PREFACE

New Second Steps in Latin continues the sequence begun by New First Steps (Focus Publishing, 2000). It is a text for young adolescents who are learning Latin by the grammar-translation method. As we wrote in the Teacher’s Manual for New First Steps, “We have chosen the grammar/translation method to teach Latin because it exercises uniquely the linguistic skills involved in building categories and forming expectations about individual words, phrases, whole sentences, and texts.”

In New Second Steps, the student’s syntactical horizon expands. The various pronouns, complementary infinitives, and indirect statement make longer, more complex, and more idiomatic sentences possible. Additional genitive, dative, and ablative constructions and subordinating conjunctions also allow the student to experience the expression of complex relationships between elements of a sentence and between ideas.

With this advanced syntax available to us, we were able to base many of our sentences on ancient authors. In some cases, we have been able to quote an author’s words with no or minimal change; when we have done so, we indicate the source.

Vocabulary in New Second Steps is based on Cicero, Vergil, Ovid, and Pliny. New Second Steps adds about 230 words to the 150 in New First Steps.

New Second Steps includes an important feature, chapters devoted to reading connected prose (Chapters VII, XII, XVII, XXII, XXVII, and XXX). We believe that reading narrative in Latin requires skills in addition to those necessary for reading sentences, and that these skills can be systematically taught. In the reading chapters we have used the well-known story of Perseus adapted from Fabulae Faciles to develop these skills.

Together, New First Steps and New Second Steps make up a two-year sequence for middle school students or perhaps a one-year sequence for high school classes. We intend to follow New Second Steps with New Third Steps, which will complete the basic morphology and syntax of Latin and prepare students to read Cicero, Ovid, Pliny, Vergil, and other ancient authors.

It is a pleasure here to renew our thanks to those who have made New Second Steps possible. The Episcopal Academy’s Class of 1944 continued its generous support of the New Steps in Latin project. Jay Crawford, Jon Kulp, and other members of Episcopal’s administration allowed us to devote time and energy to this project and energized us by their belief in it. Martha Gimbel read and evaluated many of the sentences in New Second Steps. Ron Pullins and his staff at Focus Publishing have followed the outstanding job that they did with New First Steps with the elegantly produced volume in your hands. Finally, we are grateful to our students in Episcopal’s Middle and Upper Schools, whose enthusiasm for Latin and efforts to learn it have made the New Steps project both exciting and necessary.

The Episcopal Academy Classics DepartmentMichael Klaassen, Mary Allen, Tim Kent,

Elizabeth Klaassen, Molly Konopka,Lee Pearcy

It is assumed that students have a thorough knowledge of the contents of New First Steps as follows:

I. Vocabulary: All Words Listed in New First StepsII. Forms:

a) All Regular Declensions of Nounsb) All Regular Declensions of Adjectivesc) All Regular Conjugations of Verbs in the Indicative, Active and Passived) the Irregular Verb sum

III. Syntax:a) Agreement

1. First Rule of Concord: Agreement of Subject and Verb2. Second Rule of Concord: Agreement of Adjective and Noun3. Agreement of Appositives4. Agreement of Predicate Noun, Predicate Adjective and Subject

b) Uses of Cases1. Nominative:

a) Subjectb) Predicate Nounc) Predicate Adjective

2. Genitive: a) Possessionb) often translated by “of”

3. Dative:a) Indirect Objectb) with Certain Adjectivesc) often translated by “to” or “for”

4. Accusative:a) Direct Objectb) Motion Towards or Place To Which (ad, in)c) Duration of Time or Time How Longd) with Certain Prepositions (ad, in)

5. Ablative:a) Means or Instrumentb) Personal Agent (with , ab)c) Accompaniment (with cum)d) Place Where or In Which (in, pr, sub)e) Motion Away From or Place From Which (, ab, d, , ex)f) Time Wheng) with Certain Prepositions (, ab, cum, d, , ex, in, pr, sine, sub)

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CONTENTSLessons Pages I. Demonstratives: Is, Ea, Id and dem, Eadem, Idem 2II. Personal Pronouns; Cum as Enclitic 4III. Participles 6IV. Infinitives; Complementary Infinitive 8V. Review I-IV; FYI: Compounds of Ag 10VI. Hic, Haec, Hoc; Formation of Adverbs 12VII. Reading: Connected Prose; Perseus 1 and 2 14VIII. Regular Comparison of Adjectives; Quam; Ablative of Comparison 16IX. Irregular Comparison of Adjectives; Ablative of Degree of Difference 18X. Review VI-IX; FYI: Prefixes: dis-, ante-, post- 20XI. Ille, Illa, Illud and Iste,Ista, Istud; Cause: Ob or Propter with Accusative and Ablative of Cause 22XII. Reading: Connecting Ideas; Perseus 3 and 4 24XIII. Possum; Uses of Infinitives: Accusative and Infinitive with iube and vet, Subject, Object 26XIV. Reflexive Pronouns and Adjectives; Cum as Enclitic; Eius, Erum, Erum 28XV. Review XI-XIV; FYI: The Compounds Possum and Nm 30XVI. Relative Pronoun: Qu, Quae, Quod; Antecedent and Third Rule of Concord; Cum as Enclitic 32XVII. Reading: One Thing at a Time; Perseus 5 and 6 34XVIII. Deponent Verbs 36XIX. Fer; Ablative of Manner 38XX. Review XVI-XIX; FYI: Compounds of Fer and Sequor 40XXI. Vol, Nl, Ml; List of Verbs with Complementary Infinitives 42XXII. Reading: Dividing the Sentence (1); Perseus 7 and 8 44XXIII. Indirect Statement: Accusative and Infinitive with Introductory Verb in the Present Tense 46XXIV. Indirect Statement with Introductory Verb in Various Tenses; Pronoun Subjects 48XXV. Review XXI-XXIV; List of Introductory Verbs for Indirect Statement; FYI: Compounds of Sum and Vol 50XXVI. E; Ipse, Ipsa, Ipsum 52XXVII. Reading: Dividing the Sentence (2); Perseus 9 and 10 54XXVIII. Comparison of Adverbs; Comparison with Magis and Maxim; Quam with the Superlative 56XXIX. Adjectives with Genitive in –us and Dative in –; Cardinal Numbers 1-10, 100; Ordinal Numbers 58 XXX. Review Lessons XXVI-XXIX; FYI: Compounds of E; Perseus 11 60

APPENDIXRules of Syntax 62Regular Verb Conjugations: Indicative, Participles and Infinitives 67Irregular Verb Conjugations: Indicative, Participles and Infinitives 70Deponent Verbs: Indicative, Participles and Infinitives 72Noun Declensions 74Adjective Declensions 74Comparison: Adjectives and Adverbs 76Pronoun Declensions 77Demonstratives and Intensive 77Numbers 79Classified Vocabulary 80Latin - English Vocabulary 86English - Latin Vocabulary 95Index 103

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Lesson I

DEMONSTRATIVES: IS, EA, ID AND DEM, EADEM, IDEMA DEMONSTRATIVE is used to point out a person or thing for special attention.

is, ea, id that, those; this, these; or he, she, it, they

Singular PluralMasculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom. is ea id e eae eaGen. eius eius eius erum erum erumDat. e e e es es esAcc. eum eam id es es eaAbl. e e e es es es

Demonstratives may be used as adjectives or as pronouns.

As an adjective, is, ea, id agrees with the noun it modifies in case, number, and gender:

is puer that boy; eius mtris of that mother; ea verba those words

As a pronoun, is, ea, id takes the number and gender of the noun it replaces:

Eum puerum am. I love that boy. Eum am. I love him.E s m tr s vocat. He calls those mothers. E s vocat. He calls them.Ea verba audvimus. We heard those words. Ea audvimus. We heard them.

The pronoun is, ea, id in the nominative case is used to emphasize the subject or to indicate a change of subject.

dem, eadem, idem the sameSingular PluralMasculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom. dem eadem idem edem eaedem eademGen. eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem erundem erundem erundemDat. edem edem esdem esdem esdemAcc. eundem eandem idem esdem esdem eademAbl. edem edem esdem esdem esdem

dem, eadem, idem is the demonstrative is, ea, id with the suffix -dem. Note, however, the following changes:Change a final -m in the forms of is, ea, id to -n- before adding the suffix. The masculine singular nominative drops the final -s of is and lengthens the vowel.The neuter singular nominative and accusative drop the final -d of id before the suffix -dem.

Edem di idem vdimus. We saw the same (thing) on the same day.

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Vocabulary I

Demonstratives Conjunctionsdem, eadem, idem the sameis, ea, id that, those; this, these; he, she, it, they

autem however, but; moreoverenim for (postpositive)*etiam even, alsonam for

2nd Conjugation Verbs 2nd Declension Nounsarde, ardre, ars, arsrus burn, blaze; be inflamedhabe, habre, habu, habitum have, hold; consider

equus, -, m. horsesocius, -, m. ally

3rd Declension Nountempus, tempris, n. time

*A postpositive word does not begin a clause.

Exercise I

A.

1. Is rx erat amcus et socius Rmnrum.

2. Eius etiam domus prm lce ardbit.

3. E equ habentur bon.

4. Is rtus equus onera multa portbat.

5. Id onus est magnum; serv autem id portbunt.

6. dem equus duce nostr captus est.

7. Eum nn habbimus ducem, nam est amcus malrum.

8. Mare arsit e ann. (Livy 23.31.15)

9. Edem tempore etiam socius erum erat.

10. Msimus mlits, nam eaedem gents in bella surgbant.

11. Mults anns rgs urbem Rmam haburunt.

12. Rx et rgna mults nvs in mar haburunt, cvs enim eius rgn erant nautae bon.

B.

1. That king held Rome for many years.

2. The books of these girls are burning.

3. We gave many horses to his allies.

4. At the same time many houses were burning in that city.

5. The soldiers were placing all (their) hope in the horses, for they were swift.

6. We consider the same things good.

7. The same burdens used to make the slaves tired.

8. At that time the name of the Romans was great, for they seemed to rule all nations.

9. His horse has fled, for the slaves punished it because it had destroyed a field.

10. My brother, however, will give him a good horse, for he has many.

11. The allies of the Romans have good horses, but they will not give them to the Romans.

12. We will take the horses of the allies and make them ours, for we are masters of many lands.

Lesson II

PERSONAL PRONOUNSThe first and second person pronouns occur in all five cases, and are used like nouns.

FIRST PERSONSingular Plural

Nom. ego Ime of memihi to / for mem mem (from) me

ns wenostr, nostrum of usnbs to / for usns usnbs (from) us

Gen.Dat.Acc.Abl.

SECOND PERSONSingular Plural

Nom. t youtu of youtibi to / for yout yout (from) you

vs youvestr, vestrum of youvbs to / for youvs youvbs (from) you

Gen.Dat.Acc.Abl.

Is, ea, id can be used as the third person pronoun.

Personal Pronouns in the NominativePersonal pronouns in the nominative are used to emphasize the subject of the sentence.

Ego rgem vd. I saw the king. Ns rgem vdimus. We saw the king.T rgem vdist. You saw the king. Vs rgem vdistis. You saw the king.

Personal pronouns are used in compound subjects as follows. Note the person and the number of the verb.

Ego et t sumus amc. You and I (=we) are friends. 1st + 2nd person subjects 1st pl. verb Ego et puer sumus amc. The boy and I (=we) are friends. 1st + 3rd person subjects 1st pl. verb T et Caesar estis amc. You and Caesar (=you) are friends. 2nd + 3rd person subjects 2nd pl. verb

In English compound subjects, the first person comes last: “you and I” or “my father and I.” In Latin compound subjects, the first person comes first: “ego et t” or “ego et pater.”

Cum with the First and Second Person PronounsThe preposition cum, when used with a personal pronoun, becomes enclitic: it is attached to the end of the personal pronoun to form one word.

mcum with me nbscum with ustcum with you vbscum with you

Vocabulary II

3rd Declension Nouns Pronounsmns, mentis (-ium), f. mind; intentionignis, ignis, (-ium) m. firehostis, hostis, (-ium) m. enemyfnis, fnis, (-ium) m. end; in plural, territory

ego, me I, mens, nostr / nostrum we, ust, tu you (sg.)vs, vestr / vestrum you (pl.)

ConjunctionsAdverb aut or

aut...aut either...ordum (+ present indicative) while

modo only, justnn modo...sed etiam not only...but also

Exercise II

A

1. nbs urbs dlta erat.

2. Nostr fns ad vestra flmina tendunt.

3. Ego tibi multa dna ded, nam t m ambs.

4. T mihi verba sapientia potae dxist.

5. Tua ra in m fuerat magna.

6. Eius ments sunt amcae mihi, sed nn tibi.

7. Dum ns in urbe ignem sacrum servmus, vs in mar cum nvibus hostium pugntis.

8. Omnia mala t mente tu sapient cernentur.

9. Vs aut in taliam tenditis aut bellum es gentibus partis.

10. Quod iter longum est, ns in camp manbimus.

11. Vs cum es ex ingent camp in alts monts dcmin.

12. Ego eum audv, surrx, sed verbum d r nn fc.

B.

1. He warned us about the intentions of the enemy.

2. Your letters to them were seized by us at night.

3. You concealed your evil intentions with friendly words.

4. The enemy will be captured with us by them.

5. While the fire burns, we will remain in the mountains.

6. While it is night the enemy will carry the bodies away from our walls.

7. In that year you (sg), our enemy, wrote letters to the tribes.

8. You (pl), not they, sent the letters out of the city with your men.

9. The slaves were carrying the fire for us, because the horses were terrified by it.

10. Not only do we love you (sg), but we also praise your rivers and mountains.

11. I will either come with you, or I will send a messenger to you.

12. They used to flee from us by day, but they were seized by us at night.

Lesson III

PARTICIPLESPARTICIPLES are verbal adjectives.

Active PassivePres. 1st and 2nd conj.: present stem + -ns, -ntis

3rd and 4th conj.: present stem + -- + -ns, -ntis

NO FORMamns, amantis monns, monentisdcns, dcentis leadingcapins, capientisaudins, audientis

Perf.

NO FORM

perfect passive stem + -us, -a, -umamtus, -a, -ummonitus, -a, -umductus, -a, -um led, having been ledcaptus, -a, -umaudtus, -a, -um

Fut. perfect passive stem + -r- + -us, -a, -umamtrus, -a, -um monitrus, -a, -umductrus, -a, -um about to, going to leadcaptrus, -a, -umaudtrus, -a, -umfutrus, -a, -um

(to be discussed later)

Note that sum has only a future active participle: futrus, -a, -um.

The present participle is a 3rd declension adjective of one termination declined like ingns, ingentis.The future active and perfect passive participles are 1st / 2nd declension adjectives declined like bonus, -a, -um.

Because participles are adjectives, they agree with the words that they modify in case, number, and gender and may be used substantively. Because participles are verbs, they can take objects.

rx d c ns , rgis dcentis the leading king, of the leading kingfugient s fleeing (ones) = fugitives potae scr pt r librs the poets about to write books

Tenses of the ParticipleThe present active participle expresses action taking place at the same time as the main verb.

sede. I sit writing the book. I sit while I am writing the book.Scr b ns librum sd. I sat writing the book. I sat while I was writing the book.

The perfect passive participle expresses action completed before the time of the main verb. vide. I see the captured city. I see the city which has been captured.Urbem captam vd. I saw the captured city. I saw the city which had been captured. .

The future active participle expresses action that will be completed after the time of the main verb. audit. The girl about to speak listens. The girl who is about to speak listens.Puella dict ra audvit. The girl about to speak listened. The girl who was about to speak listened.

Vocabulary III

1st Declension Nouns 3rd Conjugation Verbs fma, -ae, f. rumor; reputation; gloryflamma, -ae, f. flamefortna, -ae, f. fortune, luckfuga, -ae, f. flight, escapegrtia, -ae, f. favor; (in plural) thanks invidia, -ae, f. envy; hatredvta, -ae, f. life

ag, agere, g, actum do; drive; treat, deal withagere d (+ ablative) talk about, debate aboutgrtis agere (+ dative) give thanks, thankvtam agere lead a life

pet, petere, petv, pettum seek; ask forAdverbs

crs tomorrowheri yesterday hodi today

Exercise III

A.

1. Epistulae t scrptae dlbuntur.

2. Longam vtam nn sine mults amcs git.

3. Nostrae sorrs captae mans tendents vtam petbant.

4. Soci invidi ardents, grtis nbs nn agent.

5. Ego et t equs onera porttrs vdimus.

6. Heri serv fgrunt; hodi domin fugients petunt.

7. Fuga puellrum et servrum mihi misera vidbtur.*

8. Heri modo t mihi dna dedist; hodi ego tibi grtis ag; crs tibi amcus er.

9. Puerum multa agentem nn vdimus, is enim in urbem fgerat.

10. T et soci tu aut cum hostibus pugnbitis aut nbs fugitis.

11. Dum nmina derum sacra habmus, e nbs amc erunt.

12. Mihi d trist fortn omnium gentium Rmns rectrum scrpsist.

B.

1. Girls and boys do not lead the same life.

2. A good mind does not fear bad fortune.

3. The sailors, however, have fled because they have ships.

4. We will lead the horses carrying burdens out of the city.

5. Many things have been written about men seeking favor.

6. Yesterday they were all singing; today, however, they are asking for (their) life.

7. Today we seek fame, but tomorrow we will fear the envy of all our friends.

8. While the horses were wandering in the woods, the soldiers did not have hope of escape.

9. We not only saw fire destroying homes, but also flames burning on the mountains.

10. Because our minds were being directed (use tend) towards small things, the teachers, moved by anger, punished us.

11. All the allies of the Romans will give thanks to us because we have waged many wars against our enemies.

12. Either we will accept the misfortunes of life with a strong heart, or we will be destroyed by the waves of bad fortune.

Lesson IV

INFINITIVESINFINITIVES are verbal nouns, which may be used as subjects or objects. They have tense and voice, but not person or number. They may take objects, or be modified by adverbs. A FINITE VERB has a personal ending; an infinitive has no personal ending.

Active PassivePres. 2nd principal part 1st, 2nd and 4th conj.: present stem + -r

3rd conj.: 2nd principal part minus -ere + -amre monredcere to leadcapereaudreesse

amr monrdc to be ledcapaudr

Perf. perfect active stem + -isse perfect passive participle + esseamvisse monuissedxisse to have ledcpisseaudvissefuisse

amtus, -a, -um esse monitus, -a, -um esseductus, -a, -um esse to have been ledcaptus, -a, -um esseaudtus, -a, -um esse

Fut. future active participle + esse 4th principal part (always –um) + ramtrus, -a, -um esse monitrus, -a, -um esseductrus, -a, -um esse to be about to leadcaptrus, -a, -um esseaudtrus, -a, -um essefutrus, -a, -um esse

amtum r monitum rductum r to be about to be ledcaptum raudtum r

The COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE completes the meaning of another verb. Verbs of wishing, deciding, beginning, etc. and the passive forms of verbs of saying and thinking often take complementary infinitives.

Pugn re cnstituit. He decided to fight.Pugn visse puttur. He is thought to have fought.

The infinitives of transitive verbs may take objects.

N vem mittere cnstituit. He decided to send a ship.

In the future active and perfect passive infinitives, the participle, declined like bonus, -a, -um, agrees with the subject of the clause in case, number, and gender.

Nvs missae esse dcuntur. The ships are said to have been sent.Puella epistulam scr pt ra esse dcitur. The girl is said to be about to write a letter.

Vocabulary IV

2nd Declension Nouns Verbs taking a Complementary Infinitive locus, -, m. place pl. loca, locrum, n.arma, -rum, n. arms arma capere, take up armscastra, -rum, n. camp

put, putre, putv, puttum think; considercnstitu, cnstituere, cnstitu, cnstittum decide; determine; establishincipi, incipere, incp, inceptum begin

3rd Declension Nounmoenia, -ium, n. walls

Exercise IV

A.

1. Soci bellum in hosts parre incipiunt.

2. Dum hosts in castrs sunt, omnia dlbantur.

3. Vta mlitis misera esse dcitur, nam nn longa est.

4. Moenia ex castrs ad aquam dcere incipiunt.

5. Audx in rbus difficilibus esse puttur.

6. Ego t rogta mults epistuls man me scrbam.

7. Territ sumus, nam tla ardentia in nostrs nvs mittere cnstituit.

8. Heri prts pnre incpisse puttus es, sed hodi lber sunt.

9. Fma fugae erum ab hostibus audta esse puttur.

10. Is ad bellum socirum ventrus esse dcitur.

11. In e loc arma capere et castra hostium dlre cnstituistis.

12. Edem fratrs ad Olympum tendents montem in monte pnbant.

B.

1. Huge waves were beginning to rise.

2. You will lead the frightened horse to that place.

3. The water is thought to be about to cover the fields.

4. The mountains stretching towards the sea are high.

5. They were beginning to carry water onto the ships.

6. You (pl) have decided to give many gifts to your friends.

7. He had decided to conceal his bad intentions.

8. I was thought to have remained on the bridge with our allies.

9. Their queen is thought to have been sent to a guarded place.

10. Having been ruled by kings for many years, the city was wretched.

11. He was thought to have been loved by you, for you used to send messengers to his house.

12. We had begun to have hope because the teacher was teaching us many useful things.

Lesson V review

Vocabulary I - IV

put s moenia aut arde autem arma locus ns is dem dumvta nam equus fnis fuga aut...autvs fma habe socius heri tis castra hostisenim mns hodi n modo...sed etiam ns

begin thanks camp arms think walls haveenvy decide yesterday horse flight for evenflame fire you (pl.) we the same you (sg.) enemyeither...or today mind that place life fortunefor while rumor drive tomorrow moreover territoryburn not only...but also seek ally end or

I. Replace the underlined words with is, ea, id and dem, eadem, idem.

1. Fliam magistr ad flmen ms. 3. Puer s gratis ag. 5. Rgna invidiam de rum timbat.2. Libr s ab m tre me accprunt. 4. Multa verba socis dxit. 6. Exercitus n v s derat.

II. Modify the underlined words with is, ea, id and dem, eadem, idem.

1. F audv. 3. In castr s manbimus 5. Liber eius verba habet. 2. Puer librum haburunt. 4. P r tae ns terrent. 6. s puellae gimus.

