MATTERPhysical and Chemical Properties of Matter

Oct. 2010

WHAT IS MATTER?

Anything that has mass and takes up space (volume).

Examples of matter:

MATTER CANNOT BE CREATED OR DESTROYED IT JUST CHANGES FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER.

((MATTER GETS RECYCLED))

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER

THEORY OF KINETIC ENERGY

1. ATOMS ARE ATOMS ARE ALWAYS MOVING2. THE MORE ENERGY THE MORE ENERGY ADDED TO TO THE ATOMS, THE THE ATOMS, THE FASTER & & FARTHER APART THEY MOVE APART THEY MOVE

ENERGY ADDED ENERGY ADDED

MATTER Matter can be described by using

physical and chemical properties. These are characteristics the matter has that make it unique.

Physical Properties: Are properties that can be observed or measured. (color, mass, length, volume, density, state, etc).

Physical Properties can be either: Observable or Measurable

OBSERVABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIESObservable Physical Properties:

Properties you can use your senses to get information about an object.

If you can describe the matter based on what it looks, feels, smells or tastes like, you are describing the physical properties.

EXAMPLES OF OBSERVABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Malleability: the ability of a substance

to be pounded into thin sheets.

EXAMPLES OF OBSERVABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

State of Matter: Matter can either be a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma. We observe this by using our senses.

STATES OF MATTER

MATTER CAN BE FOUND IN 4 MATTER CAN BE FOUND IN 4 STATES (PHASES)

SOLIDSOLIDLIQUIDLIQUIDGASGASPLASMAPLASMA

State of matter is a physical property!!!!

http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/states_of_matter/

PARTICLES of a SOLID (Physical Property)Pattern: ATOMS (PARTICLES) ARE ARRANGED

CLOSELY PACKED TOGETHERMovement: VIBRATEShape/Volume: HAS FIXED SHAPE & FIXED

VOLUME

–THE OBJECT IS HARDERTHE OBJECT IS HARDER– THE MORE DIFFICULT IT IS TO THE MORE DIFFICULT IT IS TO

BREAK THEM APARTBREAK THEM APART– THE MORE ENERGY NEEDED TO THE MORE ENERGY NEEDED TO

CHANGE FROM A SOLID TO A CHANGE FROM A SOLID TO A

LIQUIDLIQUID

In Solids, the particles are very tightly packed SO:

The particles in a LIQUID:Pattern: noneMovement: atoms roll or slide over each

other and move faster than a solid.Shape: No fixed shape, takes shape of

containerVolume: Fixed

The particles in a GAS:

Pattern: noneMovement:

PARTICLES MOVE VERY FAST & AS FAR APART AS THEY CAN GET

Shape: NO FIXED SHAPE, takes shape of container

Volume: No fixed volume

The particles in PLASMA:Pattern: noneMovement: Particles move very fast

and are therefore very HOTShape/Volume: NO FIXED SHAPE OR

VOLUMEFacts: Most common state of matter in

the universe. Most Uncommon state of matter on Earth. Found in lightning, fluorescent lights and stars (Sun)

EXAMPLES OF OBSERVABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Color: The color of object can be seen and is a physical property of matter.

Color can help identify a substance. For example, sulfur is usually yellow in color, iodine is usually red in color.

Sulfur Iodine

EXAMPLES OF OBSERVABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Smell: The smell or odor an object gives off can also help identify a substance.

For example, sulfur has a rotten egg smell, vinegar has a very acidic smell, and chlorine has a very strong bleach smell.

EXAMPLES OF OBSERVABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Conduction of heat or electricity: The ability for heat and electricity to pass through an object easily.

Metals are usually the best conductors of heat and electricity.

EXAMPLES OF OBSERVABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Insulator of electricity or heat: when an object passes heat and electricity poorly.

Nonmetals are usually good insulators.

EXAMPLES OF OBSERVABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Ductility: the ability to be drawn or pulled into a wire.

Metals usually are ductile.

