m atter physical and chemical properties of matter

MatterPhysical and Chemical Properties of Matter

Vocabulary1/21 – Matter1/22 – volume1/23 – plasma1/26 – Bose-einstein condensate1/28 – density1/29 – Regular solid1/30 – Irregular solid2/2 – Archimedes principle

I can …….1/21 – Explain the difference between ice and water.1/22 – Explain the difference between mass and volume.1/23 – Contrast a liquid and a solid1/26 – Name the states of matter in order of increasing energy!1/28 – Name the 2 types of properties1/29 – Calculate the volume of a regular solid(unit?)1/30 – Calculate the volume of an irregular solid. 2/2 – Calculate the density of an object

What do you Observe in the picture

What is Matter?

Anything that has mass and takes up space (volume).

Examples of matter:

MATTER CANNOT BE CREATED OR DESTROYED IT JUST CHANGES FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER.

((MATTER GETS RECYCLED))

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER

THEORY OF KINETIC ENERGY

1. ATOMS ARE ATOMS ARE ALWAYS MOVING 2. THE MORE ENERGY THE MORE ENERGY ADDED TO TO THE ATOMS, THE THE ATOMS, THE FASTER & & FARTHER APART THEY MOVE APART THEY MOVE

ENERGY ADDED ENERGY ADDED

Matter Matter can be described by using

physical and chemical properties. These are characteristics the matter has that make it unique.

Physical Properties: Are properties that can be observed or measured. (color, mass, length, volume, density, state, etc).

Physical Properties can be either: Observable or Measurable

Observable Physical PropertiesObservable Physical Properties:

Properties you can use your senses to get information about an object.

If you can describe the matter based on what it looks, feels, smells or tastes like, you are describing the physical properties.

Examples of Observable Physical Properties

State of Matter: Matter can either be a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma. We observe this by using our senses.

STATES OF MATTER

MATTER CAN BE FOUND IN 4 MATTER CAN BE FOUND IN 4 STATES (PHASES)

SOLIDSOLIDLIQUIDLIQUIDGASGASPLASMAPLASMA

State of matter is a physical property!!!!

http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/states_of_matter/

PARTICLES of a SOLID (Physical Property)Pattern: ATOMS (PARTICLES) ARE ARRANGED

CLOSELY PACKED TOGETHERMovement: VIBRATEShape/Volume: HAS FIXED SHAPE & FIXED

VOLUMEExamples – ice, rock, book

–THE OBJECT IS HARDERTHE OBJECT IS HARDER– THE MORE DIFFICULT IT IS TO THE MORE DIFFICULT IT IS TO

BREAK THEM APARTBREAK THEM APART– THE MORE ENERGY NEEDED TO THE MORE ENERGY NEEDED TO

CHANGE FROM A SOLID TO A CHANGE FROM A SOLID TO A

LIQUIDLIQUID

In Solids, the particles are very tightly packed SO:

The particles in a LIQUID:Pattern: noneMovement: atoms roll or slide over each

other and move faster than a solid.Shape: No fixed shape, takes shape of

containerVolume: FixedExamples: water, milk, soda

The particles in a GAS:

Pattern: noneMovement: PARTICLES

MOVE VERY FAST & AS FAR APART AS THEY CAN GET

Shape: NO FIXED SHAPE, takes shape of container

Volume: No fixed volume

Examples – oxygen,helium

We all know about:

LIQUIDSSOLIDS GASES

Higher Temperatu

re

Lower Temperatu

re

Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school…Until Now!

Plasma

Bose-EinsteinCondensate

But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels…between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?

Will everything just be a gas?

NO!

If the gas is made up of particles which carry an electric charge (“ionized particles”), but the entire gas as a whole has no electric charge, and if the density is not too high, then we can get

The 4th state of matter:

PLASMA

The particles in PLASMA:Pattern: noneMovement: Particles move very fast

and are therefore very HOTShape/Volume: NO FIXED SHAPE OR

VOLUMEFacts: Most common state of matter in

the universe. Most Uncommon state of matter on Earth. Found in lightning, fluorescent lights and stars (Sun)

Some places where plasmas are found…

1. Flames

2. Lightning

3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

4. Neon lights

5. Stars

Stars make up 99% of the total matter in the Universe.

Therefore, 99% of everything that exists in the entire Universe is in the plasma state.