III. Translate all the pronouns into Latin. Use any necessary prepositions.

1. I will give you a present. 4. He was saved by them. 5. The girls were talking to us.

2. We will guard the city with you. 3. You and I saw the ghost. 6. The citizens praise you (pl.) and us.

IV. Translate the underlined participle phrases.

1. The soldier sitting on the horse wandered from the way. 4. They destroyed the camp set up in that place.

2. We carry the allies wounded with javelins into camp. 5. About to write a letter, my mother was sitting.

3. The horses, terrified by the flames, fled into the forest. 6. Rolling waves rose up because of the mighty wind.

V. Give the six infinitives of habe and cnstitu.

VI. Name the tense and translate the underlined infinitives.

1. The city is said to have been destroyed by fire. 4. The enemies are reported to have been seen.

2. Our allies were thought to be about to flee. 5. The decided to shelter the wounded.

3. This god is considered to be our ally. 6. He is said to have risen from the dead.

For Your Information

COMPOUNDS OF AGMany verbs in Latin serve as bases to which prefixes are added to modify their meanings.One of these is ag, agere, g, actum do; drive; treat, deal with.

cum + ag g, cgere, cog, coactum drive together, gather; force, compel.ex + ag exg, exgere, exg, exactum drive outre + ag redg, g, redactum drive back

Exercise V

A

1. Umbrae in silvs vsae es terrurunt.

2. Pr socis mes gratis mults tibi ag.

3. M mea fortna servvit.

4. Ea loca mihi tibique sacra habentur.

5. Rogtus librum tibi scrbbam.

6. Epistulam scrbam, frter enim meus eam accipere ambit.

7. Heri es equs castrs dcere cnstituimus, nam e erant aegr.

8. Mlits t miss fmam nntivrunt.

9. Fuga hostium nbs pugnantibus nntita est.

10. Nn bona dicta puellae meae nntibitis.

11. Hosts nostr, autem, ns vidents, esdem equs cprunt.

12. Nn modo flamms, sed etiam aqus surgentibus moenia dlbantur.

B

1. Voices announcing the end of the war were heard.

2. In the minds of many, anger and envy are similar.

3. His life is held dear by his many friends.

4. While the fires burn in the woods, we will save our houses.

5. But you (sg), blazing with great anger, will fight with them.

6. The burning fires announced the evil deeds of the enemies.

7. Our soldiers, wounded by the weapons of the enemy, are beginning to flee.

8. At that wretched time you and Marcus were friends on all my journeys.

9. We decided to flee, for we had seen the enemy about to capture the ships.

10. Yesterday you were holding back your anger, but today you have taken up arms.

11. Many difficult things are thought to have been done on the same day.

12. We have decided to give thanks to the god of the city, for he has saved us.

Lesson VI

DEMONSTRATIVES: HIC, HAEC, HOC

FORMATION OF ADVERBS

hic, haec, hoc this, theseSingular PluralMasculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom. hic haec hoc h hae haecGen. huius huius huius hrum hrum hrumDat. huic huic huic hs hs hsAcc. hunc hanc hoc hs hs haecAbl. hc hc hc hs hs hs

Demonstratives may be used as adjectives or pronouns.

As an adjective, hic, haec, hoc agrees with the noun it modifies in case, number, and gender:

hic puer this boy; huius mtris of this mother; haec verba these words

As a pronoun, hic, haec, hoc takes the number and gender of the noun it replaces:

Hunc librum am. I love this book. Hunc am. I love this (one).H s epistul s msit. He sent these letters. H s msit. He sent these.Haec verba audvimus.We heard these words. Haec audvimus. We heard these (things).

Formation of AdverbsAdverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Adverbs do not decline.

1st / 2nd declension adjectives usually form adverbs by adding - to the stem:

altus, -a, -um deep alt- alt deeplyaeger, aegra, aegrum sick aegr- aegr painfully, with difficulty

3rd declension adjectives often form adverbs by adding -iter to the stem; -er for adjectives ending in -ns;and -ter for audx:

cer, cris, cre keen, sharp cr- criter keenly, sharplysapins, sapientis wise sapint- sapienter wiselyx, audcis bold c- audcter boldly

The following adverbs are formed irregularly:

bonus, -a, -um good bene wellmalus, -a, -um bad male badly, poorlyparvus, -a, -um small parum too little, not enoughmagnus, -a, -um great magnpere greatly

A few adverbs are simply the accusative neuter singular or ablative neuter singular form:prmus, -a, -um first prm at firstmultus, -a, -um much, many multum muchfacilis, -e easy facile easily

Adverbs not following these patterns will be given as vocabulary.

Vocabulary VI

Adverbs Demonstrativebene welllong farmagnopere greatlymultum muchparum too littleprm at firstaegr painfully, with difficulty

hic, haec, hoc this, these

3rd Declension Nouncomes, comitis, m. companion

Exercise VI

A.

1. In hc loc aegr mnserant.

2. Hae sunt meae fliae amtae.

3. Prm soci nbs mults gratis grunt.

4. Hc hr mlits fidem ducibus mnstrre constituunt.

5. Ns nostraque facta parum laudtis, quod multum fcimus.

6. Comits huius long port mnsisse dcuntur.

7. Prm haec omnia mihi tilia esse vsa sunt.

8. Ns d hs misers virs rgem interficere parantibus monuist.

9. Hic sapienter et bene ns iter longum factrs monet.

10. Hic socius ad m e nocte vnit, quod e hs epistuls mittere magnopere timbam..

11. M multum ambunt, tla enim capins erum urbem audacter servb.

12. Equus dem in agr nbs vsus ex hostium manibus fgerat.

B.

1. These are your (sg.) words.

2. These songs were sung well by our companion.

3. The master advised these slaves too little.

4. At first we thought you to be angry.

5. The soldiers will move the camp far from this river rising much.

6. These books were badly prepared by your (sg) companions.

7. We will accept these gifts, but we will not love you (sg) well on account of them.

8. They have decided to put these horns, taken in war, into my hands.

9. The farmers were thought to be about to fight keenly for (=on behalf of) their allies.

10. The inhabitants greatly feared to be captured by our soldiers.

11. This boy easily sees the wandering steps of his friend.

12. You (pl.) will not kill the king of this tribe because he is said to be good and wise.

Lesson VII

READING: CONNECTED PROSEWhen you began the study of Latin, you learned how to read aloud, translate, and write individual sentences. Sentences may combine to tell a story, persuade an audience, or express a sequence of ideas. Such combinations of sentences are called CONNECTED PROSE. Reading connected prose requires skills in addition to those that you have used in reading individual sentences. In reading connected prose, it is important to identify the GIST of a passage. The gist is the central idea of the passage.

recognize KEY WORDS. Key words are the words that convey the most important elements of the

passage.

notice the connections between sentences and thoughts.

guess the meaning of unfamiliar words and phrases.

be sensitive to the order of thoughts in Latin. Try to understand Latin in the Latin order.

Chapters like this one will help you to develop and practice these skills.

Gist and KeywordsFirst of all, read through the passage out loud and in Latin, preferably two or three times. The objective is to understand the gist of the passage and to identify key words in it.How do you get the gist of a passage?As you read through, do not try to translate, but do look for clues.

Does the passage have a title? Are there notes or a glossary to help you?

Are there any proper nouns (capitalized words within a sentence)?

Are any words repeated?

Can you recognize any nominatives, accusatives, and verbs?

These questions will help you identify the key words in the passage. Proper nouns are likely to be the names of important people and places. Repeated words emphasize important elements that play a role in every part of the story. Nominatives, verbs, and accusative direct objects tell you who is doing what to whom.

The Story of PerseusAn oracle had predicted that King Acrisius of Argos would be killed by his grandson. When the king discovered that his daughter, Danaë, had given birth to a son, he tried to escape his fate by casting mother and son adrift in the sea. With the help of Jupiter, who was Perseus’ father, they landed safely on the island of Seriphos, where Perseus grew to manhood. King Polydectes of Seriphos then attempted to kill Perseus by sending him to bring back the head of the monster Medusa, one of the Gorgons. Perseus accomplished this dangerous task, and on the way back he rescued and married Andromeda, an Ethiopian princess. After many years he returned to Seriphos and revenged himself on Polydectes; he then went back to Argos and, in fulfillment of the oracle, killed his grandfather Acrisius by accident with a discus.

Vocabulary VII

Adverbs Conjunctions Prepositions with the Accusativenunc nowtamen nevertheless, yettum then, at that timetunc then, at that time

antequam beforeigitur thereforepostquam after

ob because of, on account ofpropter because of, on account of

For all the readings, various vocabulary words will be translated in italics. Other words will be presented with English derivatives in parentheses from which you should try to deduce the appropriate English translation. Some compound verbs are shown divided into their elements in an effort to help you in recognition and translation.

1. The Family of Perseus

Haec nrrantur pots d Perse. Perseus flius erat Iovis, rgis derum. Avus eius, Acrisiusnmine, Perseum propter orculum timns, puerum interficere cnstituit. Comprehendit igitur Perseum infantem, et cum mtre in arc lgne inclsit. Tum arcam in mare conicit. Dana, Perse mter, magnopere territa est; tempests enim magna mare turbbat. Perseus autem in sin mtris dormibat.

nrr (1) (narrative, narrate)Iuppiter, Iovis m. Jupiteravus, - m. grandfatherrculum, -i n. oraclecomprehend, comprehendere, comprehend,

comprehnsum grasp, seizeinfns, infantis m. / f. (infant, infantile)arca, -ae f. chest, boxlgneus, -a, -um of wood, wooden

incld, -ere, -cls, -clsus shut up in, enclose, imprison

conici, conicere, conic, coniectum (conjecture) throw together, throw, cast, hurl

tempests, tempesttis f. (tempestuous) weather; tempest, storm

turb (1) (disturb)sinus, -s m. embrace; bosomdormi, dormre, dormv, dormtum (dormitory,

dormant)

2. Jupiter Saves His Son

Nunc Iuppiter tamen haec omnia vdēbat, et flium servre cnstituit. Tranquillum igitur fcit mare, et arcam ad insulam Serphum perdxit. Huius insulae Polydects tum rx erat. Postquam arca ad ltus flctibus portta est, Dana in harn quitem capibat. Brev tempore pisctre inventa est, et ad domum rgis Polydectis adducta est. Is mtrem et puerum amc accpit, et es sdem ttam in fnibus dedit. Dana hoc dnum libenter accpit, et pr benefici rg grtis git.

tranquillus, -a,-um (tranquil)insula, -ae f. (insular)perdc = per + dc; bringharna, -ae f. (arena) sandquis, quitis f. (quiet)pisctor, pisctris m. fisherman

inveni = in + veni, come upon, findaddc = ad + dc; [lit. lead to] escortsdes, sdis f. seat; abodettus, -a, -um safelibenter, adv. willingly, gladlybeneficium,- n. kindness, service,benefit

Lesson VIII

REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVESAdjectives have three DEGREES of comparison: POSITIVE, COMPARATIVE and SUPERLATIVE.

Positive Comparative Superlativelongus, -a, -um longior, longius longissimus, -a, -umlong longer, rather / too long longest, very long

ComparativesThe comparative is a two-termination 3rd declension adjective.It is formed by adding –ior to the stem. For the neuter singular nominative and accusative, substitute –ius.

longus, -a, -um long long- longior, longius longeraudx, audcis bold audc- audcior, audacius bolder

The comparative, unlike most 3rd declension adjectives, is not an i-stem.

Singular PluralMasc. / Fem. Neuter Masc. / Fem. Neuter

Nom. longior longius longirs longiraGen. longiris longiris longirum longirumDat. longir longir longiribus longiribusAcc. longirem longius longirs longiraAbl. longire longire longiribus longiribus

SuperlativesThe superlative is normally formed by adding –issimus, -issima, -issimum to the stem of the adjective.

longus, -a, -um long long- longissimus, -a, -um longestaudx, audcis bold audc- audcissimus,- a, -um boldest

The superlative is a 1st / 2nd declension adjective declined like bonus, -a, -um.

Singular PluralMasculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom. longissimus longissima longissimum longissim longissimae longissimaGen. longissim longissimae longissim longissimrum longissimrum longissimrumDat. longissim longissimae longissim longissims longissims longissimsAcc. longissimum longissimam longissimum longissims longissims longissimaAbl. longissim longissim longissim longissims longissims longissims

Comparison ConstructionsTwo nouns joined by quam (than) must be in the same case.

Servus est flcior quam r x . The slave is happier than the king.

ABLATIVE OF COMPARISON - When quam is omitted from a comparison, the second of the two things compared is in the ablative case. This ablative construction is used only when the first of the two things compared is in the nominative or the accusative.

Servus est flcior r ge . The slave is happier than the king.

Vocabulary VIII

Prepositions with Accusative 3rd Declension Nounsante beforecircum aroundinter between; amongper throughpost after; behindtrans across

genus, generis, n. kind, sorts, ris, n. mouthscelus, sceleris, n. crime*

Conjunctionquam than, rather than

*scelus gerere commit a crime

Exercise VIII

A.

1. Fuit tilior in castrs quam in urbe.

2. Propter tuam invidiam eris miserior quam is.

3. Inter es monts longius iter facere incipi.

4. Tunc omns bon omnium generum erant nbscum.

5. Nunc d vir audcissim in exercit hostium agimus.

6. Fortissim comits ante s flminis stbant.

7. Ob scelera magna, de in caput eius multa mala posurunt.

8. Antequam bellum cum es gentibus gerbat, gratis magns des git.

9. Postquam serv territ ltora fgerant, ad urbem celeriter tendbant.

10. Nn vta, sed somnus longissimus des nbs datus est.

11. Hae gents circum ns sunt audcirs es mlitibus trns flmen pugnantibus.

12. Mults per gents multaque per maria ductus, ad eum locum vn.

B.

1. Higher mountains were around our city.

2. The sweetest songs come from her mouth.

3. He came through those very bold tribes.

4. (There) is a bolder horse behind the gate.

5. The captured (people) are wiser than those free (people).

6. We now are waging a longer war than our allies have waged.

7. The god called the sailors with a great voice (use s, ris).

8. He made a rather long journey around the mountains.

9. You (sg) will be punished, for your crimes seem very serious to all.

10. (There) is a longer river between the city and the mountains.

11. At that time, all my friends were of the same sort.

12. She was moved by his appearance rather than by his reputation.

Lesson IX

IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVESThe following common adjectives have irregular comparative and superlative forms.

Positive Comparative Superlativebonus, -a, -um good melior, melius better optimus, -a, -um bestmalus, -a, -um bad peior, peius worse pessimus, -a, -um worstmagnus, -a, -um great maior, maius greater maximus, -a, -um greatestparvus, -a, -um small minor, minus smaller minimus, -a, -um smallestmultus, -a, -um much, many sg. pls (neuter noun only) more

pl. plrs, plra several, moreplrimus, -a, -um most, very many

Adjectives Ending in –erAny adjective ending in -er in the masculine forms the comparative regularly, but forms the superlative irregularly.The superlative is formed by adding –rimus,-rima,-rimum to the masculine nominative singular in -er.

sacer, sacra, sacrum holy sacer- sacerrimus, -a, -um holiestmiser, misera, miserum unhappy miser- miserrimus, -a, -um most unhappycer, cris, cre sharp cer- cerrimus, -a, -um sharpest

Positive Comparative Superlativesacer, sacra, sacrum holy sacrior, -ius holier sacerrimus, -a, -um holiestmiser, misera, miserum unhappy miserior, -ius more unhappy miserrimus, -a, -um most unhappycer, cris, cre sharp crior, -ius sharper cerrimus, -a, -um sharpest

Six Adjectives Ending in -lisSix 3rd declension adjectives ending in –lis form their comparative regularly, but form their superlatives irregularly. Their superlative is formed by adding –limus,-lima,-limum to the stem.

facilis, facile easy facil- facillimus, -a, -um easiest Positive Comparative Superlativefacilis,-e easy facilior,-ius easier facillimus, -a, -um easiestdifficilis,-e difficult difficilior,-ius more difficult difficillimus, -a, -um most difficultsimilis,-e like similior, -ius more like simillimus, -a, -um most likedissimilis, –e unlike dissimilior, -ius more unlike dissimillimus, -a, -um most unlikegracilis, -e slender gracilior, -ius more slender gracillimus, -a, -um most slenderhumilis, -e low humilior, -ius lower humillimus, -a, -um lowest

Note that other adjectives ending in -lis form their superlative regularly: tilis, tilior, tilissimus.

ABLATIVE OF DEGREE OF DIFFERENCE - The degree or measure of difference in a comparison is expressed by the use of the ablative without a preposition.

Puella pede brevior est quam puer. The girl is shorter than boy by a foot.The girl is a foot shorter than the boy.

Mare mult altius est flmine. The sea is deeper than the river by much.The sea is much deeper than the river.

Vocabulary IX

Irregular Comparative Adjectives Irregular Superlative Adjectivesmaior, maius greatermelior, melius betterminor, minus smaller, lesspeior, peius worse

maximus, -a, -um greatest, very greatoptimus, -a, -um best, very good, excellentminimus, -a, -um smallest, very small, leastpessimus, -a, -um worst, very badplrimus, -a, -um most, very many

Adjectives 2nd Declension Noundissimilis, -e dissimilar, unlikegracilis, -e slender, gracefulhumilis, -e low; poor

oculus, -, m. eye3rd Declension Noun

ps, pedis, m. foot

Exercise IX

A.

1. Peds tu sunt mes maiors.

2. Fuit facillimum equs per hanc portam dcere.

3. Miserrima ab oculs eius fgit.

4. Des debusque maxims gratis gimus.

5. Hic est similior mihi quam tibi.

6. Verba eius erant simillima facts.

7. Erat facilius vidre tus oculs quam mes.

8. Tuum scelus est mult peius quam meum.

9. Tristissima fortna tu fratris optim m multum movbat.

10. Propter tua scelera hic locus difficilior est mihi.

11. Postquam verba eius in castrs audta sunt, acerrim mlitum eum laudvrunt.

12. D hc sacerrim loc potae multa dxisse videntur.

B.

1. They saw very large fires in the mountains.

2. The very wretched man flees quickly from my eyes.

3. Those ships seem to me to be rather low in the water.

4. This place is much holier than your (pl.) city.

5. He has more slender feet than I have; your (feet), however, are the most slender.

6. I was greatly moved by the very wretched appearance of that (man).

7. (While) preparing their weapons quickly, they saw the lights in the camp of the enemy.

8. I was very happy because all your (sg.) companions were very like you.

9. The waves of the sea were higher than the ships by many feet.

10. The messenger standing before your (sg.) eyes was sent by the king of the gods.

11. The man wandering at night is thought to have seen (his) mother among very many ghosts.

12. Your (sg.) teacher spoke very sad words to you about your friend (who was going to make) a rather difficult

journey on behalf of (his) sick father.

Lesson X

REVIEW

Vocabulary VI - IX

minimus igitur ante humilis hic tum oculusnunc maior gracilis bene melior antequam tuncaegr prm pessimus optimus tamen quam obps plrimus magnopere propter post postquam longs inter parum genus circum scelus minorpeior comes per dissimilis maximus tunc

this eye smallest then far therefore nowon account of because of before (prep.) well greater before (conj.) footafter (prep.) around greatly kind mouth between throughtoo little low then smaller worst slender greatestnevertheless with difficulty after (conj.) than less best worsedissimilar crime better companion most at first

I. Modify the following nouns with hic, haec, hoc.

1. generibus 6. loc 11. ignem 16. equs 2. peds 7. moenium 12. fmae 17. fortn3. capita 8. flamms 13. s 18. vtae 4. comitis 9. hoste 14. mentem 19. castra 5. scelera 10. socis 15. invidiae 20. fnium

II. Identify case, number, gender of underlined words.1. Comits haec dxrunt. 4. E sunt flciors quam h .2. H ocul ardent. 5. Hoc flmen est longius e . 3. Ocul h rum r ardent. 6. Nn enim time huius comitis invidiam.

III. Form adverbs from the following adjectives:1. sapins 6. tilis 11. cer 2. malus 7. similes 12. bonus 3. er 8. rtus 13. magnus4. altus 9. miser 14. ardns5. optimus 10. dulcis 15. flx

IV. Form the comparatives and superlatives of the underlined adjectives.1. monts alt 4. mal s sceleribus 7. comitis aud cis 2. rgna pulchra 5. parvum genus 8. bonae ment3. hostium crium 6. fortnam similem 9. multa arma

For Your InformationThe prefix dis- apart is used with many verbs, such as discd, depart and dmitt, send away.It may also be a strong negative: dis + facilis easy = difficilis difficult

dis + similis similar = dissimilis dissimilar

The prepositions ante and post occur in the abbreviations a.m. (ante diem, before midday) p.m. (post merdiem, after midday). They are also commonly used as verb prefixes, as in postscrb, write after, add in writing from which we get the abbreviation p.s. (post scrptum, written after).

Exercise X

A.

1. Comits me haec es nn dcent.

2. Hic locus mntissimus est.

3. Caesar nvs humilirs celerirsque fcit quam hs.

4. Gracils peds meae amtae vide.

5. Cum dissimillim patre vtam aegr agbat.

6. Tunc gracilior flamma circum caput eius ardre vsa est.

7. Nunc ob plrima scelera tua amcs plrims nn habs.

8. Propter minims igns ex hs castrs celeriter fugere cnstiturunt.

9. Magnopere heri terrbar; hodi igitur inter hs silvs manb.

10. Ego arma capins, urbem ardentem fugere constitu.

11. Urbs surgentibus aqus dlta mihi hc parv r miserior vidtur.

12. Postquam dom tu discesseram, tu patris umbra ante mes oculs vsa est.

B.

1. The gods will punish him because of his very many crimes.

2. All good (people) of all kinds will come happily into the city.

3. Before the gods had spoken, we were rather bold because of our good fortune.

4. After we had heard him speaking these sharp words, we were greatly afraid.

5. Before his foot was wounded, he was fleeing his enemies quickly.

6. (After I was) seen singing in the woods, I began to receive many gifts.

7. With my eyes I saw you (pl.) boldly saving the ships.

8. The dark land covered me because of (my) bad fortune.

9. We saw the ships burning on the shore after our leaders fled.

10. At that time your (sg.) works were much greater than ours.

11. After the worst (men) fled from the city, they remained in the mountains for very many days.

12. At first I had decided to remain; now, however, I shall make a journey happily among the tribes.

Lesson XI

DEMONSTRATIVES: ILLE, ILLA, ILLUD AND ISTE, ISTA, ISTUD

CAUSE

ille, illa, illud that, thoseSingular PluralMasculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom. ille illa illud ill illae illaGen. illus illus illus illrum illrum illrumDat. ill ill ill ills ills illsAcc. illum illam illud ills ills illaAbl. ill ill ill ill ills ills

Demonstratives may be be used as adjectives or as pronouns.

As an adjective, ille, illa, illud agrees with the noun it modifies in case, number, and gender:

ille puer that boy; illus mtris of that mother; illa verba those words

As a pronoun, ille, illa, illud takes the number and gender of the noun it replaces:

Illum librum am. I love that book. Illum am. I love that one.Ill s epistul s msit. He sent those letters. Ill s msit. He sent those.Illa verba audvimus. We heard those words. Illa audvimus. We heard those (things).

Ille is often used to contrast with hic:

Magister hunc puerum laudvit, sed illum pxnvit.The teacher praised this boy, but punished that (one).

iste, ista, istud that of yours, those of yours (sometimes with contempt implied)Iste, ista, istud is declined like ille, illa, illud.

Ista mala fugis. You will flee those evils (of yours).Dux ists pnvit. The leader punished those men.Ad m d ist Marc, amc tu, scrbis. You are writing to me about that Marcus, your friend.

CauseOb or propter with the accusative expresses cause or reason.

Ob verba laudbitur. She will be praised because of her words.Propter fl men cnstitimus. We stopped on account of the river.

THE ABLATIVE OF CAUSE - The ablative without a preposition also expresses cause or reason.

Fact s pntur. He is punished for his deeds.Tu s operibus laudris. You are praised for your works.

3rd Conjugation Verbs Demonstrativescnsist, cnsistere, cnstit, stopexcd, excdere, excess, excessum go out, departincd, incdere, incess, incessum go inrelinqu, relinquere, relqu, relictum leave, leave behindtrah, trahere, trax, tractum dragvv, vvere, vx, vctum live

ille, illa, illud that, thoseiste, ista, istud that, those (sometimes with contempt implied)

Exercise XI

Exercise XI

A.

1. In illum locum optimum incdit.

2. Vvere est dulce mihi propter illum.

3. Illa moenia sunt altissima et longissima.

4. Circum illum montem igns maxim ardent.

5. Ill gravs sapientsque vir erant rtissim.

6. Hoc opus difficillimum ill erit, quod eius amc heri excessrunt.

7. Illa dictr, surgere excdereque incipibant.

8. Istus r tlsque territ, in umbrs noctis fugimus.

9. T vvis flcior quam ego; ns autem vvimus flcirs ills.

10. Hodi ob ista scelera t gesta hoc bellum miserrimum pugnāmus.

11. Ist invidi magn m dlbis.

12. Postquam in illam urbem incesserant, omns doms dlvrunt.

B.

