)
Research and development of small scale fine dry bottom-ash treatment system at ZAR system for particles 0.2 - 1mm at ZAR.
Building and commissioning of large scale dry bottom-ash separation system
Building of dry bottom ash discharging at MWSI Horgen
Building of dry bottom ash discharging at MSWI Zürich Hagenholz
First full year of operation of fine dry bottom-ash treatment
Publication of sampling, sample preparation and analysis of solid residue
from thermal waste treatments
Recovery project definitions - timeline
Resource Assessment and Classification
17
Project DBA
Project WBA
Projects WBA & DBA
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Monitoring at incineration plant Thurgau, resource potential in fine bottom ash recognised
Founding network for distribution of collected waste
Publication of two cantonal urban mining action plans of Kt. Zurich, Initiating of cooperation for handling of market waste for incineration
plants with ZAV (Zurich waste treatment organisation association)
Commissioning of both small scale fine dry bottom-ash and non-iron sorting system for particles 0.2 -1mm
Publication on precious metals and rare earth elements in municipal solid waste – source and fate in a Swiss incineration plant
Commissioning of dry bottom-ash treatment system for particles <5mm at incineration plant KEZO
Building landfill Häuli , Recognizing potential from wet
bottom-ash treatment
Commissioning of dry bottom-ash treatment system for particles <5mm at incineration plant KEZO
Research and development in wet bottom-ash separation (i.e. supersort)
- Commissioning of large scale wet bottom ash treatment (i.e. supersort)- Publication on precious metals and rare earth elements in municipal solid waste –
source and fate in a Swiss incineration plant
Research and development of fine wet bottom-ash treatment systems (i.e. supersort fine)
Building and fully operating large and small wet bottom-ash treatment (i.e. supersort fine)
First full year of operation of large, small and non-ferrous wet bottom
ash fraction treatment system (i.e. supersort, supersort fine)
- Building of dry bottom ash discharging at KEZO, - Demonstration of increased Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd metals in dry bottom-ash, due to leaching metals to the water bath
after furnace of the wet discharge incineration plant
Research and development of large scale dry bottom-ash treatment system
Establishment of foundation centre for sustainable waste and resource use (ZAR)
Research and development of small scale fine dry bottom-ash treatment system at ZAR system for particles 0.2 - 1mm at ZAR.
Building and commissioning of large scale dry bottom-ash separation system
Building of dry bottom ash discharging at MWSI Horgen
Building of dry bottom ash discharging at MSWI Zürich Hagenholz
First full year of operation of fine dry bottom-ash treatment
Publication of sampling, sample preparation and analysis of solid residue
from thermal waste treatments
Characterization - Material flow analysis: 2003
Resource Assessment and Classification
18
Characterization - Material flow analysis: 2017
Resource Assessment and Classification
19
Characterization - Material flow analysis: 2017
Resource Assessment and Classification
20
Characterization - Material flow analysis: 2017
Resource Assessment and Classification
21
Characterization - Material flow analysis: 2017
Resource Assessment and Classification
22
Characterization - Material flow analysis: 2017
Resource Assessment and Classification
23
Characterization - Material flow analysis: 2017
Resource Assessment and Classification
24
Characterization - Material production data: recovered material
Resource Assessment and Classification
25
Characterization - Material production data: recovered material
Resource Assessment and Classification
26
Characterization - Material production data: recovered material
Resource Assessment and Classification
27
Characterization - Material production data: recovery rate
Resource Assessment and Classification
28
Characterization - Material production data: recovery rate
Resource Assessment and Classification
29
Characterization - Material production data: recovery rate
Resource Assessment and Classification
30
Evaluation- Factors
Resource Assessment and Classification
31
Approach Knowledge area
Recovery project definitions Project corner stones, material flow system, timeline
Characterization Material quantity and quality with: material flow analysis, material production data (over time)
Evaluation 1. Legislation2. Policy implementation3. Awareness of raw material criticality4. Political willingness5. Stakeholder interest6. Social license7. Financial capability8. ProfitabilityA. InfrastructureB. Technology readiness level (TRL)C. Operating License1. Knowledge of material regarding quantity and quality 2. Supply continuity
Categorization and classification
Categorization on UNFC-axes, project maturity levels
Categorization- development over time: project WBA
Resource Assessment and Classification
32
Categorization- development over time: project WBA
Resource Assessment and Classification
33
Categorization- development over time: project DBA
Resource Assessment and Classification
34
Categorization- development over time: project DBA
Resource Assessment and Classification
35
Classification- UNFC supply chain
Resource Assessment and Classification
36
2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 20172004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
Non-commercial project phasePotent. comm. project
p.Commercial project phaseExploration project phase
Time
Project DBADry bottom-ash
Commercial project phaseProject WBA Wet bottom-ash
Commercial project phase Project 0
Potent. comm. project
p.