The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

6

6. Clouds of gas and dust around stars

So now we know all about four states of matter:

LIQUIDSSOLIDS GASES

Higher Temperatu

re

Lower Temperatu

re

PLASMAS

(only for low density ionized

gases)

But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, way, down to100 nano degrees above “Absolute Zero” (-273°C)

Will everything just be a

frozen solid?

Not Necessarily!In 1924 (82 years ago), two scientists, Albert

Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5th state of matter which would occur at very very low temperatures.

Einstein Bose

+

The 5th state of matter:

Bose-Einstein Condensate

Finally, in 1995 (only 11 years ago!), Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students (like me) discovered the 5th state of matter for the first time. Ketterle and his

students

In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no longer bounce around as individuals.

Instead they must all act in exactly the same way, and you can no longer tell them apart!

Here is a picture a computer took of

Bose-Einstein Condensation The big peak

happens when all the atoms act exactly the same way!(We can’t see Bose-Einstein condensation with our eyes because the atoms are too small)

Some other computer images of Bose-Einstein Condensates…

Bose einstein condensates

Pattern: ATOMS (PARTICLES) ARE ARRANGED IN A PATTERN

Movement: NONEShape/Volume: HAS FIXED SHAPE & FIXED

VOLUME When temperatures get that low, you can

create a BEC with a few special elements. Cornell and Weiman did it with rubidium (Rb).

The whole process happens at temperatures within a few billionths of a degree, so you won't see this at home. When the temperature becomes that low, the atomic parts can't move at all. They lose almost all of their energy.

Since there is no more energy to transfer (as in solids or liquids), all of the atoms have exactly the same levels, like twins. The result of this clumping is the BEC. The group of rubidium atoms sits in the same place, creating a "super atom." There are no longer thousands of separate atoms. They all take on the same qualities and, for our purposes, become one blob.

Examples of Bose einstein condensates

Two examples of Bose-Einstein condensates include superfluids, such as cold liquid helium, or superconductors, such as the nucleons inside a neutron star. Bose-Einstein condensates are another state of matter, similar to solids but with less energy. They were not directly observed until the 1990s, even though Einstein predicted their existence in the 1920s.

To really understand Bose-Einstein condensate you need to know

Quantum Physics

In 2002, Ketterle and two other scientists received the highest award in science for

discovering Bose-Einstein condensate:

The Nobel Prize

The five states of matter:

LIQUIDSSOLIDS GASES

Higher Temperatu

re

Lower Temperatu

re

PLASMAS

(only for low density ionized gases)

BOSE-EINSTEIN

CONDENSATE

OTHER OBSERVABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES


Color: The color of object can be seen and is a physical property of matter.

Color can help identify a substance. For example, sulfur is usually yellow in color, iodine is usually red in color.

Sulfur Iodine


Smell: The smell or odor an object gives off can also help identify a substance.

For example, sulfur has a rotten egg smell, vinegar has a very acidic smell, and chlorine has a very strong bleach smell.

Examples of Observable Physical Properties Malleability: the ability of a substance

to be pounded into thin sheets.


Conduction of heat or electricity: The ability for heat and electricity to pass through an object easily.

Metals are usually the best conductors of heat and electricity.


Insulator of electricity or heat: when an object passes heat and electricity poorly.

Nonmetals are usually good insulators.


Ductility: the ability to be drawn or pulled into a wire.

Metals usually are ductile.


Solubility: The ability to dissolve in a nother substance.

Examples: sugar dissolves in water.

Physical Properties - Examples Color Hardness Odor Taste State of matter Texture Luster (shine) Flexibility Heat conductivity Electrical conductivity Solubility (ability to dissolve in water.) Shape Viscosity Ductility Malleability

Physical Properties - Examples

Examples of physical properties include: Density Melting point Boiling point

Properties of MatterMatter can be described by using physical and chemical properties. These are characteristics the matter has that make it unique.

Physical Properties: Are properties that can be observed or measured. (color, mass, length, volume, density, state, etc).

NAME 2 OBJECTS!!!!!

Measurable Properties of Matter Measurabe Properties: Properties that must

be measured with a tool (ruler, beaker, graduated cylinder, scale, etc.).

Ruler

Graduated Cylinder

Beaker

Triple Beam Balance

Scale

Measurable Properties of Matter

Mass: is the amount of atoms contained in a substance.

Calculate: Using a triple beam balance or a scale.

Unit: in science ALWAYS use grams (g) or kilograms (kg).

Measurable Properties of Matter Weight: is the amount gravity is pulling on an

object. Different on the MOON!!! Other wise it is measured the same as MASS!!