1. Those (people) lived for many years.

2. You (pl) departed from our allies’ land by means of ships.

3. That man seems happiest to me.

4. They saw the horse left behind on the shore by the enemies.

5. Those flames are much higher than the walls of the camp.

6. The same night the soldiers came out of that horse.

7. I saw the fires burning in our city and those men killing the citizens.

8. After we had departed from the city, we gave thanks to the gods.

9. We stopped in that place because you (sg.) had left behind those books.

10. We left our allies behind because of the very difficult journey.

11. They begin to drag the horse through the very well fortified gates.

12. The allies remained in that place, but you (pl.) left the camp quickly.

Lesson XII

READING: CONNECTING IDEASWhen you read a Latin passage, it is important to understand the Latin in its own word order. The pieces of a passage will be joined in a way that shows the flow of ideas. These ideas are usually connected to each other. One thought leads to the next.In Latin, the connection between one thought and the next is usually signaled by

connecting words; for example, conjunctions

repetition of words

punctuation; for example, commas or semicolons

Even when we physically separate the sentences of a paragraph, the connectedness remains. Here is a passage from Lesson VII divided into sentences with some connective signs italicized:

Comprehendit igitur Perseum adhc infantem, et cum mtre in arc ligne inclsit. Tum arcam in mare conicit. Dana, Perse mter, magnopere territa est; tempests enim magna mare turbbat. Perseus autem in sin mtris dormibat.

What do these connecting devices do?

Igitur, “therefore,” shows that the statement comprehendit Perseum adhc infantem is a consequence of what has gone before.

Et connects the two things that Acrisius did: comprehendit et inclsit.

Tum, “then,” shows that the event arcam in mare conicit follows the events of the preceding sentence.

Mter repeats cum mtre in the first sentence and connects the sentence about Danaë to what has gone before.

Enim, “for,” shows that tempests magna mare turbbat explains the preceding statement that Danaë was frightened.

Autem, “however,” calls our attention back to Perseus and contrasts his sleeping with his mother’s terror.

These signs help show the development of thought.Note that signs of connection often introduce a grammatical piece which can be dealt with separately (a sentence or the clauses within a sentence). These connecting signs will help you to divide a passage into smaller, more manageable pieces.

Vocabulary XII

Adverbs Conjunctiondi for a long timehc hereibi theretandem finally, at length

ubi when, where1st Declension Noun

via, viae, f. road, waylna, lnae, f. moon

3. Perseus Is Sent On His TravelsPerseus igitur mults anns ibi habitbat, et cum mtre vtam betam agbat. Polydects autem Danan magnopere ambat et Perse dxit, “Tuam mtrem in mtrimnium ductrus sum.” Hoc tamen cnsilium Perse nn grtum erat. Polydects igitur Perseum dmittere cnstituit. Tum iuvenem ad rgiam vocvit et haec dxit: “Turpissimum est hanc ignvam vtam agere; iam di t adulscns es. Tempus est arma capere et virttem praestre. Relinque hs terrs et caput Medsae ad m refer.”

habit (1) live, dwellbetus, -a, -um (beatify) blessed, happyin mtrimnium dcere to marrycnsilium, -i n. plangrtus, -a, -um pleasingdmitt = dis + mittiuvenis, -is m. (juvenile)rgia, -ae f. palace

turpis, -e disgracefulignvus, -a, -um idle, lazy adulscns, -tis m. (adolescent)tempus, temporis n. timevirts, virttis f. (virtue) couragepraest, praestre, praestit, praestitum show, exhibitrelinque (present imperative) leave behindrefer (present imperative) bring back

4. Perseus Gets His OutfitPerseus ubi haec audvit, ex insul discessit, et postquam ad continentem vnit, Medsam petvit. Di frustr petbat; namque ntram loc ignrbat. Tandem Apoll et Minerva viam e mnstrvrunt. Prm Graes, sorrs Medsae, invnit. Ab hs tlria et galeam magicam accpit. Apoll autem et Minerva falcem et speculum dedrunt. Tum postquam tlria pedibus induit, in caelum ascendit. Di volbat; tandem tamen ad eum locum vnit ubi Medsa cum cters Gorgnibus habitbat. Gorgns autem mnstra erant speci horribil; capita enim erum erant anguibus tecta erant. Mans etiam ex aere factae erant.

discd, -ere, -cess, -cessum withdraw, depart, leavecontinns, -ntis f. (continent)frustr (frustration) adv. in vainignr (1) (ignorant)Graeae, -rum f. The Graeae were three old women who

had one eye and one tooth in common and took turns in using them.

inveni, -re, -vn, -ventum find, come upon tlria, tlrium n. pl. winged sandalsgalea, -ae f. helmet

falx, falcis f. curved sword, sicklespeculum, - n. mirror, looking glassindu, induere, indu, indtum put on, clothecaelum, - n. air, sky, heavenvol (1) flycter, -ae, -a the rest of, the remaininghorribilis, -e (horrible)anguis, anguis m. / f. serpent, snakeaes, aeris n. bronze, copper

Lesson XIII

IRREGULAR VERB: POSSUM, POSSE, POTU;USES OF THE INFINITIVEpossum, posse, potu, be able, canIn the present system, possum is a compound of the verb sum.

The prefix is pos- when the form of sum begins with s. The prefix is pot- when the form of sum begins with e.

In the perfect system the tenses are formed regularly.Like sum, possum has no passive voice.

PRESENT IMPERFECT FUTUREpossum I can/am ablepotes you canpotest he / she / it can

possumus we canpotestis you canpossunt they can

poteram I could/was ablepoters you couldpoterat he / she / it could

potermus we could you couldpoterant they could

poter I will be ablepoteris you will be ablepoterit he / she / it will be able

poterimus we will be ablepoteritis you will be ablepoterunt they will be able

PERFECT PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECTpotui I couldpotuist you couldpotuit he / she / it could

potuimus we couldpotuistis you couldpoturunt they could

potueram I had been ablepotuers you had been ablepotuerat he / she / it had been able

potuermus we had been able you had been ablepotuerant they had been able

potuer I will have been ablepotueris you will have been ablepotuerit he / she / it will have been able

potuerimus we will have been ablepotueritis you will have been ablepotuerint they will have been able

PARTICIPLES INFINITIVESPres.Perf.Fut.

(possum has no participles)posse to be ablepotuisse to have been able

Possum is usually accompanied by a complementary infinitive.

Ea scr bere poterunt. They will be able to write this. Aud re possumus. We can hear.

Accusative and Infinitive with iube and vet and vet need both a person and an action to make their meaning clear.They g

Dux m lit s urbem m n re iussit. The leader ordered the soldiers to fortify the city.Magister discipul s d cere vetat. The teacher orders the students not to talk.

Infinitive as Subject or ObjectThe infinitive is a verbal noun. It is always neuter, always singular, and either nominative or accusative.

Subject: Dulce est vcem tuam aud re . It is sweet to hear your voice. Hearing your voice is sweet.Object: Cant re am. I like to sing. I like singing.

Vocabulary XIII

Verbs taking Infinitives 2nd Declension Nounsvet, vetre, vetu, vetitum order...not, forbidiube, iubre, iuss, iussum order, command, bidpossum, posse, potu, can, be able

animus, -, m. mind, spirit; in plural, braverydiscipulus, -, m. studentumerus, -, m. shoulder

Exercise XIII

A.

1. Pota ns verba derum audre iussit.

2. Tandem in urbe sumus—nunc bene vivere poterimus!

3. Mlits, tls hostium vulnert, lce lnae fugere poturunt.

4. Deus ns vtam facilem agere vetat; ille igitur onera plrima nbs dedit.

5. Dux enim ns corpora hostium in castrs relinquere vetuit.

6. Dux vs in castrs manre iussit; miserirs autem in e loc quam in silvs eritis.

7. magistr nn pnimur; nem enim ns in mrs scrbents vdit.

8. Vir bon mns in edem loc manet, et ille fortn mal vulnerr nn potest.

9. Vide melira laudque, sed ea facere nn possum.

10. Nn omnia (facere) possumus omns. (Vergil Eclogues 8.63)

11. Mult in urbem venre nn poterant, quod ille pons flctibus surgentibus dltus erat.

12. Discipul pessim, heri in hc mr mala plrima scrpsistis; ego igitur vs propter scelera vestra pnr iubb.

B.

1. Before the eyes of the sailors, the leader of the enemy could not flee with the queen.

2. We have in mind to leave behind arms in camp.

3. Yesterday (our) leader ordered (our) allies to send us horses.

4. The wise man can live well with brave spirit and a good mind.

5. The leader orders the walls of the city not to be destroyed.

6. A poet (who has been) ordered to write will make bad songs.

7. While I was speaking about these things, my horse was able to wander into the road.

8. The soldiers are able to carry the same burdens (on their) shoulders.

9. While we live, we will be able to seek better things.

10. The brave soldiers had been forbidden to make a fire in camp on account of the great wind.

11. We ordered the slave to drag the very great burdens; he, however, left them behind because of his bad spirit.

12. Having been ordered by the teacher to write, the students stopped, sat (down), and began to write about things of

all sorts.

Lesson XIV

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVESREFLEXIVE PRONOUNS refer to the subject of the clause or sentence in which they stand.

FIRST PERSONSingular

Nom. Gen. me of myselfDat. mihi to / for myselfAcc. m myselfAbl. m (from) myself

PluralNom. Gen. nostr of ourselvesDat. nbs to / for ourselvesAcc. ns ourselvesAbl. nbs (from) ourselves

SECOND PERSONSingulartu of yourselftibi to / for yourselft yourselft (from) yourselfPluralvestr of yourselvesvbs to / for yourselvesvs yourselvesvbs (from) yourselves

THIRD PERSONSingularsu of himself, herself, itselfsibi to / for himself, herself, itselfs himself, herself, itself s (from) himself, herself, itselfPluralsu of themselvessibi to / for themselvess themselvess (from) themselves

Note that the third person reflexive is identical in the singular and the plural forms.The reflexive pronoun cannot be in the nominative case.The reflexive pronoun must have the same person, number, and gender as the subject.

Puer s laudat. The boy praises himself. Puer s laudant. The boys praise themselves.M in umer vulnerv. I wounded myself on the shoulder. V s regitis. You rule yourselves.

The preposition cum is regularly placed after and joined to a reflexive pronoun. scum with himself / herself / itself / themselves

Su, sibi, s, s can often be translated simply as him, her, it, or them, referring to the subject.

Pater flium ad s vocat. The father calls the son to him.Pater flium s cum dcit. The father brings the son with him.

Reflexive Possessive Adjectives and eius, erum, erumThe REFLEXIVE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE emphasizes the ownership of something by the subject of the main verb.For the 1st person and 2nd person forms use the possessive adjectives learned earlier:

meus, -a, -um; tuus, -a, -um; noster, -tra, -trum; and vester, -tra, -trum.The 3rd person reflexive possessive adjective is suus, -a, -um. It expresses possession by the subject of the sentence or clause in which it stands. It agrees with the noun it modifies in case, number, and gender.

Mter flium suum vocat. The mother calls her (own) son.When the possessor is not the subject of the clause, the reflexive adjective suus, -a, -um cannot be used.Use the genitive form of is, ea, id (eius, erum, or erum).

Mter flium eius vocat. The mother calls his (someone else’s) son.Pater flium e rum vocat. The father calls their son.

Vocabulary XIV

Third Person Reflexive Pronoun Adjectivesu, sibi, s, s himself, herself, itself, themselves suus, sua, suum his own, her own, its own, their own

3rd Declension Noun (like mles) Adverbsnm, nminis, m. no one, nobody numquam never

saepe oftensemper always

Indeclinable Nounnihil n. nothing

Exercise XIV

A.

1. Mles s in umer vulnervisse vidtur.

2. Ego m in aqu saepe vd.

3. Agricola suam domum et sus agrs semper amat.

4. Nm Rmnus s ab ill loc mvit.

5. Antequam sus comits interfcit, ille nbs bonus vidbtur.

6. Nm fmam itineris nostr accipibat.

7. Vcem patris in silvs cantantis saepe audvimus.

8. Iste coms semper s esse optimum putat.

9. Ille plrima sua amcs relquit, hic nihil.

10. Ad illam urbem vs cnstitistis quod incdere nn potuistis.

11. Hodi ex sus urbibus excdents maxims gratis des agunt.

12. Hc tempore nihil melius actrus esse mihi vidris.

B.1. Those (men) were dragging the ships behind them from the shore.

2. You will be able to do nothing more useful for yourself.

3. We always have friends very similar to ourselves.

4. Having in mind to fight, they quickly took up their own arms.

5. I will leave behind nothing for myself, but all my (possessions) for my friends.

6. Because the road was long, we stopped at that city.

7. They decided to punish themselves seriously, because they had not been able to save (their) king.

8. At length out of all his (goods) he left behind these (things) for his son.

9. No one going into the enemy camp that night was captured.

10. I often seemed to myself to be either most wretched or most sick.

11. She thinks herself to be much better than those people.

12. Fleeing, he carried his father on his own shoulders out of the burning city.

Lesson XV

REVIEW

Vocabulary XI -XIV

di ille vet iube su semperumerus discipulus excd trah cnsist possum viad hc saepe bi relinqu ibi nihilsuus iste animus nm tandem

drag stop often way live for a long time shoulderstudent always finally here go in where, when his ownthat forbid go out leave behind there nothing himselfthat (of yours) no one spirit be able order

I. Give the forms of ille and iste to modify these nouns:

1. agricol 2. umer n ris 17. discipulrum 3.equs

8. anims 13. scelus 18. fortnae 4. cv tis s 10. comitis 15. pedibus 20. arma

II. Translate the underlined words or phrases, using forms of is or su, and eius, erum, erum or suus, as appropriate.

1. I saw his son. 8. He can’t control himself. 15. He called himself king. 2. We praise her daughter. 9. They all defended themselves. 16. We defended their camp.3. She praises her own daughter. 10. I will bring their books. 17. They brought it with them. 4. Caesar summoned his men. 11. She threw herself into the river. 18. He forgave his enemies. 5. I killed his assassin. 12. I called her. 19. He hurt his shoulder. 6. This boy was talking to himself. 13. They made him consul. 20. The doctor heals his shoulder.7. Control them! 14. The general gave them orders. 21. They controlled themselves.

III. Write a synopsis of possum in the 3rd singular and 1st plural indicative active.

IV. Express each underlined phrase three ways.

1. They were imprisoned for their crimes.2. She fled because of the fire.3. He was praised on account of his wise words.

V. Translate.

1. Es pnre nn possum. 4. Bonum est vtam bene agere.2. Haec opera facere cnstitu. 5. Ex urbe excdere time.3. Amc esse putantur. 6. s r

For Your InformationCompounds often merge their two components by dropping or combining syllables.Possum is a compound verb composed of the adjective potis, able and sum, be.Nm, no one, is a compound noun composed of n, not and hom, person, human.Nm often uses forms of nullus, -a, -um, no, none, not any (Lesson XXIX) for the genitive singular (nullus and the ablative singular (nullnull.

Exercise XV

A

1. Gracile corn lnae mar surgens vidre possum.

2. Postquam sibi omnia parvrant, castrs excdere cnstiturunt.

3. Iuppiter, postquam flium suum in fns hostium msit, eum servre cnstituit.

4. In vi cnsistere nn possumus, hc enim di in urbem venre iuss sumus.

5. Iste vtam sceleribus sus pessimam per mults anns git.

6. Fnis huius libr est tilissimus! Magister ns iubet ibi haec verba petere.

7. Verba postquam ex re fgrunt revocr nn possunt.

8. Sapins s numquam laudat; eum igitur amc saepe laudant.

9. Hic in anim habet bona plrima facere; ille, scelera multa.

10. Fortiter ille castra sua dfenderat; tandem tamen duce iussus, per flamms tlaque fgit et s servvit.

11. Hic nminem sapientirem quam hs discipuls docuit, nam ill verba difficillima scrbere possunt.

12. Omns oculs nostrs vidre, mentibus cnstituere, anims forts esse possumus.

B

1. All things remain in their (own) place.

2. The gods of the Romans gave wise words to all their poets.

3. After death the spirit flees from the body.

4. Jupiter will save his own son, but not those of that unhappy (man).

5. The very sad book written by that poet will teach us about the queen.

6. We place all hope in horses, for without them we will not be able to flee.

7. (While they were) sitting in front of the eyes of the teachers, the students could not write very many bad things

in the books.

8. No one can order that soldier not to drag his own (things) out of the burning ship.

9. Today these slaves carry the most burdens on (their) shoulders, but tomorrow those men will place the same

things on the ships.

10. Because that man committed very many crimes, the citizens finally ordered him to be punished severely.

11. We cannot stop in the same place, for the master has ordered us to make a very long journey.

12. The citizens, punished by the wrath of gods and goddesses, were ordered to destroy their own city.

Lesson XVI

RELATIVE PRONOUNSThe RELATIVE PRONOUN introduces an ADJECTIVE CLAUSE which modifies a noun or pronoun in the previous clause.Qui, quae, quod who, which, that

Singular PluralMasculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Translation

Nom. qu quae quod qu quae quae who, which, thatGen. cuius cuius cuius qurum qurum qurum whose, of whom / whichDat. cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus to / for whom / whichAcc. quem quam quod qus qus quae whom, which, thatAbl. qu qu qu quibus quibus quibus by / with / from whom / which

The word to which the relative pronoun refers is called its ANTECEDENT.

THIRD RULE OF CONCORD - The relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in number and gender.

The case of the relative pronoun is determined by its use in its own clause:

Urb s quae captae sunt dlbuntur. The cities which have been captured will be destroyed.

The antecedent urbs is plural and feminine; therefore the relative pronoun quae is plural and feminine.Quae is the subject of captae sunt and is therefore nominative.

Urb s qu s cpimus dlbuntur. The cities which we have captured will be destroyed.

The antecedent urbs is plural and feminine; therefore the relative pronoun quas is plural and feminine.Qus is the direct object of cpimus and is therefore accusative.

Puerum cuius vcem audv n . I do not see the boy whose voice I heard.

The antecedent puerum is singular and masculine; therefore the relative pronoun cuius is singular and masculine. Cuius shows possession of vcem and is therefore genitive.

Hae sunt puellae quibus librs ded. These are the girls to whom I gave the books.

The antecedent puellae is plural and feminine; therefore the relative pronoun quibus is plural and feminine.Quibus is the indirect object of ded and is therefore dative.

Vir, d qu dbThe man, about whom we were speaking, was our leader.

The antecedent vir is masculine and singular; therefore the relative pronoun qu is masculine and singular.Qu is the object of the preposition d, and is therefore ablative.

Cum with the Relative PronounAs with personal and reflexive pronouns, the preposition cum becomes enclitic when used with the relative pronoun.

Amc, quibuscum contendbtis, vs laudant.My friends, with whom you were competing, praise you.

Vocabulary XVI

Pronoun 3rd Declension Nounsqu, quae, quod who, which, that agmen, agminis, n. column (of men)

lmen, lminis, n. light3rd Conjugation Verbscontend, contendere, contend, make effort, strive, compete; hurry; marchdfend, dfendere, dfend, dfensum defendvinc, vincere, vc, victum conquer, defeat

Exercise XVI

A.

1. Nauta, qu suam nvem amat, semper flx erit.

2. Nm Rmnus ab ill loc, quem dfendere iussus erat, s mvit.

3. Mles, qu in agmine mnsit, cum hostibus audacter contendet.

4. Ego nminem, cuius fds est maior quam tua, vd.

5. ra nn eum, qu bonum animum habet, vincet.

6. Vcem patris, qu semper cantbat, saepe audvimus.

7. Fds in omnium anims lmen suum mittit.

8. Lminibus, quae in manibus portmus, vis vidre possumus.

9. Cnstitistis ante illam urbem in quam incdere nn potuistis.

10. Flx est qu cum hostibus contendere potest et nn vinc.

11. Ille, qu sus comits interfcit, vbis optimus esse vsus erat.

12. trae aquae flminis surgentis scum omnia cvibus fugientibus relicta trahbant.

B.

1. We will hurry to those places which we have fortified well.

2. The moon, rising from the mountains, will show the way to us.

3. The lights, which had been left behind, showed the way for us.

4. We were conquered by the words of that man who was with us at that time.

5. At length the army which had been in the mountains was conquered by us.

6. I will be sent from Italy because of your deeds, about which we have all heard.

7. After many disasters he finally began to call his friends to himself

8. Those people who had been left in the city, strove keenly among themselves.

9. I will give you the life which you have asked from me.

10. They were defended by the same soldiers who had defeated them.

11. You, who have always been a friend to me, will not defend me, will not praise me, will not save me.

12. The words which have been written by that poet are better than these.

Lesson XVII

READING: ONE THING AT A TIMEOnce you have the gist of a passage, you can begin to build up its meaning in detail, one word, phrase, clause, or sentence at a time. The connecting devices that you began to notice in Lesson XII help to divide a long passage into phrases and clauses. Deal with these shorter pieces one at a time.

Take, for example, the sentence

Rs difficillima erat caput Gorgonis abscdere; eius enim cnspect homins in saxum mtbantur.

Notice the postponed conjunction enim. This connecting device joins two clauses, each with its own finite verb (erat and mtbantur).

Within each clause, look at each word as it occurs in the Latin.

Do you recognize it?

How does it function?

Do not go on to the second clause until you have understood the first.

Rs “thing, matter” could be nom. sing., nom. pl., or acc. pl.difficillima “very difficult” must be nom. sing; therefore rs is also nom.sing. erat “it was” caput “head” could be nom. sing. or acc. sing.Gorgonis proper nounabscdere infinitive: “to ______”; caput could be its object.

What you know so far gives:

a thing very difficult / it was / head of a Gorgon / to ______.

Check the vocabulary list for the meaning of abscdere:

a thing very difficult it was head of a Gorgon to cut off.

If you want to translate this paraphrase into English, you will have to put the adjective phrase “very difficult” before its noun and use one of the normal English ways of expressing subject infinitives:

It was a very difficult thing to cut off the head of a Gorgon.Cutting off a Gorgon’s head was a very difficult matter.

Note that sentences can be divided into clauses and phrases which are grammatical pieces to be dealt with separately as you move through a passage. In the next reading chapter we will discuss these more fully.