Non-commercial project phaseExploration project phase
Classification- UNFC supply chain
Resource Assessment and Classification
37
2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 20172004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
Non-commercial project phasePotent. comm. project
p.Commercial project phaseExploration project phase
Time
Project DBADry bottom-ash
Commercial project phaseProject WBA Wet bottom-ash
Commercial project phase Project 0
Potent. comm. project
p.
Non-commercial project phaseExploration project phase
Classification- UNFC supply chain
Resource Assessment and Classification
38
2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 20172004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
Non-commercial project phasePotent. comm. project
p.Commercial project phaseExploration project phase
Time
Project DBADry bottom-ash
Commercial project phaseProject WBA Wet bottom-ash
Commercial project phase Project 0
Potent. comm. project
p.
Non-commercial project phaseExploration project phase
ConclusionsLessens learned
39
Driven by continuous knowledge increase Analytical characterization and recovery technology
Factors as enablers and barriers Profitability, stakeholder interest, social license, financial capability,
operating license, and supply continuity
Key milestones Financial donors, technological readiness, full operation
Social and environmental influence was important 1986, national level: stricter ‘Ordinance on the Avoidance and the
Disposal of Waste’ requirements to dispose of bottom-ash
2016, national level: stricter legal requirements regarding land disposal
2011 – 2022, cantonal (regional) level, the ‘Waste and Resource Management Action Plans’
ConclusionsApplying the UNFC
40
UNFC standardises terminology and principles for communicating the development of physical resource projects for markets
Further standardization needed in assigning the categories
Application has demonstrated that the UNFC results in terms of the reporting of the sales and non-sales quantities and
the possible barriers and enablers
Thank you
Sandra Mueller (in collaboration with Ulrich Kral, Patrick Wäger)
Research Associate
University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Switzerland
29 April – 3 May 2019, Palais des Nations, Geneva
Categorization- development over time: project WBA
Resource Assessment and Classification
42
2003, 2004,
2005 2009
2011,
2012, 2013 2011, 2012, 2014 2012, 2013, 2014 2013, 2014 2015 2016
Factor 2003
, 200
4: E
stab
lish
men
t o
f in
cin
erat
ion
pla
nt
mo
nit
ori
ng
at K
t. T
hu
rgau
2005
: Fo
un
din
g n
etw
ork
fo
r d
istr
ibu
tio
n o
f co
llect
ed w
aste
2009
: Bu
ildin
g la
nd
fill
‘Häu
li’ a
nd
rec
ogn
isin
g p
ote
nti
al f
rom
wet
sla
g tr
eatm
ent
R&
D in
wet
bo
tto
m-a
sh s
epar
atio
n
(i.e
. su
per
sort
)
Pub
licat
ion
of
two
loca
lly g
ove
rnm
enta
l co
nti
nu
ing
urb
an
min
ing
acti
on
pla
ns
of
Kt. Z
uri
ch, I
nit
iati
ng
of
coo
per
atio
n
for
han
dlin
g o
f ‘m
arke
t’ w
aste
fo
r in
cin
erat
ion
pla
nts
wit
h
ZAV