Measurable Properties of Matter Volume: the amount of space an object

takes up. Measured by: different for regular solid, irregular

solid and liquids. Examples of Regular Solids: any solid you can

measure the length, width and height of.

Examples of Irregular Solids: any solid you cannot measure the length, width and height of.

Examples of Liquids: any object that has no definite shape but does have a definite volume.

Measuring the Volume of Liquids: How to calculate: Use a graduate cylinder to find the

volume at the meniscus.

Material: graduated cylinder, beaker, flask

How to read a graduated cylinderHow to read a graduated cylinder Must be at eye level to read.Must be at eye level to read.

Must read to bottom of the curveMust read to bottom of the curve. MENISCUS - bottom of the curve.

Unit: mL or L



Measuring Volume of Regular Solids: measure the length, width and height with ruler and multiply them together.

Length X Width X Height = Volume of Regular Solid

cm X cm X cm = cm3

*ALWAYS USE CENTIMETERS IN SCIENCE!!!!

UNIT: cm3

Measurable Properties of Matter Measuring Volume of Irregular Solids: Water

displacement. Put water into a graduated cylinder and record volume. Place irregular solid into cylinder with water and record second volume. Subtract the two amounts.

Initial volume (water only) – volume with irregular solid = volume of solid

UNIT: measured in mL but, since it is a solid use cm3. 1 mL = 1 cm3

Measurable Properties of Matter Density: the amount of matter in a given

space or volume. Density is used to describe matter because everything has a different density.

Measurable Properties of Matter Measure by: dividing and objects mass by it’s

volume. Calculate: Density = Mass/Volume

mD = -------

V

Mass divided by Volume

UNIT: since mass is measured in grams and volume is measured in cm3 or mL the unit for density has to have those two units.

So, the unit for density is g/mL or g/cm3.

D

m

V

BELLRINGER

Calculate the density for the following objects:a.Mass= 10 Volume= 5b.Mass= 16 Volume= 8c.Mass= 5 Volume= 10d.Mass= 12 Volume= 12

Which object is water? Which object willfloat in water? Which objects will sink in water?

2g/ml sinker

2g/cm3 sinker

0.5g/ml floater

1g/cm3 water

Which is gold? How would you know?

Who was archimedes????

VIDEO!!!!!

Archimedes Principle – measuring density with water

displacementThe density of water is ALWAYS 1.0 g/mL.

Anything less than 1.0 g/mL will FLOAT.

Anything greater than 1.0 g/mL will sink.

These are two, unopened full cans of soda. Explain why one is floating and one has sunk.

Why are some objects less dense than other objects?

As the molecules of a substance spread apart, the density of the substance is lowered.

What causes molecules to spread?

Adding energy so the movement of the molecules increases.

Objects float in other substances because they are less dense than the

substance they are floating in.

Why does ice float in water? They are both the same substance, right?

Notice how tightly packed the atoms are in the liquid water vs the solid water?

The spaces between the atoms make solid water less dense. Is this true for all solids?

NO WAY!!! This is a unique quality of water. Most solids are always more dense than their liquid forms.

Why does this happen?

Hot air balloon rises

Basketball goesflat in winter

Perfume can be smelled all over the room

Atmospherechanges as you climb a mountain

DENSITYWhen does an objects density change?If heat is added or taken away!!!!

HEAT – spreads out molecules – LESS dense

Take AWAY heat – molecules come together – MORE dense.

Hot objects are less dense than cool objects!!!!

Chemical Properties of Matter Chemical Properties- Properties that

determine whether or not a substance will react chemically.

Flammability: the ability to burn.

Reactivity: The ability for a substance to react with another. Simply, when two substances get together, something can happen.

Chemical properties - Examples

Examples of chemical properties include: The ability to burn Ability to tarnish Ability to rust Ability to decompose Ability to react with other

chemicals Instability Ability to do acid/base

reactions

Chemical properties

List as many chemical properties as you can for this item.

Chemical and physical properties – So what?

Titanium is very strong and doesn’t rust, so it is often used in jet engines.

Titanium is also nonallergenic. This, combined with the fact that it is rust proof makes it great for artificial joints as well as piercings.


Tungsten is usually used as the filament in lightbulbs because it has the highest melting point of any metal.

It glows red hot when electricity runs through it, and it gives off both heat and light.


Vanadium is heavier and harder than titanium, so mixing a tiny bit of vanadium with steel can make cheap tools that are still very strong.