Vocabulary XVII

Nouns Conjunctionshom, hominis, m. human, mansaxum, -, n. rock, stone virg, virginis, f. maiden

ac andat butatque and

3rd Conjugation I-stem Verb Adverbinspici, inspicere, inspx, inspectum look into or upon statim immediately, at once

5. The Gorgon’s HeadRs difficillima erat caput Gorgonis abscdere; eius enim cnspect homins in saxum mtbantur. Propter hanc causam Minerva speculum Perse dederat. Ille igitur tergum vertit, et in speculum nspicibat; hc mod ad locum vnit ubi Medsa dormibat. Tum falce su caput eius n ct abscdit. Cterae Gorgns, quae somn excittae erant et r ardbant, ubi rem vdrunt, arma cprunt. Perseum interficere volbant. Ille autem dum fugit, galeam magicam induit; et ubi hoc fcit, statim mnstra eum vidre nn poturunt.

abscd, -ere,-cd, -csum cut away or offcnspectus, -s m. sightmt (1) change, transformcausa, -ae f. cause, reasontergum, - n. backvert, -ere, vert, versum turn

modus, - m. way, mannernus, -a, -um (unit, unify) ictus, -s m. strike, blowexcit (1) rouse, awakenvol, velle, volu (irreg) want

6. The Sea SerpentPost haec Perseus in fns Aethiopum vnit, in quibus Cpheus ill tempore rx erat. Neptnus, maris deus, ab hc offnsus mnstrum horribile mserat. Hoc cottdi mar venibat et homins dvorbat. Ob hanc causam pavor anims omnium occupverat. Cpheus igitur vtem de Hammnis cnsuluit, qu rgem issit suam fliam mnstr trdere. Eius autem flia, nmine Andromeda, virg pulcherrima erat et su patre amta est. Cpheus ubi hoc audvit, magnum dolrem snsit. Optns tamen cvs sus percul extrahere, ea quae deus iusserat facere cnstituit.

offend, -ere, -d, -sum (offense)cottdi dailydvor (1) (devour) swallow, devourpavor, -ris m. terror, panicoccup (1) (occupy) seize, fillvts, vtis m. seer; prophetcnsul, -ere, -u, -tum (consult)

trd, -ere, -did, -ditum = trns + ddolor, -ris m. (condolence) pain, griefsenti, -re, sns, snsum (sentiment) perceive, feelopt (1) (option) desirepericulum, - n. danger, perilextrah = ex + trah

Lesson XVIII

DEPONENT VERBSDEPONENT VERBS are mostly passive in form and active in meaning. They have only three principal parts.

Principal PartsI

1st sg. present indicativeII

present infinitiveIII

1st sg.perfect indicative

1st conjugation cnor I try cnr to try cntus sum I tried / have tried

2nd conjugation vereor I fear verr to fear veritus sum I feared / have feared

3rd conjugation sequor I follow sequ to follow sectus sum I followed / have followed

-stem patior I experience pat to experience passus sum I experienced / have experienced

4th conjugation mentior I lie mentr to lie menttus sum I lied / have lied

Synopsis of sequor, sequ, sectus sumPrincipal parts are in red.Active forms are on the left. They are exceptions to the rule that deponents are passive in form.

INDICATIVEPres.

sequor I followImpf. sequbar I was followingFut. sequar I will follow

Perf.

sectus, -a sum I followed / have followedPlup. sectus, -a eram I had followedF. Perf. sectus,- a er I will have followed

PARTICIPLESPres. sequns, -ntis followingPerf. sectus, -a, -um having followedFut. sectrus, -a, -um about to follow

INFINITIVESPres.

sequ to follow

Perf. sectus, -a, -um esse to have followedFut. sectrus, -a, -um esse to be about to follow Note: Although Latin has a passive form for the future infinitive (e.g., amtum r), deponent verbs use the active form.

Statim homins sequ cntus est. He tried to follow the men immediately.Matr mentta labrs patitur. Having lied to (her) mother, she will endure hardships.Medsam verents fgimus, ill autem mortu sunt. Fearing Medusa, we fled, but they died.

Vocabulary XVIII

Deponent Verbs1st conjugation2nd conjugation3rd conjugation

3rd conjugation I-stem

4th conjugation

cnor, cnr, cntus sum try, attemptvereor, verr, veritus sum fearlbor, lb, lapsus sum slip, collapsesequor, sequ, sectus sum followmorior, mor, mortuus sum diepatior, pat, passus sum endure, suffer, experiencementior, mentr, menttus sum lie, tell a lie

Exercise XVIII

A.

1. Homins qu mentiuntur saepe errant.

2. Rmn des verbantur, de enim es in bell saepe servvrunt.

3. Perseus d cael lapsus mnstrum interfcit.

4. Mlits, qu multa pass sunt, in agmine morientur.

5. Qu bell multa passus est ad taliam vnit.

6. Vbs qu gravira patimin deus etiam hs fnem dabit.

7. Ignis Iove missus discipulum qu semper mentibtur interfcit.

8. duce iuss equum ingentem in urbem trahere cnbmur.

9. Saxa multa, quae in ltore saepe vdermus, virginibus relicta sunt.

10. Errvit, lapsus est, nn putvit. (Cicero, For Ligarius 30)

11. Verba sapientium nn mortua sunt, nam in ills multa bona atque tilia vidr possunt.

12. Is autem, qu semper bona facere cntur, mala tamen plrima propter mals patitur.

B.

1. It doesn’t follow; we will try; they were enduring; I will not die.

2. Fearing; to fear; to be about to slip; having followed.

3. A boy who lies often will be punished.

4. He has followed that road in the state which we wish to follow.

5. The wounded soldier was trying to rise, but he was not able.

6. I will not lie to the men whom you have sent to me.

7. The consuls will be ordered to look into these laws.

8. (Those) who strive to defeat (their) enemies often endure very difficult things.

9. The messenger of the gods slips into his sleep and warns him.

10. Students often look into these books, in which many good (things) have been written.

11. In your light we will not fear the shadows of the mind nor the evil intentions of our enemies.

12. Caesar will march with his soldiers into the enemies’ territory; they will try to capture their cities.

Lesson XIX

IRREGULAR VERB: FER, FERRE, TUL, LTUMfer, ferre, tul, ltum carry, bring, bear, endureThe verb fer is irregular in the present tense. Otherwise, it is conjugated like a regular 3rd conjugation verb.

PRESENT SYSTEMActive Passive

Pres. fer I carry feror I am carriedfers* you carry ferris* you are carriedfert* he / she / it carries fertur* he / she / it is carriedferimus we carry ferimur we are carriedfertis* you carry ferimin you are carriedferunt they carry feruntur they are carried

Impf. ferbam I was carrying ferbar I was being carried

Fut. feram I will carry ferar I will be carried*Note that in the irregular forms, the ending is added directly to the stem without a connecting vowel.

PERFECT SYSTEM

Perf. tul I carried / have carried ltus, -a sum I was / have been carried

Plup. tuleram I had carried ltus, -a eram I had been carried

F. Perf. tuler I will have carried ltus, -a er I will have carried

PARTICIPLES

Pres. ferns, -ntis carrying

Perf. ltus, -a, -um having been carried

Fut. ltrus, -a, -um to be about to carry

INFINITIVES

Pres. ferre to carry ferr* to be carried

Perf. tulisse to have carried ltus, -a, -um esse to have been carried

Fut. ltrus, -a, -um esse about to carry ltum r to be about to be carried*Note the double r.

Ablative of MannerThe manner or way in which an action is done is expressed by the preposition cum with the ablative.

cum laude with praisecum cr with care = carefully

An adjective modifying the object often precedes the preposition. With an adjective, cum may be omitted.

Magn cum c r scrbit.Magn c r scrbit. He writes with great care.

Vocabulary XIX

1st Declension Nouns Irregular Verbscra, -ae, f. care, concern, worrylacrima, -ae, f. tearpoena, -ae, f. punishment poens dare pay the penalty

fer, ferre, tul, ltum carry, bring, bear, endurerefer, referre, rettul, reltum bring back

Conjunction

3rd Declension Nouns ut (+ indicative) as, whenlabor, labris, m work, labor; hardshipcnsul, cnsulis, m. consulfuror, furris, m. rage, fury

Adverbvix scarcely, hardly

Exercise XIX

A.

1. Fertur; ferar; ferbtis.

2. Lta sum; reltae erunt; rettulrunt.

3. Referre; tulisse; ltra.

4. Hunc labrem fortiter tulist, ut tuus dux mihi nntivit.

5. Cnsul scum librs ferre cnstituit.

6. Plrim labrs maximam cram ferunt.

7. “Sunt lacrimae rrum,” ut pota dxit. (Vergil Aeneid 1. 462)

8. Heri soci nostr arma ad ns ferbant.

9. Ista verba cum furre dicta ex ore tu excdbant.

10. Antequam hodi vnit, in hanc urbem nn pedem tulerat.

11. Ill agr bonam fortnam es, qui esaccperint, ferent.

12. Ille ea, quae in ills gentibus ferre nn potest, in s potest.

B.

1. They are carried; you (pl) will be carried; I was bearing.

2. You (sg) will have borne; to have been carried; to be about to endure.

3. We will try to bring back great stones from the shore on our shoulders.

4. He wrote his books about war with great hatred and anger.

5. Those laws were passed (use fer) before they were written.

6. I am unable to endure his jealousy; I will not hold (back) my tears.

7. Now they carry rocks from the sea to the land.

8. He has been wounded in his foot with a weapon, but tears do not follow.

9. The consul was carried back to his native land with his soldiers by ships at night.

10. Brought back into her home with great care, she died the next night.

11. On account of the many crimes in the city, they will pay the greatest penalty.

12. On account of the anger of the gods, men are said to be suffering many wretched hardships.

Lesson XX

REVIEW

Vocabulary XVI - XIX

cra vx ut (+ indicative) vinc qu vereorcnor statim lacrima inspici atque furorvirg refer sequor cuius hom ferac mentior atque morior agmen contendlmen lbor saxum patior poens dare laborcnsul poena

punishment light who and conquer slipmaiden and look upon bear hasten tearfear whose column (of men) as scarcely tryat once rock follow allow human liedie care rage bring back which hardshipconsul pay the penalty

I. Combine each pair of sentences by using a relative clause.

1. Urbs victae sunt. Urbs dlbuntur. 6. ta vd. tae vcem audveram.2. Virg s habet. potest. 7. Virginem laudvit. Virg multa passa erat.3. Hostem interfc. Hostis m sequbtur. 8. Homins ba. Cnsul .4. Haec est urbs. Urbis moenia dlta erant. 9. Lmen feram. men m.5. Ille erat socius. Ill equum meum ded. 10. Iste hom est malus. Iste semper menttur.

II. Review the Ablative of Comparison (Lesson VIII), the Ablative of Degree of Difference (Lesson IX), the Ablative of Cause (Lesson XI) and the Ablative of Manner (Lesson XIX). Translate the underlined phrases and name the use of the ablative.

1. That mountain is many feet higher than this one. 6. The king is shorter than the queen.2. The poet has spoken with much hatred. 7. Because of their fires the enemy was seen.3. The maiden is much angrier than her mother. 8. Her sisters were burning with envy.4. Because of her anger she will be punished. 9. I think he is much wiser than I am.5. He will be admired for his bold deeds. 10. He shouted with great rage.

III. Write the following synopses:

vereor: 2nd plural masculine.patior: 1st plural feminine.fer: 3rd plural masculine.

IV. Identify the conjugation, person, number, tense, mood and voice and translate the following verbs.

1. cnris 5. I will follow. 9. fertur 13. following2. morientur 6. You (pl.) suffered. 10. refert 14. to have lied3. vermur 7. They were dying. 11. pat 15. we, about to die4. lapsus eram 8. He will have lied 12. verns 16. it had collapsed.

For Your Information

COMPOUNDS OF FER AND SEQUOR

Here are some of the compounds of fercarry, sequor follow.Note how the prefix often changes form for ease in pronunciation.

cum + fer = confer , colltum bring togetherin + fer = infer introduce; causeper + fer = perfer endure

cum + sequor= cnsequor, cnsequ, cnsectus sum pursue; result fromin + sequor = insequor, insequ, insectus sum follow afterper + sequor = persequor, persequ, persectus sum be in hot pursuit

Exercise XX

A.

1. Nn omnis moriar. (Horace Odes 3.30.6)

2. Brev tempore cram omnem relquisse vidbimur.

3. Omn me cur et me labre urbs servta est.

4. Prm vidre nn potu, sed servus lmen ad m tulit.

5. Illus vta erit mults hrs brevior quam huius (vta).

6. Ille mtrem fugientem miser vce sectus est.

7. Homins, qus ns semper servvimus, nbs gratis grunt.

8. Tua fama semper nn parva in caelum fertur.

9. Navis nostra in saxa iam lata est—aut in mar morimur aut ns ad terram illam refermus.

10. Mlits qu ns secut sunt hosts esse nn videntur, arma enim erum nstrs similia sunt.

11. Multa dona mults rettulist; nm autem meliora pluribus dedit quam ille.

12. Qu furrem derum fortiter ferre potest vix invidiam hominum verbitur.

B.

1. Either we will die fighting bravely or we will conquer.

2. The men who did not defend the city will pay the penalty.

3. I will do those things which I am able to do.

4. Roman soldiers bore many hardships, as they had been ordered.

5. They conquer who cannot be conquered.

6. Poets, to whom the light of the moon and stars is dear, sing many songs in the night joyfully.

7. Because we have carried many burdens, in a short time we will have slipped into sleep.

8. We were beginning the task with great rage, but we were striving with care.

9. We seek the nearest shores, and we bring the ships to the land which the sailors saw.

10. You will be ordered to strive by means of war, and you will not often be defeated.

11. Ordered by Caesar to march much more swiftly, the Roman armies came at first light to their territory.

12. They are suffering many (things) in the column; nevertheless, the soldiers follow the leader because of loyalty.

Lesson XXI : IRREGULAR VERBS VOL, NL, ML

vol,velle, volu wish, want, be willingnl, nlle, nlu not wish, be unwillingml, mlle, mlu wish more, preferThese three verbs are irregular in the present tense. Otherwise, they are conjugated like regular 3rd conjugation verbs. They have no passive forms.

VOL NL ML

Pres. vl I wishvs you wishvult he wishesvolumus we wishvultis you wishvolunt they wish

Impf. volbam I was wishing

Fut. volam I will wish

Perf. volu I have wished

Plup. volueram I had wished

F. Perf. voluer I will have wished

Pres. volns, -ntis wishing

Perf. —

Fut. —

Pres. velle to wish

Perf. to have wished

Fut. —

PRESENT SYSTEMnl I do not wishnn vs you do not wishnn vult he does not wishnlumus we do not wishnn vultis you do not wishnlunt they do not wish

nlbam I was not wishing

nlam I will not wish

PERFECT SYSTEM

nlu I have not wished

nlueram I had not wished

nluer I will not have wished

PARTICIPLES

nlns, -ntis not wishing

—

—

INFINITIVES

nlle to wish not

to have wished not

—

ml I prefermvs you prefermvult he prefersmlumus we prefermvultis you prefermlunt they prefer

mlbam I was preferring

mlam I will prefer

mlu I have preferred

mlueram I had preferred

mluer I will have preferred

—

—

—

mlle to prefer

to have preferred

—

Vol, nl, and ml are usually accompanied by complementary infinitives.Ille puer epistulam scr bere nlbat. That boy was not willing to write a letter.Aud re quam d cere mlunt. They prefer to listen rather than to talk.Quod vs, facere nl. What you want I am not willing to do.

The following verbs of wishing, trying, deciding, beginning, fearing, being able, etc. may take a complementary infinitivecnor ml tend in the passive:cnstitu nl time dcorcontend par vereor putorincipi possum vol videor

Vocabulary XXI

4th Declension Nouns Irregular Verbsfructus, s, m. enjoyment, profit, fruitictus, -s, m. blow, strikesentus, -s, m. senatesus, -s, m. use, application, practice; skill

ml, mlle, mlu prefernl, nlle, nlu not wish, not want, be unwillingvol, velle, volu wish, want

Exercise XXI

A.

1. Volunt ns sequ, sed nlumus.

2. Excdents ex urbe nn vidr mlunt.

3. Mvs esse lber, quam magnus.

4. Nluist tuum patrem interfic.

5. Velle et mlle nn sunt eadem.

6. Agricola fructs labrum surum vidre vult.

7. Ml bonum dominum habēre; icts pat nl.

8. Id dcere nolu; “mihi” dcere volu, tamen “huic” dx.

9. Quod fcist sentus laudvit.

10. Haec dna tibi d ad tuum sum frctumque.

11. Qu in sent sapiens habr vult, nn plrima dcit.

12. ra populi in ills ferbtur, quod mala agbant.

13. Illae gents magnum sum in arms habbant, quod mults anns inter s contenderant.

14. Postquam in rgna nostra vnrunt, nn vnisse volent, nam acerrim in bell sumus.

B.

1. We do not all prefer to be praised.

2. I can follow, but I prefer to lead.

3. He wishes to be feared rather than loved.

4. They wish to have the use and enjoyment of their (own) fields.

5. We preferred to make the journey on foot.

6. Fortune wished to give us better things.

7. They wish to carry back all the gifts which they have received.

8. You (sg) don’t wish to fight, for you fear the strikes of the javelins.

9. The words which the poet wanted to write, the senate did not want him to write.

10. I do not want you to lie to the queen, for she holds you most dear.

11. He does not want to live his life badly, for his mother has taught him to do good (things).

12. They were always suffering either blows or falls, when they were following that very bad leader.

Lesson XXII

READING: DIVIDING THE SENTENCE (1)

In Lesson XVII you learned to read each word as it occurs in Latin and to pause at the end of a group of words. Before you translate and before you check the vocabulary list, look at how the sentence can be divided into groups. This lesson and the next reading lesson discuss how to recognize what words go together in a sentence.

In Latin, a sentence may consist of a single word: Dxit, “He said.” Usually, however, sentences consist of groups of words.

A PHRASE is a group of related words not containing a subject and predicate.

A CLAUSE is a group of words containing a subject and predicate.

o The MAIN CLAUSE contains the main verb and is the grammatical core of the sentence. o A SUBORDINATE CLAUSE depends upon the rest of the sentence. It cannot stand alone.

Recognizing ClausesThe connecting devices that you began to notice in Lesson XII help to divide a long passage into clauses. They stand at or near the beginning of a clause. Verbs often mark the end of a clause:

Andromeda, ubi ea dis vnit, ad ltus dducta est et in cnspect omnium ad saxum adligta est. Ftum eius omns dplrbant, nec lacrims tenre poterant.

Read one clause at a time. If you are translating, do not move outside the boundaries of a clause until you have translated every word inside them.

Connecting devices will often be conjunctions, which by definition join or connect in some way. Conjunctions may mark new clauses.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS connect a subordinate clause to the rest of the sentence:

quod, dum, postquam, ubi, ut

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS connect similar clauses or phrases:

et, sed, ac, atque, aut, autem, enim, nam, nec, neque, tamen

Sometimes a subordinate clause may be nested inside another clause:Andromeda, ubi ea di s v nit , ad ltus dducta est.

Vocabulary XXII

Verbs Conjunctioncurr, -ere, cucurr, cursum run, hastenclm (1) shoutsenti, sentre, sns, snsum feel, perceive

neque and not, nornec and not, norneque...neque neither...nor

Adverbsiam now, alreadysubit suddenly

7. The Human Sacrifice

Tunc rx diem certam dxit et omnia parvit. Andromeda, ubi ea dis vnit, ad ltus dducta est et in cnspect omnium ad saxum adligta est. Omns ftum eius dplrbant, nec lacrims tenre poterant. At subit, dum mnstrum exspectant, Perseus accurrit. Omnia audvit et puellam miseram vdit. Subit fremitus terribilis audtur; ac cvs mnstrum horribil speci prgrediens long cnspiciunt. Omns cnspect eius terrentur. Mnstrum magn celeritte ad ltus contendit, iamque accessit ad locum ubi puella est.

certus, -a, -um (certain)ddc = d + dcadlig (1) tie, binddplr (1) lament, mournexspect = ex + spect, wait for

accurr = ad + currfremitus, -s m. roar, groan, rumbleprgredior, prgredi, prgressus sum march or go

forward, advanceaccd, -ere, -cess, -cessum approach, come up to

8. The Rescue

At Perseus haec vdns, gladium suum dxit, et postquam tlria induit, in caelum ascendit. Tumdsuper in mnstrum impetum subit fcit, et gladi su collum eius graviter vulnervit. Mnstrum vulnus sentins, fremitum horribilem didit, et sine mor ttum corpus in aquam mersit. Perseus circum ltus volns, reditum eius exspectbat. Mare autem undique sanguine inficitur. Postbreve tempus mnstrum rrsus caput sustulit; mox tamen Perse ict gravire vulnertum est.Tum iterum s in unds mersit, neque poste vsum est.

dc, ere, -dx, -ductum lead out; unsheathgladius, - m. sworddsuper = d + super, adv. from aboveimpetus, -s m. attackcollum, - n. (collar) neckd, dere, did, ditum = ex + dmora, -ae f. (moratorium) delayttus, -a, -um, whole, entiremerg, -ere, mers, mersum (submerge) plunge, sinkreditus, -s m. return

undique, adv. on all sidesinfici = in + facisanguis, sanguinis m. bloodrrsus, adv. againtoll, -ere, sustul, subltum lift, raisemox, adv. sooniterum, adv. againposte, adv. afterwardsunda, -ae f. wave

Lesson XXIII

INDIRECT STATEMENTAny statement can be expressed directly or indirectly. INDIRECT STATEMENTS are introduced by verbs of saying, thinking, knowing, telling, perceiving, and showing.

Direct: Your father is leading. Indirect: I say that your father is leading.Direct: The girl is being advised. Indirect: She sees that the girl is being advised.

In English, an indirect statement is usually introduced by the conjunction “that” and is followed by a subordinate clause with its own subject and finite verb.

Accusative and Infinitive of Indirect StatementIn Latin, an indirect statement uses an accusative subject and an infinitive verb in place of a nominative subject and a finite verb. No conjunction introduces the subordinate clause; the English conjunction “that” is not expressed in Latin.

Dc patrem tuum iam d cere . I say that your father is already leading.Puts puellam mon r . You think that the girl is being advised.

The accusative and infinitive construction is a NOUN CLAUSE and usually functions as a direct object to a transitive verb.

Direct Object: Puellam videt. She sees the girl.Accusative and Infinitive: Puellam legere videt. She sees that the girl is reading.

Tense of the Infinitive in Indirect StatementThe tense of the infinitive retains the tense of the verb of the direct statement.If the verb of the direct statement is present, the tense of the infinitive will be present.

DIRECT STATEMENT INDIRECT STATEMENT

Pater d cit . His father is leading. Dcit patrem d cere . He says that his father is leading.Puella mon tur . The girl is advised. Dcit puellam mon r . He says that the girl is being advised.

If the verb of the direct statement is future, the tense of the infinitive will be future.

Pater d cet . His father will lead. Dcit patrem duct rum esse . He says that his father will lead.

Puella mon bitur . The girl will be advised. Dcit puellam monitum r . He says that the girl will be advised.

If the verb of the direct statement is imperfect, perfect or pluperfect, the tense of the infinitive will be perfect.

Pater d xit . His father led. Dcit patrem d xisse . He says that his father led.

Puella mon batur . The girl was advised. Dcit puellam monitam esse. He says that the girl was advised.

In the future active and perfect passive infinitives, the participle agrees with the accusative subject of the infinitive in case, number, and gender:

Dcit patrem duct rum esse. He says that his father will lead.

Dcit puellam monitam esse. He says that the girl was advised.

Vocabulary XXIII

3rd Conjugation Verbleg, legere, lg, lectum pick out, choose, read

2nd Declension Nounsaurum, -, n. goldcaelum, -, n. sky, heavensftum, -, n. fateferrum, -, n. iron; swordimperium, -, n. power, rule

Exercise XXIII

A.

1. Dc cnsulem venre; dcis cnsulem ventrum esse; dcit cnsulem vnisse.

2. Dcimus ferrum bonum esse; dcitis aurum melius esse; dcunt aquam optimam semper fuisse.

3. Audit mlits vincere; audit mlits vcisse; audit mlits victrs esse.

4. Vide hosts vinc; vidmus hosts victs esse; vidtis hosts victum r.

5. Ftum urbis des cnstitutur.

6. Vidmus cnsuls ex urbe excessisse.

7. Putat invidiam erum ferr nn posse.

8. Imperium nn ferr sed verbs tenr potest.

9. Pater sentit flium amici mentr d fact illus.

10. Mult dcunt caelum domum derum esse.

11. Cnsul cernit mentem istus malam fuisse.

12. Ego dc aurum melius esse ferr; t autem ferrum mvs.

13. Dcunt sentum hanc rem ad cnsuls reltrum esse.

14. Audmus eum in edem loc verba similia heri dxisse.

B.