(Zu
rich
was
te t
reat
men
t o
rgan
isat
ion
ass
oci
atio
n);
pu
blic
atio
n o
f d
oss
ier
the
po
ten
tial
of
urb
an m
inin
g
2012
- 2
013:
Co
mm
issi
on
ing
larg
e p
arti
cle
wet
sla
g
trea
tmen
t
(i.e
. su
per
sort
); P
ub
licat
ion
: Pre
cio
us
met
als
and
rar
e ea
rth
elem
ents
in m
un
icip
al s
olid
was
te –
so
urc
e an
d f
ate
in a
Swis
s in
cin
erat
ion
pla
nt
2014
: Pu
blic
atio
n o
f sa
mp
ling,
sam
ple
pre
par
atio
n a
nd
anal
ysis
of
solid
res
idu
e fr
om
th
erm
al w
aste
tre
atm
ents
R&
D o
f fi
ne
wet
bo
tto
m-a
sh t
reat
men
t
(i.e
. su
per
sort
fin
e)
Op
erat
ing
larg
e an
d s
mal
l wet
bo
tto
m-a
sh t
reat
men
t
(i.e
. su
per
sort
an
d s
up
erso
rt f
ine)
Firs
t fu
ll ye
ar o
f o
per
atio
n o
f la
rge
and
sm
all w
et b
ott
om
-
ash
tre
atm
ent
syst
em
(i.e
. su
per
sort
an
d s
up
erso
rt f
ine)
Socio-economic viability (E-axis)
Legislation E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1
Policy implementation E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1
Awareness of raw material criticality E3 E3 E3 E2 E1 E1 E1 E1
Political willingness E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1
Stakeholder interest E3 E2 E2 E2 E1 E1 E1 E1
Social license E2 E2 E2 E2 E1 E1 E1 E1
Financial capability E3.1 E2 E2 N/Ap E1 E1 E1 E1
Profitability E3.2 E3.1 E2 E2 E1 E1 E1 E1
Overall category E3.2 E3.1 E2 E2 E1 E1 E1 E1
Field status and feasibility (F-axis)
Infrastructure F3 F2.1 F1.2 F1.2 F1.2 F1.2 F1.2 F1.1
Technology readiness level (TRL) F3 F2.2 F2.2 F2.2 F1.2 F1.2 F1.2 F1.1
Operating license F4 F2.2 F2.2 F2.2 F1.2 F1.2 F1.2 F1.1
Overall category F4 F2.2 F2.2 F2.2 F1.2 F1.2 F.1.2 F1.1
Geological knowledge (G-axis)
Knowledge of raw material regarding
quantity and quality G2 G2 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1
Supply continuity G3 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G1
Overall category G3 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G1
Final combination of overall categories E3.2, F4, G3
E3.1,
F2.2,
G2
E2, F2.2,
G2 E2, F2.1, G2 E1, F1.2, G2
E1, F1.2,
G2
E1,
F1.2,
G2
E1, F1.1,
G1
Year and milestone
Categorization- development over time: project DBA
Resource Assessment and Classification
43
2003, 2004,
2005 2007, 2008 2010 2011 2011, 2012, 2014 2012 2013, 2014
2012,
2013,
2014 2014, 2015, 2016 2017
Factors 20
03
, 2
00
4:
Est
ab
lish
me
nt
of
inci
ne
rati
on
pla
nt
mo
nit
ori
ng
at
Kt.
Th
urg
au
20
05
: Fo
un
din
g n
etw
ork
fo
r d
istr
ibu
tio
n o
f co
llect
ed
wa
ste
20
07
: B
uild
ing
of
dry
bo
tto
m a
sh d
isch
arg
ing
at
KE
ZO,
de
mo
nst
rati
on
of
incr
ea
sed
Zn
, C
u,
Pb
, a
nd
Cd
me
tals
in
dry
bo
tto
m-a
sh
20
08
: C
om
mis
sio
nin
g o
f d
ry s
lag
tre
atm
en
t sy
ste
m f
or
pa
rtic
les
<5
mm
at
inci
ne
rati
on
pla
nt
KE
ZO
20
10
: E
sta
blis
hm
en
t o
f fo
un
da
tio
n Z
AR
Re
sea
rch
an
d d
eve
lop
me
nt
of
sma
ll sc
ale
fin
e d
ry s
lag
tre
atm
en
t sy
ste
m a
t ZA
R s
yste
m f
or
pa
rtic
les
0.2
-1
mm
at
ZAR
Pu
blic
ati
on
of
two
loca
lly g
ove
rnm
en
tal c
on
tin
uin
g u
rba
n
min
ing
act
ion
pla
ns
of
Kt.