Helium is almost completely nonreactive (inert).

It is lighter than air, so it’s great for floating balloons (or making funny voices.)

When electricity runs through helium, it glows a creamy pale peach color.


In 1943, all US pennies were made of zinc plated steel because copper was being used in the war. The pennies had to be coated with zinc because steel will rust, but zinc won’t.


Sulfur smells awful. Rotten eggs, onions, and garlic all have sulfur in them. Stink bombs use sulfur to create a bad smell.

Sulfur is also flammable, and it is one of the 3 main ingredients in gun powder.


Chromium is famous for its intense luster. Chrome plated tools, jewlery, silverware, or car parts are very popular.


Most bullets are made of lead because lead is a very dense metal. These bullets are required, by international law, to be coated with a different metal because lead has such a low melting point and is so malleable.


The most dense elements are Iridium and osmium which have a density of about 22.6 g/cm3

Physical and Chemical Physical and Chemical ChangesChanges

77thth Grade Science Grade Science

Physical ChangesPhysical ChangesMatter is always changing form, size, shape,

color, etc. There are 2 types of changes that matter undergoes.

PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL CHANGEI. Physical Changes: a change of matter

without changing the identity of the substance. IN OTHER WORDS A CHANGE IN STATE A CHANGE IN SIZE, SHAPE, MASS DOES NOT CHANGE THE CHEMICAL MAKE UP OF

THE MATTER YOU HAVE WHAT YOU STARTED WITH, JUST IN A

DIFFERENT FORM

Examples of Physical ChangesExamples of Physical Changes- Verbs used to describe physical changes –

grind, dissolve, erode, rip, tear, break, phase change (melt, freeze, condense, etc)

Other Physical Change ExamplesOther Physical Change Examples

PAPER TORN INTO PIECESSUGAR DISSOLVED INTO TEASALT DISSOLVED INTO WATERNAILS OR HAIR CUT

Chemical ChangesChemical Changes

The other way that matter can be changed is call a CHEMICAL CHANGE.

II. CHEMICAL CHANGE –

occurs when 2 or more substances are combined into entirely new substance with all new properties. CANNOT CHANGE IT BACK!!!!!

Chemical Change VerbsChemical Change Verbs

Chemical Change Verbs: rusting, rotting, curdling, burning, cooking, light sensitivity, digesting, tarnishing.

Kinetic Theory of Matter Kinetic Theory of Matter

THEORY OF KINETIC ENERGY

A. ATOMS ARE ALWAYS MOVING

B. THE MORE ENERGY ADDED TO THE ATOMS, THE FASTER & FARTHER APART THEY MOVE

WHEN MOLECULES MOVE FASTER, THEY PRODUCE MORE FRICTION AND THEREFORE MORE HEAT. THEY SPREAD FARTHER APART & EXPAND

WHEN MOLECULES MOVE SLOWER, THEY CAUSE LESS FRICTION AND THEREFORE LESS HEAT & CLOSER TOGETHER & CONTRACT

MATTER CHANGES FROM ONE STATE OF MATTER TO ANOTHER

WHEN HEAT (ENERGY) IS ADDEDWHEN HEAT (ENERGY IS TAKEN AWAY

CHANGING STATES DOES NOT CHANGE THE CHEMICAL MAKE UP OF THE MATTER

YOU HAVE WHAT YOU STARTED WITH JUST IN A DIFFERENT FORM

ICE WATER WATER VAPOR H2O H2O H2O

Phase Changes are PHYSICAL Phase Changes are PHYSICAL PHYSICAL!!!!!PHYSICAL!!!!! Types of Phase Changes: 1. Melting 2. Freezing 3. Evaporation 4. Boiling 5. Condensation 6. Sublimation 7. DepositionALL phase changes are caused by

ADDING or TAKING away energy!!!

MeltingMelting

1. MELTING – matter changing FROM A SOLID TO A LIQUID. Energy is added When more heat (energy) is added to matter the

particles move faster till the bonds break. Decrease density except ice to water.

Evaporation/VaporizationEvaporation/Vaporization2. EVAPORATION

Matter changing FROM A LIQUID TO A GAS AT THE SURFACE

ENERGY IS ADDED TO SURFACE OF LIQUID THE PARTICLES AT THE SURFACE MOVE FASTER

breaking bonds. Decreases density.

VAPORIZATION- ageneral term for any substance changing toa gas.