1. We think that the students are shouting. 5. You think that the students have shouted.

2. They think that these students are best. 6. We think that those students will be best.

3. You say that we all prefer gold. 7. I have read that he did not want power.

4. We think that she will pay the penalty. 8. He will say that this was his fate.

9. You hear that the sailors are shouting and are running from the ships.

10. The consul sees that that man has come into the senate.

11. I think that my friend will send letters and books to the city for me.

12. They say that those laws have been swiftly carried (use fer) by the senate.

13. They hear that the consul is not willing to punish the enemies with blows.

14. He always thinks that Roman citizens will listen to his words.

15. We see the farmer running; we see that the farmer is running.

16. You see that our friends are coming today; you hear that our friends will come tomorrow.

Lesson XXIV

INDIRECT STATEMENT

Translation of the Tense of the InfinitiveThe translation of the infinitive into English depends on the tense of the introductory verb of saying, thinking, knowing, telling, perceiving or showing.

In the following examples, note how the English translations of the infinitives change depending on the tense of the introductory verbs.

A present infinitive expresses action taking place at the same time as the main verb.

Dcit He says that your father is leading.Dcet He will say Dcbat patrem tuum d cere . He was saying that your father was leading.Dxit He saidDxerat He had said

A perfect infinitive expresses action completed before the time of the main verb.

Dcit He says that your father led.Dcet He will say Dcbat patrem tuum d xisse . He was saying that your father had led.Dxit He said Dxerat He had said

A future infinitive expresses action that will be completed after the time of the main verb.

Dcit He says that your father will lead.Dcet He will say Dcbat patrem tuum duct rum esse . He was saying that your father would lead. Dxit He said Dxerat He had said

Pronoun Subjects in Indirect StatementPronoun subjects of indirect statements must be expressed, unlike pronoun subjects of direct statements.

Timent. They are afraid. Putvimus e s timre. We thought that they were afraid.Vocvimus. We called. Audvit n s vocvisse. She heard that we had called.Capta est. She was captured. Mnstrs eam captam esse. You point out that she has been captured.

If the subject of the infinitive is the same as the subject of the main verb, the reflexive pronoun must be used.

Dcimus n s timre. We say that we are afraid.Audvit s voctam esse. She heard that she had been called.Dmnstrbunt s adfuisse. They will point out that they were present.

Direct Objects of the InfinitiveIf the infinitive is a transitive verb, it may take a direct object. The indirect statement may therefore have two accusatives, one the subject of the infinitive and the other the direct object of the infinitive.

Dcunt t aurum mlle. They say that you prefer gold.Putvit s ill s gent s victram esse. She thought that she would conquer those peoples.

Vocabulary XXIV

1st / 2nd Declension Adjectives Irregular Verbsantquus, -a, -um ancientlaetus, -a, -um happy, joyfulnovus, -a, -um newpblicus, -a, -um public

rs pblica state, republic

absum, abesse, fu, futrus be awayadsum, adesse, adfu, adfutrus be present

Exercise XXIV

A.

1. Putvimus novs discipuls clmre. 4. Putverant ills discipuls laets esse.

2. Putvist discipuls clmvisse. 5. Putvermus ns discipuls laetissims futrs esse.

3. Putvimus discipuls clmtrs esse. 6. Cnsul dīcit illum in sent adfuisse.

7. Cnsul dīxit illum in sent adfuisse.

8. Pota dxit Rmam urbem antquam esse.

9. Cnsul semper putbat istum novs rs actrum esse.

10. Vidbimus agricolam currentem; vdimus eum currere.

11. Putmus eam futram esse; putvimus eam futram esse.

12. Audvrant cnsulem novum hosts re pblicae pnre nlle.

13. Heri audvist amcs nostrs crs venturs esse; hodi vidbis es adesse.

14. Putbam meum amcum epistuls librsque mihi ad urbem missrum esse.

15. Dcent s omns aurum mlle quam ferrum; dcbant s omns aurum mlle quam ferrum.

16. Audis nauts clmre et d nvibus currere; audvist nauts clmre et d nvibus currere.

B.

1. I said that I would come; you (sg) said that you were coming; he said that he had come.

2. We used to say that iron was good; you (pl) used to say that gold was better; however, those (men) said that water was best.

3. Everyone had heard that the soldiers would be present; he had heard that the soldiers were present; she had heard that the soldiers had been present.

4. I saw that the enemy were being conquered; you (pl) saw that you would be conquered.

5. The consul will see that his enemies are present in the republic.

6. We heard that he had already said similar things in the same place.

7. They said that the senate would refer this new matter to the consuls.

8. The king said that the mountain was the ancient home of a god.

9. I always say that books are stronger than the sword; you (sg), however, have often preferred the sword.

10. The father perceived that his son was lying; the mother, however, thought that he had not lied.

11. We saw the consuls departing from the city; you (sg) had already heard that they would depart.

12. We think that their envy cannot be endured; we thought that their envy could not be borne.

Lesson XXV

REVIEW

Vocabulary XXI - XXIV

vol nec aurum absum nl neque...nequecaelum adsum clm senti ferrum antquusrs pblica ictus subit ftum fructus mliam sus imperium laetus sentus nequecurr leg pblicus novus

power state new now sky alreadybe unwilling happy enjoyment iron skill readbe present blow of the people fate be willing and notprefer senate ancient run feel be awaysuddenly shout gold neither...nor

I. The introductory verbs of saying, thinking, knowing, telling, perceiving, and showing which have been introduced are:

leg nti senticern mentior videm referdc scrb

Give their principal parts.

II. Sentences with indirect statements:

1. He says (that) the enemies are following. 6. You (sg) saw (that) I was running.

2. We write (that) we will come. 7. They discerned (that) the iron was not gold.

3. They show (that) the students are present. 8. I will show (that) that man has not been punished.

4. She shouted (that) she had seen fire. 9. Mother read (that) father was suffering.

5. I reported (that) the king had been killed. 10. We had heard (that) the consul would save us.

III. Vol, nl, ml, and possum often use complementary infinitives. Replace the form of vol with the same form of nl, ml, and possum in these sentences.

1. Epistuls scrbere vol. 6. Hae virgins semper cnri volunt.2. Perseus caput Medsae abscdere voluit. 7. In umer dextr vulnerr vol.3. Cvs lacrims tenre volbant. 8. Agmen equrum cnsistere voluerant.4. Celerius contendere vs. 9. Illud saxum inspicere volumus.5. Mlits hosts pugnre volent. 10. Sentus eum esse cnsulem voluerit.

For Your Information

COMPOUNDS OF SUM AND VOLad + sum = adsum, adesse, adfurusabsum, abesse, fufutrus

Note that fu assimilates the b of ab with the f of fu.nn + vl nl, nolle, nlulml, mlle, m

Exercise XXV

A.

1. Hs rs ad sentum relts esse audvit.

2. Ille territus clmvit hominem ingentem adesse.

3. Mults cum lacrims clmvit s umbram vdisse.

4. Sapients antqu putbant omnia ft facta esse.

5. Omnia, sine quibus dcit s vvere nlle, sunt tilissima.

6. Dx ns omns cucurrisse et petvisse, sed hominem nn vdisse.

7. Omns, qu aderant, clmvrunt nihil peius esse ill homine.

8. Rmnus magnus dxit s hostem Rmnrum etiam in sent sedentem vidre.

9. Nocte servus meus sibi cernere vsus est umbram magn voce clmantem et ferrum habentem.

10. Nn modo in antquissims librs, sed etiam in novs legimus sentum rem pblicam bene gessisse.

11. E qu ns omns, qu rem pblicam, qu imperium Rmnum dlre cnt sunt, des pnientur.

B.

1. He preferred to be rather than to appear (to be) good.

2. I perceive that you (sg) are not happy as you write.

3. What you (pl) want, I want; therefore we will be friends.

4. Jupiter said that he would give power without end to the Romans.

5. What you (sg) said in the senate that you would do, you have not done.

6. The son of Caesar, Augustus by name, wishes to write very many new laws.

7. A great Roman says that he has seen an enemy of the state sitting even in the senate.

8. What is not discerned with the eyes can nevertheless often be seen by the mind.

9. In the books about the laws it is often written that the laws of the Romans were very good.

10. The leaders of the Romans were able to be defeated neither with gold nor with the sword.

11. That man suddenly ordered letters to be brought back which he had already sent.

12. I seem to myself to see that this city, the light of the lands, is suddenly being destroyed by that man with fire and

sword.

Lesson XXVI

IRREGULAR VERB: E, RE, I / V, ITUM

IPSE, IPSA, IPSUMe, re, i/ v, itum goPassive forms of e are rare.

PRESENT IMPERFECT FUTUREe I go, am goings you go, are goingit he goes, is goingmus we go, are goingtis you go, are goingeunt they go, are going

bam I was goingbs you were goingbat he was goingbmus we were goingbtis you were goingbant they were going

b I will gobis you will gobit he will gobimus we will gobitis you will gobunt they will go

PERFECT PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT/ v I went/ have gone

veram I had gone / ver I will have gone

The perfect stem v- usually drops the v.

PARTICIPLES INFINITIVESPresentPerfectFuture

ins, euntis goingitrus, -a, -um about to go

Intensive Adjective: ipse, ipsa, ipsum Singular PluralMasculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom. ipse ipsa ipsum ips ipsae ipsaGen. ipsus ipsus ipsus ipsrum ipsrum ipsrumDat. ips ips ips ipss ipss ipssAcc. ipsum ipsam ipsum ipss ipss ipsaAbl. ips ips ips ipss ipss ipss

Ipse, ipsa, ipsum emphasizes a noun or pronoun. It agrees with the word it modifies in case, number, and gender.It may be translated: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself; ourselves, yourselves, themselves; in person; very.

Ips hoc fcimus. We did this ourselves. We did this in person.

Ipse, ipsa, ipsum may be translated “very,” especially when used with a demonstrative.

in hc ips urbe in this very city

Illa umbra ipsa mih dxit. That very ghost itself spoke to me. The ghost spoke to me in person.

Like any adjective, ipse, ipsa, ipsum may be used substantively.

Ips vdimus. We saw the man himself.

PresentPerfectFuture

re to govisse / sse to have gonetrus, -a, -um esse to be about to go

Vocabulary XXVI

Irregular Verbs Intensive Adjectivee, re, i / v, itum gosube, subre, subi / subv, subitum undergo

ipse, ipsa, ipsum myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself; ourselves yourselves, themselves;in person; very

3rd Declension Nounssdus, sderis, n. star

Exercise XXVI

A.

1. bant; i; re; visse; itrum esse.

2. Dxit s ad ipss ports urbis re.

3. Dxit s ad ipss ports urbis itrum esse.

4. Ego ipse es vd; vs ips es vdistis.

5. Ips multa mala nova subvimus.

6. Fugere nn poterant, quod in urbem ierant.

7. Ipse in Asiam re nlu. (Cicero Letters to Atticus 3.19.1)

8. Illa sunt sdera quae vocantur “errantia.”

9. Ad exercitum Pompeius erat itrus, et statim iit. (Cicero Letters to his Friends 8.4.4)

10. Edem tempore rgnam ipsam cum comitibus mults vd.

11. Vdrunt fugients ab urbe celeriter re.

12. Ad m scrbis t in Asiam nn re cnstituisse.

13. Audvimus eum ills temporibus nn saepe in sent fuisse.

14. Cvs rem pblicam ipsam dfendrunt, quam saepe laudvrunt.

15. Ill serv, qu domins fgerant, ips poens nn dedrunt.

16. Postquam Caesar mortuus est, Rmn sdus d cael lapsum per noctem mult cum lce cucurrisse dcbant.

B.

1. You (sg.) were going; we will go; they are about to go.

2. We will go to the gates of the city where we will try to inspect the situation.

3. I fortify myself at these times by the use of gold, not the sword.

4. You yourselves have read these very words in books written by ancient poets.

5. Stretching (his) hands toward the stars, he called the gods.

6. The fates could be discerned in the stars of the sky by the ancient Romans.

7. During the day the stars themselves cannot be seen by the eyes of men.

8. While these things were being carried on in the city, all the tribes of Italy had gone to arms themselves.

9. At night I can see the stars rising out of the very sea and into the sky.

10. He had undergone many more difficult things than these on behalf of the state.

11. At this time on account of your letters he perceives that he will be very dear among you.

12. For he said to me that you (sg) were in Italy and that he was sending the boys to you.

Lesson XXVII

READING: DIVIDING THE SENTENCE (2)Recall the distinction between clauses and phrases:

A phrase is a group of related words not containing a subject and predicate.

A clause is a group of words containing a subject and predicate.

Phrases are often built around prepositions, participles, or infinitives.

A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE consists of a preposition, its object, and any words modifying the object.

A preposition often, but not always, begins its phrase:

ad ltus nbscummagn cum laude pr benefici

A PARTICIPLE PHRASE consists of a noun or pronoun, a participle, and any related words. The

related words often lie between the participle and the word with which it agrees; these participle

sandwiches form a single unit of meaning:

Cpheus maxim gaudi adfectus Perseus haec audins

An INFINITIVE PHRASE consists of an infinitive and its object or any other words associated with it:

mtrem suam rrsus vidre

Prepositional, participle, and infinitive phrases can be used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs:

(Mtrem suam rrsus vidre) volbat. Noun phrase (object of volbat)Tandem igitur (cum uxre su) ( rgn Cphe) discessit. Adverb phrases

Phrases must be translated as single units. Keep the elements of a phrase together as you translate.

Here are a few sentences [in which every subordinate clause has been put in brackets], every phrase of more than one word has been put (in parentheses), every verb has been put in bold face type, and every connecting device in red:

Perseus [postquam (ad ltus) descendit], prmum tlria exuit; tum (ad saxum) vnit [ubi Andromeda adligta erat]. Ea autem (omnem spem saltis) dposuerat et [ubi Perseus adiit], terrre paene exanimta erat. Ille vincula statim solvit, et puellam patr reddidit.

Vocabulary XXVII

Noun Adjectiveconiunx, coniugis m. / f. spouse pauc, -ae, -a few

Adverbquondam once, at one time, formerly

9. The Reward of Valor

Perseus postquam ad ltus descendit, prm tlria exuit; tum ad saxum vnit ubi Andromeda adligta erat. Ea autem omnem spem saltis dposuerat et ubi Perseus adiit, terrore paene exanimta erat. Ille vincula statim solvit, et puellam patr reddidit. Cpheus maxim gaudi adfectus nn modo meritam gratiam pr benefici Perse rettulit, sed etiam Andromedam ipsam e in mtrimnium dedit. Ille libenter hoc dnum accpit. Paucs anns cum coniuge su in e regine habitbat, et in magn honre ab omnibus Aethiopibus habbtur. Magnopere tamen mtrem suam rrsus vidre volbat. Tandem igitur cum uxre su rgn Cphe discessit.

exu, -ere, exu, extum put or take offsals, saltis f. safety, escape; freedomdpon = d + ponade = ad + epaene almost, practicallyexanim, re, -v, -tum exhaustvinculum, n. bond

solv, -ere, solv, soltum loosen, unbind, releaseredd = re + dadfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum do to, move, affectgaudium, - n. gladness, joymeritus, -a, -um deserved, duegratiam referre, rewarduxor, uxris f. wife

10. Polydectes Is Transformed

Postquam Perseus ad insulam nvem git, s ad locum contulit ubi mter quondam habitverat; sed domum invnit vacuam et omnn dsertam. Trs dis per ttam insulam mtrem petbat; tandem quart di ad templum Dinae pervnit. Hc Dana refgerat, quod Polydectem timuit. Perseus haec audins, r magn commtus est, atque ad rgiam Polydectis sine mor contendit. Ubi e vnit, statim in trium inrpit. Polydects magn timre adfectus fugere voluit. Perseus tamen caput Medsae rg fugient ostendit. Ille autem hoc vidns, in saxum mttus est.

confer, -ferre, -tul, colltum bring together; (with s) take oneself, go

vacuus, -a, -um emptyomnn, adv. entirelyhc, adv. to this place, hither

e, adv. to that placeinrump, -ere, irrp, irruptum burst inostend, -ere, ostend, ostentum show, stretch out

before

Lesson XXVIII

COMPARISON OF ADVERBSLatin adverbs have three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, and superlative.

Positive Comparative Superlativefortiterbravely

fortiusmore / rather / too bravely

fortissimmost / very bravely

The comparative is formed by adding –ius to the positive stem of the adjective. This is also the neuter accusative singular form of the comparative adjective. Adverbs do not decline.

altus, -a, -um deep alt- altius more / rather / too deeplymiser, misera, -um unhappy miser- miserius more / rather / too unhappilysapins, -ntis wise sapient- sapientius more / rather / too wiselyfacilis, -e easy facil- facilius more / rather / too easilycer, cris, cre keen cr- crius more / rather / too keenly

The superlative of the adverb is formed by adding - to the superlative stem of the adjective.altissimus, -a, -um altissim- altissim most / very deeplymiserrimus, -a, -um miserrim- miserrim most / very unhappilysapientissimus, -a, -um sapientissim- sapientissim most / very wiselyfacillimus, -a, -um facillim- facillim most / very easilycerrimus, -a, -um cerrim- cerrim most / very sharply

Irregular Comparison of AdverbsThe following common adverbs have some irregular forms.

Adjective Positive Adverb Comparative Adverb Superlative Adverbbonus, -a, -um bene well melius better optim bestmalus, -a, -um male badly peius worse pessim worstmagnus, -a, -um magnopere greatly magis more (quality) maxim most / especiallyparvus, -a, -um parum too little minus less minim leastmultus, -a, -um multum much pls more (quantity) plrimum most / very much

di for a long time ditius for a longer time ditissim for the longest time

Peculiarities of Comparison of Adjectives and AdverbsAdjectives whose stems end with a vowel form the comparative with magis and the positive adjective, and the superlative with maxim and the positive adjective. The adjective of the construction agrees with the word it modifies in case, number, and gender. The adverbs magis and maxim are indeclinable.

magis idoneus, -a, -um more suitable maxim idoneus, -a, -um most suitable

When quam precedes a superlative adjective or adverb it shows the highest possible degree of comparison.

quam optimus vir the best possible man / the best man possible / as good a man as possiblequam facillim as easily as possible

Vocabulary XXVIII

Adverbs 1st / 2nd Declension Adjectivemagis more; ratherquam (+ superlative) as...as possibleditius for a longer timeditissime for the longest time;

for a very long time

idoneus, -a, -um suitable3rd Declension Nouns

mors, mortis, f. deathpars, partis, f. part; direction

Exercise XXVIII

A.

1. Fortius cnmur, quod contendere ammus.

2. Melius scrbimus quam vs, nam omns epistuls nostrs legere possunt.

3. Agricolae in agrs ditius opera faciunt quam in urbibus civs; ditissim autem nautae in nvibus.

4. Pauc celerius cucurrrunt quam t; ille autem qu celerrim cucurrit ab omnibus laudbitur.

5. T facillim vidbis m tibi amcum fuisse.

6. Numa quam sapientissim Rmns regbat et lgs optims es dedit.

7. Pythagoras et amc in urbe su vtam flcissimam agbant et maxim cum cr cvs docbant.

8. Flcius mortuus est Augustus quam Gaius, nam Gaium hosts interfcrunt, Augustus autem longam vtam git.

9. Iter per Asiam fc et vtam miserrimam in omnibus partibus vd.

10. Ditius in hc urbe nostr manre nn potes, nam scelera tua omnia ferre iam nn possumus.

11. Rmn dcbant rgem suum Numam Pythagorae discipulum fuisse, sed errbant, nam mults anns ante

Pythagoram rxit Rmns Numa.

12. Pota Nas s facillim plurima facere posse dixit, nihil autem facilius quam scribere.

B.

1. I think that you (sg) have written as well as possible.

2. For I have decided that it is better that I die a good (man) than (that I) live a bad (one).

3. He lives best who does not want to live for himself but for all.

4. In all bad matters, it is worse to see (them) than to hear (about them).

5. For a long time now we have seen him less in the city, for he has done many (things) in the fields.

6. I can do the same (things), but less well than she (that woman).

7. These students can hear what the teacher says better than those.

8. We perceive that you (sg) love the state less than your life.

9. (Those) who think that the spirit lives after death can die more happily.

10. Cicero seems to me to have done many things more wisely than Caesar.

11. What you (sg) sent to me I have now received most keenly; now I write to you as friend (writes) to friend.

12. The state itself will teach you that I suffer all (things) for it.

Lesson XXIX

ADJECTIVES WITH GENITIVE IN -US AND DATIVE IN -Several 1st / 2nd declension adjectives are regular except for the genitive singular ending in -us and dative singular ending in -These may be remembered by using the mnemonic NUS NAUTA:

nus, -a, -um one Neuter, neutra, neutrum neitherNullus, -a, -um no, none, not any Alius, alia, aliud another, otherUllus, -a, -um any Uter, utra, utrum which (of two)Slus, -a, -um alone, only Ttus, -a, -um whole, all

Alter, altera, alterum the other

Nom. slus sla slum sl slae slaGen. slus slus slus slrum slrum slrumDat. sl sl sl sls sls slsAcc. slum slam slum sls sls slaAbl. sl sl sl sls sls sls

Alius, -a, -um normally forms its genitive singular from alter: alterus.

Cardinal NumeralsCardinal numerals are used to count.Latin cardinal numerals from one to ten are:

nus, duo, trs, quattuor, quinque, sex, septem, oct, novem, decem.

Duo and trs are declined as follows.

Masc. / Fem. NeuterNom. duo duae duo trs triaGen. durum durum durum trium triumDat. dubus dubus dubus tribus tribusAcc. dus, duo dus duo trs, trs trAbl. dubus dubus dubus tribus tribus

Quattuor, quinque, sex, septem, oct, novem, decem and centum (one hundred) are indeclinable adjectives.

Quattuor flis et quinque flis habe. I have four sons and five daughters.

Centum virs cognsc, sed sl decem sunt amc. I know one hundred men, but only ten are friends.

Ordinal NumeralsOrdinal numerals are used to indicate place in a sequence: first, second, third, etc.They are 1st / 2nd declension adjectives and agree with the words they modify in case, number, and gender.

Hic est prmus liber, quem lg. This is the first book which I have read.

Laudmus Numam, rgem secundum Romnum. We praise Numa, the second king of Rome.

Vocabulary XXIX

Irregular Adjectives Indeclinable Adjectivesnus, -a, -um onenullus, -a, -um no, none, not anyullus, -a, -um anyslus, -a, -um only, sole, aloneneuter, neutra, neutrum neitheralter, altera, alterum the other (of two)uter, utra, utrum which (of two)?ttus, -a, -um whole, entirealius, alia, aliud other, another

duo, duae, duo two

quattuor fourquinque fivesex sixseptem sevenocto eightnovem ninedecem tencentum one hundred

1st / 2nd Declension Adjectivessecundus, -a, -um secondtertius, -a, -um third3rd Declension Adjective

trs, tria three

Exercise XXIX

A.

1. num pr mults dabitur caput. (Vergil Aeneid 5.815)

2. Neutram in partem movr ml; in hc loc manb.

3. Ttum s re pblicae dedit.

4. Uter ex hs sapins tibi vidtur? (Seneca Letters 90.14)

5. Sub rgibus Rmn neque ull bell neque ab hostibus ulls vict sunt.

6. Cerberus m tribus ribus et tribus capitibus in umers dubus terret.

7. Cum omnibus alis magis quam sl interfic volurunt.

8. Omns, qurum in alterius manibus vtae positae sunt, idem saepe sentiunt.

9. Mvult m sapientem vbs quam s pessimum putr.

10. Ille, magis idneus urb quam bell, novem anns aberat.

11. Nn null homins putant ftum suum s cnstittum esse.

B.