Zu
rich
, In
itia
tin
g o
f co
op
era
tio
n
for
ha
nd
ling
of
‘ma
rke
t’ w
ast
e f
or
inci
ne
rati
on
pla
nts
wit
h
ZAV
(Zu
rich
wa
ste
tre
atm
en
t o
rga
nis
ati
on
ass
oci
ati
on
);
pu
blic
ati
on
of
do
ssie
r th
e p
ote
nti
al o
f u
rba
n m
inin
g
Co
mm
issi
on
ing
of
bo
th s
ma
ll sc
ale
fin
e d
ry s
lag
an
d n
on
-
iro
n s
ort
ing
syst
em
fo
r p
art
icle
s 0
.2 -
1m
m
20
13
: P
ub
lica
tio
n o
n p
reci
ou
s m
eta
ls a
nd
ra
re e
art
h
ele
me
nts
in m
un
icip
al s
olid
wa
ste
– s
ou
rce
an
d f
ate
in a
Swis
s in
cin
era
tio
n p
lan
t
20
14
: P
ub
lica
tio
n o
f sa
mp
ling,
sa
mp
le p
rep
ara
tio
n a
nd
an
aly
sis
of
solid
re
sid
ue
fro
m t
he
rma
l wa
ste
tre
atm
en
ts
Re
sea
rch
an
d d
eve
lop
me
nt
of
larg
e s
cale
dry
sla
g
tre
atm
en
t sy
ste
m
20
14
- 2
01
6:
Bu
ildin
g a
nd
co
mm
issi
on
ing
of
larg
e s
cale
dry
sla
g se
pa
rati
on
sys
tem
20
15
: B
uild
ing
of
dry
bo
tto
m a
sh d
isch
arg
ing
at
MW
SI
Ho
rge
n
20
16
: B
uild
ing
of
dry
bo
tto
m a
sh d
isch
arg
ing
at
MSW
I
Züri
ch H
age
nh
olz
Firs
t fu
ll ye
ar
of
op
era
tio
n o
f fi
ne
dry
sla
g tr
ea
tme
nt
Socio-economic viability (E-axis)
Legislation E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1
Policy implementation E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1
Awareness of raw material criticality E3 E3 E3 E3 E2 E2 E1 E1 E1 E1
Political willingness E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1
Stakeholder interest E3 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E1 E1 E1 E1
Social license E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E1 E1 E1 E1
Financial capability E3.2 E3.1 E2 E2 N/Ap E2 E2 E2 E1 E1
Profitability E3.2 E3.1 E3.1 E3.1 E3.1 E3.1 E2 E2 E1.2 E1
Overall category E3.2 E3.1 E3.1 E3.1 E3.1 E3.1 E2 E2 E1.2 E1
Field status and feasibility (F-axis)
Infrastructure F3 F3 F2.1 F1.2 F1.2 F1.2 F1.2 F1.2 F1.2 F1.1
Technology readiness level (TRL) F3 F2.2 F2.2 F2.2 F2.2 F2.2 F2.1 F2.1 F1.2 F1.1
Operating license F4 F2.2 F2.2 F2.2 F2.2 F2.2 F2.2 F2.1 F1.2 F1.1
Overall category F4 F2.2 F2.2 F2.2 F2.2 F2.2 F2.2 F2.1 F.1.2 F1.1
Geological knowledge (G-axis)
Knowledge of raw material regarding
quantity and quality G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G1 G1 G1 G1
Supply continuity G3 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G1
Overall category G3 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G1
Final combination of overall categories E3.2, F4, G3 E3.1, F2.2, G2
E3.1,
F2.2,
G2
E3.1,
F2.2, G2 E3.1, F2.1, G2
E3.1,
F2.2,
G2 E2, F2.2, G2
E2,
F2.1,
G2 E1.2, F1.2, G2
E1, F1.1,
G1
Year and milestone