BoilingBoiling3. BOILING

matter changing FROM A LIQUID TO A GAS ALL THROUGHOUT THE LIQUID

ENERGY IS ADDED TO ALL OF LIQUIDPARTICLES MOVE FASTER ALL THROUGH THE

LIQUIDSOME PARTICLES MOVE FAST ENOUGH TO

CHANGE TO GAS WHILE THEY ARE IN THE MIDDLE OF THE LIQUID

DENSITY DESCREASESWater boils at 212 F, 100C.

EX: pan of liquid on the stove VAPORIZATION- a general term for any substance changing to a gas.

VAPORIZATION!!!VAPORIZATION!!!

Remember that vaporization is a general word for any substance changing to a gas.

Boiling, evaporation, and sublimation are ALL examples of vaporization!!!

CondensationCondensation4. CONDENSATION

Matter CHANGING FROM A GAS TO A LIQUIDENERGY IS REMOVED

THE PARTICLES MOVE SLOWER THE ATTRACTION BETWEEN THE PARTICLES BEGAN

TO PULL THE PARTICLES CLOSER TOGETHER & THE MATTER TURNS INTO A LIQUID

DENSTITY INCREASES Ex: dew in the lawn, water running down mirror, ring on table

under glass.

FreezingFreezing5) FREEZING5) FREEZING

CHANGING FROM A LIQUID TO A SOLIDCHANGING FROM A LIQUID TO A SOLIDENERGY IS REMOVEDENERGY IS REMOVED

THE PARTICLES MOVE EVEN SLOWERTHE PARTICLES MOVE EVEN SLOWER THE ATTRACTION BETWEEN THE PARTICLES BEGAN TO PULL THE ATTRACTION BETWEEN THE PARTICLES BEGAN TO PULL

THE PARTICLES CLOSER TOGETHER & THE MATTER TURNS THE PARTICLES CLOSER TOGETHER & THE MATTER TURNS INTO A SOLIDINTO A SOLID

Increase density.Increase density.Water freezes at 32 F, 0 CEX: water to ice, wax or chocolate hardening

SOLIDIFICATION!!!!SOLIDIFICATION!!!!

Solidification is a general word for any substance changing to a solid.

Freezing and deposition are examples of SOLIDIFICATION!

SublimationSublimation6) Sublimation: matter changes straight from a solid to a gas!!!!Heat added rapidlyMolecules speed up and spread out rapidlydecrease densityExamples of Sublimation:

dry ice, shrinking ice in a

freezer, air freshener.

DepositionDeposition7) Deposition- when matter changes from a gas

directly to a solid.-Heat is taken away rapidly

-Density increases-Molecules slow down and get closer

together.Examples:Snowflakes, frost on a wind shield

WHAT HAS TO HAPPEN FOR THESE CHANGES OF STATES TO OCCUR?

DRAW THIS DIAGRAM IN YOUR DRAW THIS DIAGRAM IN YOUR NOTES!!!!NOTES!!!!

LetLet’’s Sing!!!!s Sing!!!! Phase changes are physical, physical… Melting is physical…. Freezing is physical. BOYS: Let me see some condensation. GIRLS: (in high pitch voice) It’s physical. BOYS: Let me see some sublimation. GIRLS: (in high pitch voice) It’s physical. Phase changes are physical, physical… Boiling is physical… Boiling is physical… BOYS: Let me see some deposition. GIRLS: (in high pitch voice) It’s physical BOYS: Let me see some evaporation. GIRLS: (in high pitch voice) It’s physical

Chemical ChangesChemical Changes

The other way that matter can be changed is call a CHEMICAL CHANGE.

II. CHEMICAL CHANGE –

occurs when 2 or more substances are combined into entirely new substance with all new properties. CANNOT CHANGE IT BACK!!!!!

Chemical Change VerbsChemical Change Verbs

Chemical Change Verbs: rusting, rotting, curdling, burning, cooking, light sensitivity, digesting, tarnishing.

Chemical ChangesChemical Changes SOME SIGNS OF A CHEMICAL CHANGE

FIZZES OR BUBBLES COLOR CHANGE HEAT GIVEN OFF LIGHT GIVEN OFF ODOR HEAT REQUIRED FOR REACTION NEW SUBSTANCE FORMED

Precipitate (solid) Precipitate (gas bubbles)

CHEMICAL CHANGE EXAMPLESBAKING BREAD – NO LONGER HAVE FLOUR, EGGS, MILK, YEAST

ALKASELTERBAKING SODA & VINEGARRUSTTARNISH

m atter physical and chemical properties of matter

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