1. One (man) had three books, another had five, but they did not have any letters.

2. Which (one) is better for me? This book or that (one)?

3. One ship only can be seen in the whole sea today.

4. (There) are not three or four friends for you in this city.

5. Neither (of the) consul(s), frightened by the enemy, was preparing to depart from the city.

6. In which army was the greater hope?

7. That wretched (man) kept on shouting that he was a Roman citizen.

8. Which consul will be sent to which war? Neither!

9. I alone will defend the head, the reputation and fortunes of another.

10. After the death of his third wife, he decided not to lead another (woman) into his house.

11. Only a few of those (men) who had strived very greatly came to the end.

Lesson XXX

REVIEW

Vocabulary XXV - XXIX

quondam e ipse coniunx quattuor quam + superlativesdus nus slus sube secundus paucdecem idoneus trs tempus nullus morsquinque tertius uter sex magis centumalius octo pars neuter novem alterduo ttus ullus septem

the other another alone once nine one hundredany entire two eight part which (of two)one more six neither seven as...as possiblefive death none time few secondsuitable undergo star spouse myself tengo third itself four three

I. Translate the underlined words with the appropriate form of the reflexive pronoun or ipse, ipsa, ipsum; include prepositions where necessary.

1. He is talking about himself. 6. You will save yourselves. 7. You wrote this yourself. 2. I saw the king himself. 7. I am talking to myself. 8. The queen came in person. 3. I saw the king myself. 8. They will hurt themselves. 9. I heard that very song.

II. Give the form of e in the same person, number, tense as the form of veni.

1. venimus 3. vnist 5. venit 7. vneritis 9. vneram2. venibant 4. venis 6. vnimus 8. venibs 10. vnrunt

III. Complete the comparison of these adverbs with the other two degrees (positive, comparative or superlative).

1. acriter 3. celerrim 5. longius 7. male2. ditius4. magis 6. multum 8. sapienter

IV. Write these equations using numerals.

1. nus et novem sunt decem. 2. Quattuor et sex sunt decem. 3. Trs d octo sunt quinque.4. Quinque et duo sunt septem. 5. nus d novem sunt octo. 6. Sex d novem sunt trs.

V. Put every participle or infinitive phrase in parentheses. Translate the entire sentence.

1. Matrem suam vidre voluit. 2. Puellae librs legents sunt flcs.3. Puer quam celerrim currents hodi venient. 4. Rx ad Italiam iter facere mvult.5. In castra mlits tls vulnerts dcmus. 6. Soci bellum in hosts parre incprunt.

For Your Information

COMPOUNDS OF E

abe depart; disappear; die vt abade approach; attack Ad m adeunt.exe pass beyond; exceed; withdraw Ex oppi exiit.ine enter; enter upon Illus domum voluist.pere perish; be ruined Pr amcs perre nn timidus erat.rede go or come back; return Sps vtae puer aegr rediit.sube enter; approach; undergo Vbscum omnia subbimus.trnse pass over; cross Terror ad hosts trnsit.

11. The Oracle Fulfilled

Perseus cum uxre ad urbem Acris rediit. Ille autem Perseum vidns, rrsus magn terrre adfectus est. In Thessaliam igitur ad urbem Lrsam statim refgit, frstr tamen; neque enim ftum suum vtre poterat. Post paucs anns nnti in omns parts dmiss dxrunt rgem Larsae luds magns factrum esse. Mult ex omnibus urbibus Graeciae ad luds convnrunt. Perseus ipse inter alis certmen discrum iniit. At Acrisius, dum inter specttrs eius certminis stat, disc Perse abiect forte interfectus est.

rede = re + evt (1) avoid, escapeldus, - m. game, sportconveni = con + veni, come togethercertmen, certminis n. struggle, contest

ine = in + ediscus, , m. discusabicio, abicere, abieci, abiectum throwforte, adv. by chance, accidentally

Rules of Syntax for New Second Steps in Latin

AGREEMENTFirst Rule of Concord. A verb agrees with its subject in person and number.

Ego voc. I call. T vocs. You call. Puer vocat. The boy calls.

1. A verb with a compound subject (two or more subjects joined by et, -que, ac, or atque) is usually plural. Puer et puella vocant. The boy and the girl call.

2. A verb with compound subjects of different persons will generally agree with the lower person (1st person takes precedence over 2nd and 3rd persons, and 2nd over 3rd ) and will always be plural.

Ego et t vocmus. You and I call. T et puella voctis. You and the girl call.

3. A verb with singular subjects joined by aut or neque is singular. Aut puer aut puella vocat. Either the boy or the girl calls.

4. A verb that belongs to two or more subjects in separate clauses (gapping) will agree with one subject and will be understood with the other subjects.

Puer vocat, nn puellae. The boy calls, the girls do not (call).

5. The verb of a relative clause whose subject is the relative pronoun agrees in person and number with the antecedent of the relative pronoun.

Vs, qu trists estis, ambitis. You, who are sad, will love.

Second Rule of Concord. An adjective (as well as an adjectival pronoun or participle) agrees with the noun it modifies in case, number, and gender.

bonus nauta, good sailor; illa puella, that girl; capta arma, seized weapons

1. An attributive adjective that modifies two or more nouns will generally agree with the nearest noun. cerrima ra et studium the sharpest anger and zeal

2. A predicate adjective that modifies two or more nouns will generally be plural in number.It may agree with the nearest or most important noun in gender.Masculine is the most important gender of nouns with life, neuter of nouns without life.

Puer et puella sunt bon. The boy and girl are good.Murus et porta d cael tacta sunt. The wall and the gate are struck by lightning.

Third Rule of Concord. The relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in number and gender; its case is determined by its use in the relative clause.

Puella, quam puer amat, est flix. The girl, whom the boy likes, is happy.

Apposition. An appositive is a noun describing another noun and agrees with it in case.Hs librs, pulcherrimum dnum, heri accpi. Yesterday I received these books, a very beautiful gift.

Predicate Noun. With sum and other linking verbs, a noun in the predicate which describes the subject will agree with it in case.

Agricola erat vir fortissimus. The farmer was a very brave man.Discipulus bonus esse vidtur etiam pius flius. The good student seems a dutiful son also.

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USES OF CASES

Nominative1. Subject. The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case.

Puella vocat. The girl calls.

2. Predicate. The predicate noun or adjective of a finite form of the verb sum, or of a verb of seeming or becoming, or of a passive verb of making, choosing, showing, thinking, or calling, is in the nominative case.

Puer servus est. The boy is a slave. Puella vidtur sapins. The girl seems wise.Ille cnsul factus est. That man was made consul.

Genitive1. The Genitive of Possession. A genitive is used to denote the person or thing to whom or which an object,

quality, feeling, or action belongs. scelera rgis, the crimes of the king / the king’s crimes

Dative1. Indirect Object. A noun or pronoun indirectly affected by the action of the verb is in the dative case.

Dux mlit arma dat. The leader gives the arms to the soldier.

2. Dative with Certain Adjectives. Adjectives expressing ideas like friendliness, fitness, nearness, likeness, and their opposites may take a dative (e.g. amcus, crus, idneus, proximus, similis and dissimilis, tilis).

Cnsul amcus mihi est. The consul is friendly to me.

Accusative1. Direct Object. The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative case.

Urbem capit. He captures the city.

2. Accusative of Motion Towards or Place To Which. Motion to or towards is expressed by the accusative case with the prepositions ad or in.

Ad Italiam vnit. He came to Italy.

3. Accusative of Duration of Time. Duration of time (or time how long) is expressed by the accusative without a preposition.

Rx decem anns fuit. He was king for ten years.

4. Double Accusative. Verbs of asking and teaching (rog and doce) may take two accusatives, one of the person and one of the thing.

T carmen docuit. He taught you a song.

5. Predicate Accusative. Verbs of calling, choosing, making and thinking (factitive verbs) take two accusatives, a direct object and its complement. The two accusatives refer to the same person or thing.

Urbem Rmam vocvrunt. They called the city Rome.

6. Subject Accusative. The subject of an infinitive is regularly in the accusative. Vult rgnam dcere. He wants the queen to speak.Audit rgnam dcere. He hears that the queen is speaking.

7. Accusative with Certain Prepositions. Many prepositions take the accusative (e.g. ad, ante, circum, in, inter, ob, per, post, propter).

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Ablative1. Ablative of Means or Instrument. The means or instrument by which something is done is expressed by the

ablative without a preposition (answers the question “by or with what?”).Urbs saxs mnta est. The city was fortified with stones.

2. Ablative of Personal Agent. The person by whom something is done is expressed by the ablative case with the preposition / ab (answers the question “by whom?”).

Urbs Rmns mnta est. The city was fortified by the Romans.

3. Ablative of Accompaniment. Accompaniment or association is often expressed by the ablative with the preposition cum (answers the question “with whom?”). Cum regularly becomes enclitic with m, t, s, nbs, vbs, qu, qu, quibus.

Cum comitibus iter fcit. He made a journey with his comerades.Puer mcum veniunt. The boys come with me.

4. Ablative of Place Where or In Which. Place where or in which is expressed by the ablative with the prepositions in, pro and sub (and rarely by the accusative with ad).

Fma in cael volvit. Rumor flew in the sky. (Ad flmen stetit. He stood at the river.)

5. Ablative of Motion Away From or Place From Which. Motion away from or place from which is expressed by the ablative with the prepositions / ab, d, or / ex.

Ex urbe vnit. He came from the city.

6. Ablative of Time When. Time when is expressed by the ablative without a preposition.E tempore urbem cpit. At that time he captured the city.

7. Ablative of Comparison. In comparative constructions without quam, the second of the two things compared is in the ablative case. The ablative of comparison is used only when the first of the two things compared is in the nominative or accusative case.

Epistulae eius sunt longirs librs. His letters are longer than his books.

8. Ablative of Degree of Difference. In comparative constructions, the degree or measure of difference between the two things compared is expressed by the ablative without a preposition.

Mare est mult altius quam flumen. The sea is much deeper than the river.

9. Ablative of Cause. The cause or reason for an action or condition may be expressed by the ablative without a preposition (answers the question “why?”).

Facts laudtur. He is praised for his deeds

10. Ablative of Manner. The manner or way in which an action is done may be expressed by the ablative with the preposition cum (answers the question “how?”). Cum may be omitted if an adjective modifies the ablative.

Epistula cum cr scripta est. The letter was written with care (carefully). Epistula magn cr scripta est. The letter was written with great care (very carefully).

11. Ablative with Certain Prepositions. Many prepositions take the ablative (e.g. , ab, cum, d, , ex, pr, sine, sub).

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VERB TENSESThe Present Tense expresses a continuous or ongoing action in the present or states something that applies to all time.

Vocat. He is calling / calls / does call. Malum est mentr. It is bad to lie.

1. When dum takes the present indicative it may express past action. Dum ducem petit, mlits pugnvrunt. While he was seeking the leader, the soldiers fought.

The Imperfect Tense expresses continuous, repeated, or habitual action in the past. Vocbat. He was calling / kept calling / used to call.

The Future Tense expresses continuous or indefinite action in the future. Vocbit. He will call / is going to call.

The Perfect Tense expresses completed action. Although it has one form, it has two separate uses.

1. The Perfect expresses a completed action with continuing effect in the present. It corresponds to the English present perfect and is translated with the auxiliary verb “has / have”.

Vocvit. He has called.

2. The Aorist expresses a simple completed action. Vocvit. He called / did call.

The Pluperfect Tense expresses an action completed in the past and is used of an action completed before another action was begun. It corresponds to the English past perfect and is translated with the auxiliary verb “had”.

Vocverat. He had called.

The Future Perfect Tense expresses an action completed in the future. It is translated with the auxiliary verbs “will / shall have.”

Vocverit. He will have called.

VERB MOODSThe Indicative Mood is used to state a fact or ask a question.

Puella vocat. The girl is calling. Utra puella vocbat? Which girl was calling?

A Participle is a verbal adjective. As a verb, it may take an object; as an adjective, it agrees with the word it modifies in case, number, and gender, and may be used substantively.

1. The Present Active Participle expresses action taking place at the same time as the main verb.Puellam sedentem in silv vd. I saw the girl sitting in the forest.

2. The Perfect Passive Participle expresses action completed before the time of the main verb.Puella, in silv vsa, puerum vocvit. The girl, seen in the forest, called the boy.

3. The Future Active Participle expresses action that will be completed after the time of the main verb. Puella, in silv moritra, caput txit. The girl, about to die in the forest, covered her head.

The Infinitive is a verbal noun. It is always neuter, always singular, and either nominative or accusative.

1. Complementary Infinitive. The complementary infinitive completes the meaning of another verb. The following verbs of wishing, trying, deciding, beginning, fearing, being able, etc. may take a complementary infinitive

cnor, cnstitu, contend, incipi, ml, nl, parpossum, tend, time, vereor, vol;and in the passive: dc, put, vide.

Puella vidre potest. The girl is able to see.

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2. Infinitive of Indirect Statement. Verbs of saying, thinking, knowing, telling, perceiving, and showing introduce the accusative and infinitive of indirect statement.

The Present Infinitive expresses action taking place at the same time as the main verb. Dcit rgnam esse fortem. He says (that) the queen is brave. Dixit rgnam esse fortem. He said (that) the queen was brave.

The Perfect Infinitive expresses action completed before the time of the main verb. Dcit rgnam fuisse fortem. He says (that) the queen was brave. Dixit rgnam fuisse fortem. He said (that) the queen had been brave.

The Future Infinitive expresses action that will be completed after the time of the main verb. Dcit rgnam futram esse fortem. He says (that) the queen will be brave.Dixit rgnam futram esse fortem. He said (that) the queen would be brave.

3. The Infinitive as Subject or Object. The infinitive may be used as a neuter singular noun in the nominative or accusative.

tile est bons amcs habre. It is useful to have good friends.Am cantre. I like to sing.

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REGULAR VERBS – INDICATIVE ACTIVEPresent First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth

am mone dc capi audiams mons dcis capis audsamat monet capit audit

ammus monmus amtis montis

amant monent capiunt audiunt

Imperfect

ambam mon audiams mons bs

ba bat

ammus monmus bmus amtis montis btis

ba bant

Futuream capi audi

ambis mons

ambit capiet

ammus monmus

amtis montis

ambunt capient

Perfect

am monu audamvist mon aud monuit cpit audvit

amvimus monuimus amtis mon

Pluperfect

am mon cperam audam monuers audvers audverat

am monus m audvermusam mon tis audvertis audverant

Future Perfect

amver mon cper audamveris monueris audverisamverit audverit

am monus audverimusam mon audveritisamverint audverint

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REGULAR VERBS – INDICATIVE PASSIVE Present First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth

am mone dc capior audiamris monris dceris caperis audris capitur auditur

ammur monmur ammin monmin

amantur monentur capiuntur audiuntur

Imperfect

ambar mon capibar audiamris monris bris ris

b

ammur monmur bmur ammin monmin bmin

ba bantur bantur

Future

am capiar audi

amberis mon

ambitur

ammur monmur

ammin monmin min

ambuntur

Perfect

amtus, -a sum monitus, -a sum ductus, -a sum captus, -a sum audtus, -a sumamtus, -a es monitus, -a es ductus, -a es captus, -a es audtus, -a esamtus, -a, -um est monitus, -a, -um est ductus, -a, -um est captus, -a, -um est audtus, -a, -um est

amt, -ae sumus monit, -ae sumus duct, -ae sumus capt, -ae sumus audt, -ae sumusamt, -ae estis monit, -ae estis duct, -ae estis capt, -ae estis audt, -ae estisamt, -ae, -a sunt monit, -ae, -a sunt duct, -ae, -a sunt capt, -ae, -a sunt audt, -ae, -a sunt

Pluperfectamtus, -a eram monitus, -a eram ductus, -a eram captus, -a eram audtus, -a eramamtus, -a ers monitus, -a ers ductus, -a ers captus, -a ers audtus, -a ersamtus, -a, -um erat monitus, -a, -um erat ductus, -a, -um erat captus, -a, -um erat audtus, -a, -um erat

amt, -ae ermus monit, -ae ermus duct, -ae ermus capt, -ae ermus audt, -ae ermusamt, -ae ertis monit, -ae ertis duct, -ae ertis capt, -ae ertis audt, -ae ertisamt, -ae, -a erant monit, -ae, -a erant duct, -ae, -a erant capt, -ae, -a erant audt, -ae, -a erant

Future Perfect

amtus, -a er monitus, -a er ductus, -a er captus, -a er audtus, -a eramtus, -a eris monitus, -a eris ductus, -a eris captus, -a eris audtus, -a erisamtus, -a, -um erit monitus, -a, -um erit ductus, -a, -um erit captus, -a, -um erit audtus, -a, -um erit

amt, -ae erimus monit, -ae erimus duct, -ae erimus capt, -ae erimus audt, -ae erimusamt, -ae eritis monit, -ae eritis duct, -ae eritis capt, -ae eritis audt, -ae eritisamt, -ae, -a erunt monit, -ae, -a erunt duct, -ae, -a erunt capt, -ae, -a erunt audt, -ae, -a erunt

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REGULAR VERBS - PARTICIPLES, ACTIVE AND PASSIVEActive First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth

pres. amns, -ntis monns, -ntis dcns, -ntis capins, -ntis audins, -ntisperf. — — — — —fut. amtrus, -a, -um monitrus, -a, -um ductrus, -a, -um captrus, -a, -um audtrus, -a, -um

Passivepres. — — — — —perf. amtus, -a, -um monitus, -a, -um ductus, -a, -um captus, -a, -um audtus, -a, -umfut. — — — — —

REGULAR VERBS - INFINITIVES, ACTIVE AND PASSIVEActive First Second Third Third I-stem Fourthpres. amre monre dcere capere audreperf. amvisse monuisse dxisse cp audvissefut. amtrus, -a, -um esse monitrus, -a, -um esse ductrus, -a, -um esse captrus, -a, -um esse audtrus, -a, -um esse

Passivepres. amr monr dc cap audrperf. amtus, -a, -um esse monitus esse ductus, -a, -um esse captus, -a, -um esse audtus, -a, -um essefut. amtum r monitum r ductum r captum r audtum r

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IRREGULAR VERBSPresent Sum Vol Nl Ml E Fer

sum vol nl ml e fer feror

es vs nn vs mvs s fers ferris

est vult nn vult mvult it fert fertur

sumus volumus nlumus mlumus mus ferimus ferimur

estis vultis nn vultis mvultis tis fertis ferimin

sunt volunt nlunt mlunt eunt ferunt feruntur

Imperfecteram volbam nlbam mlbam bam ferbam ferbar

ers volbs nlbs mlbs bs ferbs ferbris

erat volbat nlbat mlbat bat ferbat ferbtur

ermus volbmus nlbmus mlbmus bmus ferbmus ferbmur

ertis volbtis nlbtis mlbtis btis ferbtis ferbmin

erant volbant nlbant mlbant bant ferbant ferbantur

Futureer volam nlam mlam b feram ferar

eris vols nls mls bis fers ferris

erit volet nlet mlet bit feret fertur

erimus volmus nlmus mlmus bimus fermus fermur

eritis voltis nltis mltis bitis fertis fermin

erunt volent nolent mlent bunt ferent ferentur

Perfectfu volu nlu mlu i tul ltus, -a sum

fuist voluist nluist mluist st tulist ltus, -a es

fuit voluit nluit mluit iit tulit ltus, -a, -um est

fuimus voluimus nluimus mluimus iimus tulimus lt, -ae sumus

fuistis voluistis nluistis mluistis stis tulistis lt, -ae estis

furunt volurunt nlurunt mlurunt irunt tulrunt lt, -ae, -a suntPluperfect

fueram volueram nlueram mlueram ieram tuleram ltus, -a eram

fuers voluers nluers mluers iers tulers ltus, -a ers

fuerat voluerat nluerat mluerat ierat tulerat ltus, -a, -um erat

fuermus voluermus nluermus mluermus iermus tulermus lt, -ae ermus

fuertis voluertis nluertis mluertis iertis tulertis lt, -ae ertis

fuerant voluerant nluerant mluerant ierant tulerant lt, -ae, -a erant

Future Perfectfuer voluer nluer mluer ier tuler ltus, -a er

fueris volueris nlueris mlueris ieris tuleris ltus, -a eris

fuerit voluerit nluerit mluerit ierit tulerit ltus, -a, -um erit

fuerimus voluerimus nluerimus maluerimus ierimus tulerimus lt, -ae erimus

fueritis volueritis nlueritis mlueritis ieritis tuleritis lt, -ae eritis

fuerint voluerint nluerint mluerint ierint tulerint lt, -ae, -a erunt

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PARTICIPLES – IRREGULAR VERBS Active Sum Vol Nl Ml E Fer

pres. — volns, -ntis nlns, -ntis — ins, euntis ferns, -ntis

perf. — — — — — —

fut. futrus, -a, -um — — — itrus, -a, -um ltrus, -a, -um

Passivepres. — — — — — —

perf. — — — — — ltus, -a, -um

fut. — — — — — —

INFINITIVES – IRREGULAR VERBSActive Sum Vol Nl Ml E Fer

pres. esse velle nlle mlle re ferre

perf. fuisse voluisse nluisse mluisse sse tulisse

fut. futrus, -a, -um esse — — — itrus, -a, -um esse ltrus, -a, -um esse

Passivepres. — — — — r ferr

perf. — — — — — ltus, -a, -um esse

fut. — — — — itum r ltum r

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DEPONENT VERBS - INDICATIVEPresent First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth

cnor vereor sequor patior mentior

cnris verris sequeris pateris mentris

cntur vertur sequitur patitur menttur

cnmur vermur sequimur patimur mentmur

cnmin vermin sequimin patimin mentmin

cnantur verentur sequuntur patiuntur mentiuntur

Imperfectcnbar verbar sequbar patibar mentibar

cnbris verbris sequbris patibris mentibris

cnbtur verbtur sequbtur patibtur mentibtur

cnbmur verbmur sequbmur patibmur mentibmur

cnbmin verbmin sequbmin patibmin mentibmin

cnbantur verbantur sequbantur patibantur mentibantur

Futurecnbor verbor sequar patiar mentiar

cnberis verberis sequris patiris mentiris

cnbitur verbitur sequtur patitur mentitur

cnbimur verbimur sequmur patimur mentimur

cnbimin verbimin sequmin patimin mentimin

cnbuntur verbuntur sequentur patientur mentientur

Perfectcntus, -a sum veritus, -a sum sectus, -a sum passus, -a sum menttus, -a sum

cntus, -a es veritus, -a es sectus, -a es passus, -a es menttus, -a es

cntus, -a, -um est veritus, -a, -um est sectus, -a, -um est passus, -a, -um est menttus, -a, -um est

cnt, -ae sumus verit, -ae sumus sect, -ae sumus pass, -ae sumus mentt, -ae sumus

cnt, -ae estis verit, -ae estis sect, -ae estis pass, -ae estis mentt, -ae estis

cnt, -ae, -a sunt verit, -ae, -a sunt sect, -ae, -a sunt pass, -ae, -a sunt mentt, -ae, -a sunt