EXAMPLES OF OBSERVABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Solubility: The ability to dissolve in a nother substance.

Examples: sugar dissolves in water.

MEASURABLE PROPERTIES OF MATTER Measurabe Properties: Properties that must

be measured with a tool (ruler, beaker, graduated cylinder, scale, etc.).

Ruler

Graduated Cylinder

Beaker

Triple Beam Balance

Scale

MEASURABLE PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Mass: is the amount of matter that something is made of.

Measured by: Using a triple beam balance or a scale.

Unit: in science ALWAYS use grams (g) or kilograms (kg).

MEASURABLE PROPERTIES OF MATTER Weight: is the amount gravity is pulling on an

object. Different on the MOON!!! Other wise it is measured the same as MASS!!

MEASURABLE PROPERTIES OF MATTER Volume: the amount of space an object

takes up. Measured by: different for regular solid, irregular

solid and liquids. Examples of Regular Solids: any solid you can

measure the length, width and height of.

Examples of Irregular Solids: any solid you cannot measure the length, width and height of.

Examples of Liquids: any object that has no definite shape but does have a definite volume.

Measuring the Volume of Liquids: How to calculate: Use a graduate cylinder to find the

volume

Material: graduated cylinder

How to read a graduated cylinderHow to read a graduated cylinder Must be at eye level to read.Must be at eye level to read.

Must read to bottom of the curveMust read to bottom of the curve. MENISCUS - bottom of the curve.

Unit: mL or L

Measurable Properties of Matter

MEASURABLE PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Measuring Volume of Regular Solids: measure the length, width and height with ruler and multiply them together.

Length X Width X Height = Volume of Regular Solid

cm X cm X cm = cm3

*ALWAYS USE CENTIMETERS IN SCIENCE!!!!

UNIT: cm3

MEASURABLE PROPERTIES OF MATTER Measuring Volume of Irregular Solids: put water

into a graduated cylinder and record volume. Place irregular solid into cylinder with water and record second volume. Subtract the two amounts.

UNIT: measured in mL but, since it is a solid use cm3. 1 mL = 1 cm3

MEASURABLE PROPERTIES OF MATTER Density: the amount of matter in a given

space or volume. Density is used to describe matter because everything has a different density.

MEASURABLE PROPERTIES OF MATTER Measure by: dividing and objects mass by it’s

volume. Calculate: Density = Mass/Volume

mD = -------

V

Mass divided by Volume

UNIT: since mass is measured in grams and volume is measured in cm3 or mL the unit for density has to have those two units.

So, the unit for density is g/mL or g/cm3.

BELLRINGER

Calculate the density for the following objects:a.Mass= 10 Volume= 5b.Mass= 16 Volume= 8c.Mass= 5 Volume= 10d.Mass= 12 Volume= 12

Which object is water? Which object willfloat in water? Which objects will sink in water?

2g/ml sinker

2g/cm3 sinker

0.5g/ml floater

1g/cm3 water

These are two, unopened full cans of soda. Explain why one is floating and one has sunk.

BELLRINGER

Why are some objects less dense than other objects?

As the molecules of a substance spread apart, the density of the substance is lowered.

What causes molecules to spread?

Adding energy so the movement of the molecules increases.

Objects float in other substances because they are less dense than the

substance they are floating in.

Why does ice float in water? They are both the same substance, right?

Notice how tightly packed the atoms are in the liquid water vs the solid water?

The spaces between the atoms make solid water less dense. Is this true for all solids?

NO WAY!!! This is a unique quality of water. Most solids are always more dense than their liquid forms.

Why does this happen?

Hot air balloon rises

Basketball goesflat in winter

Perfume can be smelled all over the room

Atmospherechanges as you climb a mountain

DENSITYWhen does an objects density change?If heat is added or taken away!!!!

HEAT – spreads out molecules – LESS dense

Take AWAY heat – molecules come together – MORE dense.

Hot objects are less dense than cool objects!!!!

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Flammability: the ability to burn.

Reactivity: The ability for a substance to react with another. Simply, when two substances get together, something can happen.