Pluperfectcntus, -a eram veritus, -a eram sectus, -a eram passus, -a eram menttus, -a eram

cntus, -a ers veritus, -a ers sectus, -a ers passus, -a ers menttus, -a ers

cntus, -a, -um erat veritus, -a, -um erat sectus, -a, -um erat passus, -a, -um erat menttus, -a, -um erat

cnt, -ae ermus verit, -ae ermus sect, -a ermus pass, -ae ermus mentt, -ae ermus

cnt, -ae ertis verit, -ae ertis sect, -ae ertis pass, -ae ertis mentt, -ae ertis

cnt, -ae, -a erant verit, -ae, -a erant sect, -ae, -a erant pass, -ae, -a erant mentt, -ae, -a erant

Future Perfectcntus, -a er veritus, -a er sectus, -a er passus, -a er menttus, -a er

cntus, -a eris veritus, -a eris sectus, -a eris passus, -a eris menttus, -a eris

cntus, -a, -um erit veritus, -a, -um erit sectus, -a, -um erit passus, -a, -um erit menttus, -a, -um erit

cnt, -ae erimus verit, -ae erimus sect, -ae erimus pass, -ae erimus mentt, -ae erimus

cnt, -ae eritis verit, -ae eritis sect, -ae eritis pass, -ae eritis mentt, -ae eritis

cnt, -e, -a erunt verit, -ae, -a erunt sect, -ae, -a erunt pass, -ae, -a erunt mentt, -ae, -a erunt

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DEPONENT VERBS - PARTICIPLES

First Second Third Third I-stem Fourthpres. cnns, -ntis verns, -ntis sequns, -ntis patins, -ntis mentins, -ntis

perf. cntus, -a, -um veritus, -a, -um sectus, -a, -um passus, -a, -um menttus, -a, -um

fut. cntrus, -a, -um veritrus, -a, -um sectrus, -a, -um passrus, -a, -um menttrus, -a, -um

DEPONENT VERBS - INFINITIVESFirst Second Third Third I-stem Fourth

pres. cnr verr sequ pat mentr

perf. cntus, -a, -um esse veritus, -a, -um esse sectus, -a, -um esse passus, -a, -um esse menttus, -a, -um esse

fut. cntrus, -a, -um esse veritrus, -a, -um esse sectrus, -a, -um esse passrus, -a, -um esse menttrus, -a, -um esse

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FIVE NOUN DECLENSIONSFirst

(F / M)Second(M / N)

Third(M / F / N)

Third I-stem(M / F / N)

Fourth(M / N)

Fifth(M / F)

Singular F M N M N F N M N FNom. puella dominus verbum opus nvis mare gradus corn s

Gen. puellae domin verb operis nvis maris grads re

Dat. puellae domin verb oper nv mar grad corn re

Acc. puellam dominum verbum opus nvem mare grad corn rm

Abl. puell domin verb opere nve mar grad corn r

PluralNom. puellae domin verba opera nvs maria grads corn rs

Gen. puellrum dominrum verbrum operum nvium marium grad corn

Dat. puells domins verbs operibus nvibus maribus grad corn rbus

Acc. puells domins verba opera nvs maria grads corn rs

Abl. puells domins verbs operibus nvibus maribus grad corn rbus

ADJECTIVE DECLENSIONS

First and Second DeclensionSingular Plural

M F N M F NNom. bonus bona bonum bon bonae bona

Gen. bon bonae bon bonrum bonrum bonrum

Dat. bon bonae bon bons bons bons

Acc. bonum bonam bonum bons bona

Abl. bon bon bon bons bons bons

Singular Plural M F N M F N

Nom. sacer sacra sacrum sacr sacrae sacra

Gen. sacr sacrae sacr sacrrum sacrrum sacrrum

Dat. sacr sacrae sacr sacrs sacr sacrs

Acc. sacrum sacram sacrum sacrs sacrs sacr

Abl. sacr s sacrs sacrs

Singular Plural M F N M F N

Nom. miser misera miserum miser miserae misera

Gen. miser miserae miser miserrum miserrum miserrum

Dat. miser miserae miser misers misers misers

Acc. miserum miseram miserum s s misera

Abl. miser miser miser misers misers misers

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Third DeclensionTHREE TERMINATIONS

Singular PluralM F N M F N

Nom. cer cris cre crs crs cria

Gen. cris cris cris crium crium crium

Dat. cr cr cr cr cr cr

Acc. crem crem cre crs, -s crs, -s cria

Abl. cr cr cr cr cr cr

Two Terminations One Termination

Singular Plural Singular PluralM/F N M/F N M/F N M/F N

Nom. omnis omne omns omnia Nom. flx flx flcs flcia

Gen. omnis omnis omnium omnium Gen. flcis flcis flcium flcium

Dat. omn omn omnibus omnibus Dat. flc flc flc flc

Acc. omnem omne omns, -s omnia Acc. lcem flx flcs, -s flcia

Abl. omn omn omnibus omnibus Abl. flc lc flc flc

Participle DeclensionsFirst Conjugation Second Conjugation

Singular Plural Singular PluralM/F N M/F N M/F N M/F N

Nom.

amns amns amants amantia monns monns monents monentia

Gen. amantis amantis amantium amantium monentis monentis monentium monentium

Dat. amant amant amantibus amantibus monent monent monentibus monentibus

Acc. amantem amns amants, -s amantia monentem monns monents, -s monentia

Abl. amant amant amantibus amantibus monent monent monentibus monentibus

Third Conjugation Third Conjugation I-stemSingular Plural Singular Plural

M/F N M/F N M/F N M/F NNom

.dcns dcns dcents dcentia capins capins capients capientia

Gen. dcentis dcentis dcentium dcentium capientis capientis capientium capientium

Dat. dcent dcent dcentibus dcentibus capient capient capientibus capientibus

Acc. dcentem dcens dcents, -s dcentia capients capins capients, -s capientia

Abl. dcent dcent dcentibus dcentibus capient capient capientibus capientibus

Fourth ConjugationSingular Plural

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M/F N M/F NNom

.audins audins audients audientia

Gen. audientis audientis audientium audientium

Dat. audient audient audientibus audientibus

Acc. audients audins audients, -s audientia

Abl. audient audient audientibus audientibus

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Comparative AdjectiveSingular Plural

M/F N M/F NNom. longior longius longirs longira

Gen. longiris longiris longirum longirum

Dat. longir longir longiribus longiribus

Acc. longirem longius longirs longira

Abl. longire longire longiribus longiribus

Irregular Comparison of Adjectives Positive Comparative Superlativebonus, -a, -um good melior, melius better optimus, -a, -um bestmalus, -a, -um bad peior, peius worse pessimus, -a, -um worstmagnus, -a, -um great maior, maius greater maximus, -a, -um greatestparvus, -a, -um small minor, minus smaller minimus, -a, -um smallestmultus, -a, -um much, many sg. pls (neuter noun only) more

pl. plrs, plra several, moreplrimus, -a, -um most, very many

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

Regular Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Adverb Comparative Adverb Superlative Adverb

criter keenly crius more keenly cerrim very keenlyalt deeply altius more deeply altissim very deeplyfacile easily facilius more easily facillim very easilymiser unhappily miserius more unhappily miserrim very unhappilysapienter wisely sapientius more wisely sapientissim very wisely

Irregular Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Adverb Comparative Adverb Superlative Adverb

bene wellmale badlymagnopere greatlyparum too littlemultum muchdi for a long time

melius betterpeius worsemagis more (quality)minus lesspls more (quantity)ditius for a longer time

optim bestpessim worstmaxim most, especiallyminim leastplrimum most , very muchditissim for the longest time

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PRONOUN DECLENSIONSPersonal Pronouns

1st person 2nd person 3rd personSingular Nom. ego t is ea id

Gen. me tu eius eius eius

Dat. mihi tibi e e e

Acc. m t eum eam id

Abl. m t e e e

Plural Nom. ns vs e eae ea

Gen. nostrum, nostr vestrum, vestr erum erum erum

Dat. nbs vbs es es es

Acc. ns vs es es ea

Abl. nbs vbs es es es

Reflexive Pronouns1st person 2nd person 3rd person

Singular Nom. — — —

Gen. me tu su

Dat. mihi tibi sibi

Acc. m t s (ss)

Abl. m t s (ss)

Plural Nom. — — —

Gen. nostr vestr su

Dat. nbs vbs sibi

Acc. ns vs s (ss)

Abl. nbs vbs s (ss)

Relative PronounSingular Plural

M F N M F NNom. qu quae quod qu quae quae

Gen. cuius cuius cuius qurum qurum qurum

Dat. cu cu cu quibus quibus quibus

Acc. quem quam quod qus qus quae

Abl. qu qu qu quibus quibus quibus

DEMONSTRATIVES

Hic, Haec, HocSingular Plural

M F N M F NNom. hic haec hoc h hae haec

Gen. huius huius huius hrum hrum hrum

Dat. huic huic huic hs hs hs

Acc. hunc hanc hoc hs hs haec

Abl. hc hc hc hs hs hs

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Ille, Illa, IlludSingular Plural

M F N M F NNom. ille illa illud ill illae illa

Gen. illus illus illus illrum illrum illrum

Dat. ill ill ill ills ills ills

Acc. illum illam illud ills ills illa

Abl. ill ill ill ills ills ills

Is, Ea, IdSingular Plural

M F N M F NNom. is ea id e eae ea

Gen. eius eius eius erum erum erum

Dat. e e e es es es

Acc. eum eam id es es ea

Abl. e e e es es es

dem, Eadem, IdemSingular Plural

M F N M F NNom. dem eadem idem edem eaedem eadem

Gen. eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem erundem erundem erundem

Dat. edem edem edem esdem esdem esdem

Acc. eundem eandem idem esdem esdem eadem

Abl. edem edem edem esdem esdem esdem

Iste, Ista, IstudSingular Plural

M F N M F NNom. iste ista istud ist istae ista

Gen. istus istus istus istrum istrum istrum

Da.t. ist ist ist ists ists ists

Acc. istum istam istud ists ists ista

Abl. ist ist ist ists ists ists

IntensiveIpse, Ipsa, Ipsum

Singular PluralM F N M F N

Nom. ipse ipsa ipsum ips ipsae ipsa

Gen. ipsus ipsus ipsus ipsrum ipsrum ipsrum

Dat. ips ips ips ipss ipss ipss

Acc. ipsum ipsam ipsum ipss ipss ipsa

Abl. ips ips ips ipss ipss ipss

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NUMERALS

Arabic Roman Numeral Cardinal Ordinal1 I nus, -a, -um prmus, -a, -um

2 II duo, duae, duo secundus, -a, -um

3 III trs, tria tertius, -a, -um

4 IV quattuor qurtus, -a, -um

5 V quinque quntus, -a, -um

6 VI sex sextus, -a, -um

7 VII septem septimus, -a, -um

8 VIII octo octvus, -a, -um

9 IX novem nnus, -a, -um

10 X decem decimus, -a, -um

100 C centum centsimus, -a, -um

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CLASSIFIED VOCABULARY

VERBS1st Conjugation

am, amre, amv, amtum, like, lovecnor, cnr, cntus sum, try, attemptcant, cantre, cantv, canttum, singclm, clmre, clmv, clmtum, shouterr, errre, errv, errtum, make a mistake, wanderlaud, laudre, laudv, laudtum, praisemonstr, monstrre, monstrv, monstrtum, shownunti, nuntire, nuntiv, nuntitum, announce, reportpar, parre, parv, partum, prepareport, portre, portv, porttum, carrypugn, pugnre, pugnv, pugntum, fightput, putre, putv, puttum, think, considerrog, rogre, rogv, rogtum, askserv, servre, servv, servtum, save, guard,

watch overst, stre, stet, statum, standvet, vetre, vetu, vetitum, forbid, order . . . notvoc, vocre, vocv, voctum, callvulner, vulnerre, vulnerv, vulnertum, wound, hurt

2nd Conjugationarde, ardre, ars, arsrus, burn, be inflamed, blazedle, dlre, dlv, dltum, destroydoce, docre, docu, doctum, teachhabe, habre, habu, habitum, have, hold; consider iube, iubre, iuss, iussum, order, command, bidmane, manre, mns, mnsum, remain, staymone, monre, monu, monitum, advise, warnmove, movre, mv, mtum, movesede, sedre, sd, sessum, sittene, tenre, tenu, tentum, hold, containterre, terrre, terru, territum, frightentime, timre, timu, —, be afraid of, fearvereor, verr, veritus sum, fear, respectvide, vidre, vd, vsum, see; (pass.) seem, appear, be

seen

3rd Conjugationag, agere, g, actum, drive, do, treat, deal withcern, cernere, crv, crtum, decide, discern, perceivecnsist, -ere, cnstit, cnstitum, stopcnstitu, -ere, cnstitu, cnstittum, decide, determine,

establishcontend, contendere, contend, contentum, compete,

hurry, make effort, march, strivecurr, -ere, cucurr, cursum, run, hastendc, dcere, dx, dictum, say, speak, telldc, dcere, dx, ductum, leadexcd, excdere, excess, excessum, depart, go outger, gerere, gess, gestum, carry on, conductincd, incdere, incess, incessum, go in

lbor, lb, lapsus sum, collapse, slipleg, legere, lg, lectum, choose, pick out, readmitt, mittere, ms, missum, sendpet, petere, petiv, pettum, seek, ask forpn, pnere, posu, positum, place, put, set upreg, regere, rx, rctum, rulerelinqu, relinquere, relqu, relictum, leave behind, leavescrb, scrbere, scrps, scrptum, writesequor, sequ, secutus sum, followsurg, surgere, surrx, surrctum, rise, stretch upward,

swellteg, tegere, tx, tectum, cover, conceal, sheltertend, tendere, tetend, tentum, extend, proceed, stretch outtrah, trahere, trx, trctum, dragvinc, vincere, vc, victum, conquer, defeatvv, vvere, vx, vctum, livevolv, volvere, volv, voltum, roll

3rd Conjugation I-stemaccipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum, receivecapi, capere, cp, captum, take, capture, seize,faci, facere, fc, factum, do, makefugi, fugere, fg, fugitrus, flee, avoid, run awayincipi, incipere, incp, inceptum, begininspici, inspicere, inspex, inspectum, look into or

uponinterficio, -ficere, -fc, -fectum, killmorior, mor, mortuus sum, diepatior, pat, passus sum, endure, experience, suffer

4th Conjugationaudi, audre, audv, audtum, hear, listen tomentior, mentr, menttus sum, tell a liemni, munre, munv, muntum, fortifypni, pnre, pnv, pnitum, punishsenti, sentre, sns, snsum, feel, perceiveveni, venre, vn, ventum, come

Irregularabsum, abesse, fu, futrus, be awayadsum, adesse, adfu, adfutrus, be presentdo, dare, ded, datum, givee, re, i(v), itum, gofer, ferre, tul, ltum, bear, bring, carry, endureml, mlle, mlu, —, prefernl, nlle, nlu, —, be unwilling, not to want,

not to wishpossum, posse, potu, —, be able, canrefer, referre, rettul, relatum, bring back, refersube, subre, subi (subv), subitum, undergosum, esse, fu, futrus, bevol, velle, volu, —, want, wish

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NOUNS1st Declension: Feminine

aqua, -ae f., watercra, -ae f., care, concern, worrydea, -ae f., goddessepistula, -ae f., letterfma, -ae f., rumor, reputation, glory flia, -ae f., daughterflamma, -ae f., flamefortna, -ae f., fortune, luckfuga, -ae f., escape, flightgratia, -ae f., favor; (pl.) thankshra, -ae f., hourinvidia, -ae f., envy, hatredra, -ae f., anger, wrathlacrima, -ae f., tearra, -ae f., shore, edge, rimpatria, -ae, native landpoena, -ae f., punishmentporta, -ae f., gatepuella, -ae f., girlrgna, -ae f., queensilva, -ae f., forest, woodsterra, -ae f., country, earth, landumbra, -ae f., shadow, ghostvia, -ae f., road, way, life

1st Declension: Masculineagricola, -ae m., farmerincola, -ae m., inhabitantnauta, -ae m., sailorprta, -ae m., piratepota, -ae m., poetscrba, -ae m., secretary, writer

2nd Declension: Masculineager, agr m., fieldanimus, - m., spirit, mind, (pl.) braveryannus, - m., yearcampus, - m., field, plain, playing fielddeus, - m., goddiscipulus, - m., studentdominus, - m., masterequus, m., horseflius, - m., sonliber, libr m, booklocus, - m (loca, -rum n. pl.), placemagister, magistr m., teachermrus, - m., wallnuntius, - m., messengeroculus, - m., eyepuer, puer m., boyservus, - m., slavesocius, - m., allysomnus, - m., sleepumerus, - m., shoulderventus, - m., wind

vir, vir m., man

2nd Declension: Neuteraurum, - n., goldbellum, - n., warcaelum, - n., heaven, skydonum, - n., giftfactum, - n., deedftum, - n., fateferrum, - n., iron, swordimperium, - n., power, rulergnum, - n., kingdomsaxum, - n., rock, stonetlum, - n., javelin, weaponverbum, - n., word

2nd Declension: Neuter Pluralsarma, -rum n. pl., armscastra, -rum n. pl., camp

3rd Declension: Masculinecnsul, cnsulis m., consuldux, ducis m., leaderfnis, -is (-ium) m., end; (pl.) territoryfrter, frtris m., brotherfuror, -ris m., rage, furyhom, hominis m., human, manhostis, hostis (-ium) m., enemyignis, -is (-ium) m., firelabor, labris m., work, hardship, labor mles, mlitis m., soldiermns, montis (-ium) m., mountainnm, nminis m., no one, nobodypater, patris m., fatherps, pedis m., footpns, pontis (-ium) m., bridgerx, rgis m., king

3rd Declension: Femininegns, gentis (-ium) f., nation, tribelx, lgis f., lawlx, lcis f., lightmter, mtris f., mothermns, mentis (-ium) f., mind, intentionmors, mortis f. (-ium), deathnvis, nvis (-ium) f., shipnox, noctis (-ium) f., nightpars, partis f., (-ium), part, directionsoror, sorris f., sisterurbs, urbis (-ium) f., cityvirg, virginis f., maidenvx, vcis f., voice

3rd Declension: Masculine and Femininecvis, cvis (-ium) m. / f., citizencomes, comitis m. / f., companionconiunx, coniugis m. / f., spouse

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3rd Declension: Neuteragmen, agminis n., column (of men)caput, capitis n., headcarmen, carminis n, songcorpus, corporis n., bodygenus, -eris n., kind, sortiter, itineris n., journey, road, wayis, iris n., law, rightltus, ltoris n., shore, beach, coastlmen, lminis n., lightmare, maris (-ium) n., seamoenia, -ium n. pl., wallsnmen, nminis n., nameonus, oneris n., burdenopus, operis n., task, works, oris n., mouthpectus, pectoris n., breast, chest, heartscelus, sceleris n., crimesdus, sderis n., startempus, tempris n., time

4th Declension: Masculinecsus, -s m., chance, fall, misfortuneexercitus, -s m., armyflctus, -s m., wave, flood, seafructus, -s m., benefit, enjoyment, fruitgradus, -s m., stepictus, -s m., blow, strikesentus, -s m., senatesus, -s m., application, practice, use, skill

4th Declension: Femininedomus, -s, f., home, householdmanus, -s f., hand

4th Declension: Neutercorn, -s n., horn

5th Declensiondis, - m., dayfids, -e f., loyalty, faithrs, re f., thing, affair, matterrs pblica, re pblicae f., state, republicspecis, - f., appearance, sightsps, spe f., hope

Indeclinablenihil n., nothing

Proper NounsAsia, -ae f., Asia Minor (modern Turkey)Augustus, - m., Augustus CaesarCaesar, Caesaris m., Gaius Julius CasearCicer, Ciceronis m., Marcus Tullius CiceroGaius, - m., Gaius CaesarItalia, -ae f., ItalyIuppiter, Iovis m., Jupiter

Livius, Livi m., Titus LiviusNs, Nsnis m., Publius Ovidius Naso (Ovid)Numa, -ae m., Numa PompiliusOlympus, - m., Mount OlympusPompeius, Pompei m., Pompey Pythagoras, -ae m., PythagorasRma, -ae f., RomeVergilius, Vergili m., Publius Vergilius Maro (Vergil)

ADJECTIVES1st and 2nd Declension

aeger, aegra, aegrum, sickalius, -a, -um, another, otheralter, altera, alterum, the other ( of two)altus, -a, -um, deep, high, tallamicus, -a, -um, friendlyantquus, -a, -um, ancientter, tra, trum, black, darkbonus, -a, -um, goodcrus, -a, -um, dearfessus, -a, -um, exhausted, tiredidneus, -a, -um, suitablertus, -a, -um, angrylaetus, -a, -um, happy, joyfullber, lbera, lberum, freelongus, -a, -um, longmagnus, -a, -um, largemalus, -a, -um, bad, evilmaximus, -a, -um, mostmeus, -a, -um, mine, myminimus, -a, -um, smallest, leastmiser, misera, miserum, unhappy, wretchedmultus, -a, -um, much, manyneuter, neutra, neutrum, neithernoster, nostra, nostrum, ournovus, -a, -um, newnullus, -a, -um, no, not anyoptimus, -a, -um, best, excellentparvus, -a, -um, little, smallpauc, -ae, -a, fewpessimus, -a, -um, worstpius, -a, -um, devoted, dutiful, loyalplurimus, -a, -um , most, very manyprmus, -a, -um, firstproximus, -a, -um, next, nearestpblicus, -a, -um, public

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pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautifulsacer, sacra, sacrum, holysecundus, -a, -um, secondslus, -a, -um, alone, only, solesuus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their (own)tertius, -a, -um, thirdttus, -a, -um, entire, wholetuus, -a, -um, your, yoursullus, -a, -um, anynus, -a, -um, oneuter, utra, utrum, which (of two)vacuus, -a, -um, emptyvester, vestra, vestrum, your, yours

3rd Declension: 3 Terminationscer, cris, cre, fierce, keen, sharpceler, celeris, celere, quick, swift

3rd Declension: 2 Terminationsbrevis, -e, brief, shortdifficilis, -e, difficultdissimilis, -e, dissimilar, unlikedulcis, -e, sweetfacilis, -e, easyfortis, -e, strong, bravegracilis, -e, graceful, slendergravis, -e, heavy, serioushumilis, -e, humble, lowmaior, maius, greatermelior, melius, betterminor, minus, smaller, lessomnis, -e, all, everypeior, peius, worsesimilis, -e, like, similartrstis, -e, sadtilis, -e, useful

3rd Declension: 1 Terminationaudx, audcis, boldflx, flcis, happyingns, ingentis, huge, vastsapins, sapientis, wise

Proper AdjectivesGallus, -a, -um, Gaul, GallicRmnus, -a, -um, Roman

PRONOUNSPersonal and Reflexive

ego, me Iis, ea, id, he, she, itns, nostrum / nostr wesu (gen.), himself, herself, itself, themselvest, tu you (sg.)

vs, vestrum / vestr you (pl.)

Relative

qu, quae, quod, who, which, thatDemonstrative

hic, haec, hoc, this, thesedem, eadem, idem, sameille, illa, illud, that, thoseis, ea, id, that, thisiste, ista, istud, that (of yours)

Intensiveipse, ipsa, ipsum, himself, herself, itself, themselves,

myself, yourself, ourselves, yourselves; in person; very

ADVERBSaegr, painfully, with difficultybene, wellcrs, tomorrowdi, for a long timeheri, yesterdayhc, herehodi, todayib, therelong, farmagis (compar. of magnopere), moremagnopere, greatlymaxim, very greatlymodo, just, onlynn, notnumquam, nevernunc, nowparum, too littleprm, at firstquam, than, (+ superlative), as…as possiblequondam, at one time, formerly, oncesaepe, oftensemper, alwaysstatim, at once, immediatelysubit, suddenlytamen, nevertheless, yettandem, at length, finallytum, at that time, thentunc, at that time, thenvix, hardly, scarcely

PREPOSITIONSWith the Ablative

, away from, by, fromab, away from, by, fromcum, with, along withd, down from, about, concerning, from, out of

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ex, from, out ofin, in, onpr, in front of, on behalf ofsine, withoutsub, under

With the Accusativead, at, to, towards ante, beforecircum, aroundin, against, into, ontointer, among, betweenob, because of, on account ofper, throughpost, behind, afterpropter, on account of, because of

CONJUNCTIONSac, andantequam, beforeatque, andaut, oraut…aut, either…orautem, but, however, moreoverdum, whileenim, foret, andetiam, also, evenigitur, thereforeiam, already, nownam, fornec, and…not, norneque, and…not, norneque…neque, neither…nornn modo … sed etiam, not only … but alsopostquam, after-que, andquod, becausesed, buttamen, nevertheless, yetubi, when, whereut (+ ind.), as

NUMERALSCardinals

nus, -a, -um, oneduo, duae, duo, twotrs, tria, three

quattuor, fourquinque, fivesex, sixseptem, sevenocto, eightnovem, ninedecem, tencentum, hundred

Ordinalsprmus,-a,-um, firstsecundus, -a, -um, second

IDIOMSbellum gerere, wage ward (+ abl.) agere, talk aboutgratis agere (+ dat.), thank, give thanksvtam agere, lead a lifeiter facere, make a journey, marchpoens dare, pay the penalty

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VOCABULARYNouns: The nominative singular of each noun is given followed by the genitive singular. For regular nouns of

the first, second, fourth and fifth declension, only the genitive singular ending is given (e.g. mrus, -). Where the stem cannot be determined from the nominative singular form, as in some second declension nouns and in the third declension, the full form of the genitive singular is given. Third I-stem nouns are indicated in the lists by (-ium).

Adjectives: Adjectives whose stems can be determined from the nominative singular masculine form appear as the nominative masculine singular with the endings for the other genders (e.g., bonus, -a, -um; trstis, -e). Adjectives whose stems cannot be determined from the nominative singular masculine are written out fully: all three genders in the case of the adjectives of three or two terminations (e.g., ter, tris, tre; melior, melius); the nominative and genitive singulars in the case of adjectives of one termination (e.g.,flx, flcis).

Verbs: The first person singular present indicative active of each verb is listed. If the verb is regular (i.e. forms its stems like am, mone, or audi), a numeral follows to indicate its conjugation (laud (1), I praise). If the verb is irregular, its principal parts are given.

Words introduced in New First Steps In Latin are followed by an asterisk (*). Words introduced in New Second Steps in Latin chapters are marked with the lesson number in Roman numerals in square brackets [I]. Words used in the reading lessons are shown as “P” and the paragraph number in which they occur [P1].

LATIN – ENGLISH VOCABULARY

A

(+ abl.), away from, by, from *ab (+ abl.), away, by, from *abscd, -ere, -cd, -csum, cut away, cut off [P5]absum, abesse, fu, futrus, be away [XXIV]ac, conj., and [XVII]accd, -ere, access, accessum, approach, come up to

[P7]accipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum, receive *accurr, accurrere, accurs, accursum, run to [P7]cer, cris, cre, fierce, keen, sharp *Acrisius, - m., Acrisius, king of Argosad (+ acc.), to, towards, at *addc, -ere, addx, adductum, lead to [P2]ade, adre, adi (-v), aditum, go to, go toward [P9]adfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum, affect, do to, move [P9]adhc, adv., still, to this point, yet [P1]adlig (1), bind, tie [P7]adsum, adesse, adfu, adfutrus, be present [XXIV]adulscns, adulscentis m./f., youth [P3]aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick *aegr, adv., painfully, with difficulty [VI]aes, aeris n., bronze, copper [P4]Aethiops, -pis m., Ethiopian, people of inland Africaager, agr m., field *agmen, agminis n., column (of men) [XVI]ag, agere, g, actum, drive, do, treat, deal with [III]

d (+abl.) agere, talk about, debate about [III]gratis agere (+ dat.), thank [III]vtam agere, lead a life [III]

agricola, -ae m., farmer *alius, -a, -um, another, other [XXIX]alter, altera, alterum, the other (of two) [XXIX]altus, -a, -um, deep, high, tall *amcus, -a, -um, friendly *amcus, -I, m., friend *am (1), like, love *Andromeda, -ae f., Andromeda, daughter of Cepheus

and Cassiope, saved by Perseusanguis, -is m., -f., serpent, snake [P4]animus, - m., mind, spirit; (pl.) bravery [XIII]annus, - m., year *ante (+ acc.), before [VIII]

antequam, adv., before [VII]antquus, -a, -um, ancient [XXIV]Apollo, Apollinis m., Apollo, the god of prophecyaqua, -ae f., water *arca, -ae f., box, chest [P1]arde, ardre, ars, arsrus, burn, be inflamed, blaze [I]arma, -rum n. pl., arms [IV]ascend, -ere, ascend, ascnsum, ascend, Asia, -ae f., Asia Minor, (modern Turkey)at, but [XVII]ter, tra, trum, black, dark *atque, conj., and [XVII]audx, audcis, bold *audi (4), hear, listen to *Augustus, - m., Augustus Caesar, Roman emperor (63

B.C. - A.D. 14)aurum, - n., gold [XXIII]aut, conj., or [II]aut…aut, conj., either…or [II]autem, conj., however, but, moreover [I]avus, - m., grandfather [P1]

B

betus, -a, -um, blessed, happy [P3]bellum, n., war *

bellum gerere, wage war *bene, adv., well [VI]beneficium, - n., kindness, service, benefit [P2]bonus, -a, -um, good *brevis, -e, brief, short *

C

caelum, - n., sky, heaven [XXIII]Caesar, Caesaris m., Gaius Julius Caesar, Roman

statesman and general (102-44 B.C.)campus, - m., field, plain, playing field *cant (1), sing *capi, capere, cp, captum, capture, seize, take *caput, capitis n., head *carmen, carminis n., song *crus, -a, -um, dear *castra, -rum, n. pl., camp [IV]csus, -s m., chance, fall, misfortune *

causa, -ae f., cause, reason [P5]celer, celeris, celere, quick, swift *centum, hundred [XXIX]Cepheus, - m., Cepheus, king of Cephenes in EthiopiaCerberus, -, m., Cerberus, 3-headed dog, guardian of the

Underworld [XXIX]cern, cernere, crv, crtum, decide, discern, perceive *certmen, certminis n., contest, struggle [P11]certus, -a, -um, certain [P7]cter, -ae, -a, the remaining, the rest [P4]Cicer, Cicernis m., Marcus Tullius Cicero, Roman

statesman and orator (106-43 B.C.)circum (+ acc.), around [VIII]cvis, cvis (-ium) m. / f., citizen *clm (1), shout [XXII]cog, cogere, cog, coactum, compel, drive together,

force, gather [V]collum, - n., neck [P8]comes, comitis m., / f., companion [VI]comprehend, -ere, -hend, -hensum, grasp, seize [P1]

confer, conferre, contul, colltum, bring together; (with s) take onesself , go [P10]

conici, conicere, conic, coniectum, cast, hurl, throw, throw together [P1]

coniunx, coniugis m. / f., spouse, husbadn, wife [XXVII]

cnor, cnr, cntus sum, try, attempt [XVIII]cnsilium, - n., plan [P3]cnsist, -ere, cnstit, cnstitum, stop [XI]cnspectus, -s m., sight [P5]cnstitu, -ere, cnstitu, cnstittum, decide, determine,

establish [IV]cnsul, cnsulis m., consul [XIX]cnsul, -ere, cnsulu, cnsultum, consult, resolve [P3]contend, contendere, contend, contentum, compete,

hasten, hurry, make effort, march, strive [XVI]

continns, continentis f., mainland [P4]conveni, -re, convn, conventum, come together,

convene [P11]corn, -s n., horn *corpus, corporis n., body *cottdi, adv., daily [P6]crs, adv., tomorrow [III]

cum (+ abl.), with, along with *cra, -ae f., care, concern, worry [XIX]curr, -ere, cucurr, cursum, run, hasten [XXII]

D

Dana, Danas f., Danaë, mother of Perseus, daughter of Acrisius

d (+ abl.), down from, about, concerning *dea, -ae f., (dat. / abl. pl. debus), goddess *decem, ten [XXIX]ddc, -ere, ddx, dductum, lead away, remove [P7]dfend, dfendere, dfend, dfensum, defend [XVI]dle, dlre, dlv, dltum, destroy *dplr (1), lament, mourn [P7]dpn, -ere, dposu, dpositum, put down [P9]dscend, -ere, dscend, dscnsum, descend dsertus, -a, -um, deserted [P10]dsuper, adv., above, from above [P7]deus, - m., god *dvor (1), devour, swallow [P6]Diana, -ae f., Diana, goddess of the moon and the huntdc, dcere, dx, dictum, say, speak, tell *dis, - m., day *difficilis, -e, difficult *dmitt, -ere,dms, dmissum, send away, dismiss [P3]discd, -ere, discess, discessum, depart, withdraw, leave

[P4]discipulus, - m., student [XIII]discus, m., discus [P11]dissimilis, -e, dissimilar, unlike [IX]di, adv., for a long time [XII]ditius, adv. (compar. of di), for a longer time [XXVIII]ditissim, adv., (superl. of di), for the longest time, for a

very long time [XXVIII]do, dare, ded, datum, give *

poens dare, pay the penalty [XIX]doce, docre, docu, doctum, teach *dolor, dolris m., grief, pain [P6]dominus, - m., master *domus, -s, f, home, household *dnum, - n., gift *dormi, - re, dormi / dormv, dormtum, sleep [P1]dc, dcere, dx, ductum, lead *

in mtrimnium dcere, marry [P3]

dulcis, -e, sweet *dum, while [II]duo, duae, duo, two [XXIX]dux, ducis m., leader *

E

, ex (+ abl.), from, out of *d, dere, did, ditum, give out [P8]dc, dcere, dx, ductum, lead out,

unsheath [P8]ego, me, I [II]enim, conj., for [I]e, adv., to that place [P10]e, re, i / v, itum, go [XXVI]epistula, -ae f., letter *equus, m., horse [I]err (1), make a mistake, wander *et, conj., and *etiam, conj., also, even [I]nn modo … sed etiam, conj., not only … but also [II]ex, (+ abl.) from, out of *exanim (1), exhaust [P9]excd, excdere, excess, excessum, go out, depart [XI]excit (1), awaken, rouse [P5]exercitus, -s m., army *exg, exgere, exg, exactum, drive out [V]exspect (1), look out [P7]extrah, extrahere, extrx, extrctum, drag out [P6]exu, exuere, exu, extum, put off, take off [P9]

F

facilis, -e, easy *faci, facere, fc, factum, do, make *

iter facere, make a journey, march *factum, - n., deed *falx, falcis, f., sickle, sword (curved) [P4]fma, -ae f., rumor, reputation, glory [III]ftum, - n., fate [XXIII]flx, flcis, happy *fer, ferre, tul, ltum, bear, bring, carry, endure [XIX]ferrum, - n., iron, sword [XXIII]fessus, -a, -um, exhausted, tired *fids, -e f., loyalty, faith *flia, -ae f., (dat. / abl. pl. flibus) daughter *

flius, - m., son *fnis, -is (-ium) m., end, (pl.) territory [II]flamma, -ae f., flame [III]flctus, -s m., wave, flood, sea*forte, adv., accidentally, by chance [P11]fortis, -e, strong, brave *fortna, -ae f., fortune, luck [III]frter, frtris m., brother *fremitus, -s m., groan, roar, rumble [P7]fructus, -s m., benefit, enjoyment, fruit [XXI]frustr, adv., in vain [P4]fuga, -ae f., flight, escape [III]fugi, fugere, fg, fugitrus, flee, run away, avoid *furor, -ris m., rage, fury [XIX]

G

Gaius, Gai m., common Roman name; Gaius Caesar, Roman emperor (A.D.12 - 41)

galea, -ae f., helmet [P4]gaudium, n., joy, gladness [P9]gns, gentis (-ium) f., nation, tribe *genus, -eris n., kind, sort [VIII]ger, gerere, gess, gestum, carry on, conduct *

bellum gerere, wage war *gladius, - m., sword [P8]Gorgo(n), Gorgonis f., Gorgon, three monstrous

daughters of Phorcys and Ceto with hair of snakes

gracilis, -e, graceful, slender [IX]gradus, -s m., step *Graeae, -arum f., Graeae, three sisters of the Gorgonsgratia, -ae f., favor; in plural, thanks [III]

gratis agere (+ dat.), thank, give thanks [III]grtus, -a, -um, pleasing [P3]gravis, -e, heavy, serious *graviter, seriously

H

habe (2), have, hold; consider [I]habit (1), dwell, live [P3]Hammon, Hammonis, m., Hammon, Egyptian godharna, -ae f., sand [P2]heri, adv., yesterday [III]hc, adv., here [XII]

hic, haec, hoc, this, these [VI]hodi, adv., today [III]hom, hominis m., human, man [XVII]honor, honris m., honor, officehra, -ae f., hour *horribilis, -e, horrible [P4]hostis, hostis (-ium) m., enemy [II]hc, adv., hither, to this place [P10]humilis, -e, humble, low [IX]

I

iam, adv., already, now [XXII]ibi, adv., there [XII]ictus, -s m., blow, strike [XXI]dem, eadem, idem, same [I]idneus, -a, -um, suitable [XXVIII]igitur, conj., therefore [VII]ignvus, -a, -um, idle, lazy [P3]ignis, -is (-ium) m., fire [II]ignr (1), have no knowledge of [P4]ille, illa, illud, that, those [XI]imperium, - n., power, rule [XXIII]impetus, -s m., attack [P8]in (+ abl.), in, on *in (+ acc.), into, onto, against *incd, incdere, incess, incessum, go in [XI]incipi, incipere, incp, inceptum, begin [IV]incld, includere, incls, inclsum, enclose, imprison,

shut up [P1]incola, -ae m., inhabitant *indu, induere, indu, indtum, clothe, put on [P4]ine, inre, ini (inv), initum, go in [P11]infans, infantis (-ium) m. / f., infant [P1]infici, inficere, infc, infectum, dye, stain [P8]ingns, ingentis, huge, vast *inrump, inrumpere, inrp, inruptum, burst in [P10]inspici, inspicere, inspex, inspectum, look into or

upon [XVII]insula, -ae f., island [P2]inter (+ acc.), among, between [VIII]interficio, -ficere, -fc, -fectum, kill *inveni, invenre, invn, invntum, come upon, find [P2]invidia, -ae f., envy, hatred, jealousy [III]Iove, (abl. of Iuppiter)

ipse, ipsa, ipsum, myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves; in person; very [XXVI]

ra, -ae f., anger, wrath *rtus, -a, -um, angry *is, ea, id, he, she, it, that, this, them, those, these [I]iste, ista, istud, that (of yours), those ( of yours) [XI]Italia, -ae f., Italyiter, itineris n., journey, road, way *

iter facere, make a journey, march *iterum, adv., again [P8]iube, iubre, iuss, iussum, order, command, bid [XIII]Iuppiter, Iovis m., Jupiter [P1]is, iris n., law, right *iuvenis, -is m., youth [P3]

L

labor, labris m., work, labor, hardship [XIX]lbor, lb, lapsus sum, collapse, slip [XVIII]lacrima, -ae f., tear [XIX]laetus, -a, -um, happy, joyful [XXIV]Larisa, -ae f., Larisa, city in Thessalylaud (1), praise *leg, legere, lg, lectum, choose, pick out, read [XXIII]lx, lgis f., law *libenter, adv., freely, willingly [P2]lber, lbera, lberum, free *liber, libr m., book *ligneus, -a, -um, wooden [P1]ltus, ltoris n., shore, coast, beach *Livius, -, m., Titus Livius (Livy), Roman historian (59

B.C.- A.D. 17)locus, - m. (loca, -rum n. pl.), place [IV]long, adv., far [VI]longus, -a, -um, long *ldus, - m., game, sport [P11]lmen, lminis n., light [XVI]lx, lcis f., light *

M

magicus, -a, -um, magical [P4]magis, adv., (compar. of magnopere), more; rather

[XXVIII]magister, magistr m., teacher *

magnopere, adv., greatly [VI]magnus, -a, -um, large, great *maior, maius (compar. of magnus), greater [VIII]ml, mlle, mlu, —, prefer [XXI]malus, -a, -um, bad, evil, wicked *mane, manre, mns, mnsum, remain, stay *manus, -s f., hand *mare, maris (-ium) n., sea *mter, mtris f., mother *maxim, adv. (superl. of magnopere) very greatly [XXVIII]maximus, -a, -um, (superl. of magnus) most, greatest [XXVIII]Medsa, -ae f., Medusa, one of the Gorgons, whose

gaze turned people to stonemelior, melius (compar. of bonus), better [VIII]mns, mentis (-ium) f., mind, intention [II]mentior, mentr, menttus sum, lie, tell a lie [XVIII]merg, mergere, mers, mersum, plunge, sink [P8]meritus, -a, -um, deserved, due [P9]meus, -a, -um, my, mine *mles, mlitis m., soldier *Minerva, -ae f., Minerva, goddess of wisdom, war and

weavingminimus, -a, -um (superl. of parvus), smallest, least [IX]minor, minus (compar. of parvus), smaller, less [VIII]miser, misera, miserum, unhappy, wretched *mitt, mittere, ms, missum, send *modo, adv., only, just [II]

nn modo … sed etiam, conj., not only … but also [II]modus, - m., manner, way [P5]moenia, -ium n. pl., walls [IV]mone (2), advise, warn *mns, montis (-ium) m., mountain *mnstr (1), show *mnstrum, - n., monster [P6]mora, -ae f., delay [P8]morior, mor, mortuus sum, die [XVIII]mors, mortis (-ium) f., death [XXVIII]move, movre, mv, mtum, move *mox, adv., soon [P8]multum, adv., much [VI]multus, -a, -um, much, many *mni (4), fortify *mrus, - m., wall *mt (1), change, transform [P5]

N

nam, conj., for [I]nrr (1), tell [P1]Ns, Nsnis m., Publius Ovidius Naso (Ovid), Roman

poet (43 B.C. – A.D. 17)ntra, -ae f., nature [P4]nauta, -ae m., sailor *nvis, nvis (-ium) f., ship *nec, conj., and…not, nor [XXII]nm, nminis m., no one, nobody [XIV]Neptnus, - m., Neptune, god of the seaneque, conj., and…not, nor [XXII]neque…neque, conj., neither…nor [XXII]neuter, neutra, neutrum, neither [XXIX]numquam, adv., never [XIV] nihil (indecl.) n., nothing [XIV]nl, nlle, nlu, —, be unwilling, not want, not wish

[XXI]nmen, nminis n., name *nn, adv., not *

nn modo … sed etiam, conj., not only … but also [II]

ns, nostrum / nostr, we, [II]noster, nostra, nostrum, our *novem, nine [XXIX]novus, -a, -um, new [XXIV]nox, noctis (-ium) f., night *nullus, -a, -um, no, not any, none [XXIX]Numa, -ae m., Numa Pompilius, legendary second king of

Rome (8th-7th century B.C.)numquam, adv., never [XIV]nunc, adv., now [VII]nunti (1), announce, report *nuntius, - m., messenger *

O

ob (+ acc.), because of, on account of [VII]occup (1), seize [P6]octo, eight [XXIX]oculus, - m., eye [IX]offend, offendere, offend, offnsum, offend [P6]Olympus, - m., Mount Olympus, mountain on the border

of Thessaly and Macedonia, home of the gods and goddesses

omnn, entirely [P10]omnis, -e, all, every *onus, oneris n., burden *optimus, -a, -um (superl. of bonus), best, excellent [IX]opt (1), desire [P6]opus, operis n., task, work *ra, -ae f., shore, edge, rim *rculum, - n., oracle [P1]s, oris n., mouth [VIII]ostend, ostendere, ostend, ostentum, show, stretch out

before [P10]

P

paene, adv., almost, practically [P9]par (1), prepare *pars, partis (-ium) f., part, direction [XXVIII]parum, adv., too little [VI]parvus, -a, -um, little, small *pater, patris m., father *patior, pat, passus sum, endure, experience, suffer [XVIII]patria, -ae, native land *pauc, -ae, -a, few [XXVII]pavor, pavris m., panic, terror [P6]pectus, pectoris n., breast, chest, heart *peior, peius (compar. of malus), worse, rather bad [IX]per (+ acc.), through [VIII]perdc, perdcere, perdx, perductum, lead through [P2]perculum, - n., danger, peril [P6]Perseus, - m., Perseus, son of Zeus and Danaëperveni, pervenre, pervn, perventum, arrive [P4]ps, pedis m., foot [IX]pessimus, -a, -um (superl. of malus), worst, very bad [IX]pet, petere, petiv, pettum, seek, ask for [III]prta, -ae m., pirate *pisctor, pisctoris m., fisherman [P2]pius, -a, -um, devoted, dutiful, loyal *plurimus, -a, -um (superl. of multus), most, very many

[IX]poena, -ae f., punishment [XIX]

poens dare, pay the penaltypota, -ae m., poet *Polydects, -is, m., Polydectes, king of SeriphosPompeius, - m., Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, Roman

general and statesman (106 B.C.-48 B.C.)

pn, pnere, posu, positum, place, put, set up *pns, pontis (-ium) m., bridge *porta, -ae f., gate *port (1), carry *possum, posse, potu, —, be able, can [XIII]post (+ acc.), after, behind [VIII]poste, adv., afterwards [P8]postquam, conj., after [VII]praest, praestre, praestit, praesttum, exhibit, show [P3]prm, adv., at first [VI]prmus, -a, -um, first *pr (+ abl.), in front of, on behalf of *prgredior, prgred, prgressus sum, advance, go

forward, march forward [P7]propter (+ acc.), on account of, because of [VII]proximus, -a, -um, next, nearest *pblicus, -a, -um, public [XXIV]puella, -ae f., girl *puer, puer m, boy *pugn (1), fight *pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful *puni (4), punish *put (1), think, consider [IV]Pythagoras, -ae m., Pythagoras, Greek

Q

quam, conj., than, rather than [VIII]quam (+ superlative), adv., as…as possible [XXVIII]quattuor, four [XXIX]-que, adv., and *qu, quae, quod, who, which, that, what [XVI]quis, quitis f., quiet, rest, sleep [P2]quinque, five [XXIX]quod, conj., because *quondam, adv., at one time, formerly, once [XXVII]

R

redd, reddere, reddid, redditum, give back [P9]rede, redre, redi / redv, reditum, go back [P11]redg, redgere, redg, redactum, drive back [V]reditus, -s m., return [P8]refer, referre, rettul, reltum, bring back, refer [XIX]rgia, -ae f., palace [P3]rgna, -ae f., queen *

rgnum, - n., kingdom *reg, regere, rx, rctum, rule *relinqu, relinquere, relqu, relictum, leave behind,

leave [XI]rs, re f., thing, affair, matter *rs pblica, re pblicae, f. state, republic [XXIV]rx, rgis m., king *rog (1), ask *Rma, -ae f., RomeRmnus, -a, -um, Romanrrsus, adv., again [P8]

S

sacer, sacra, sacrum, holy *saepe, adv., often [XIV]sals, saltis f., safety [P9]sanguis, sanguinis m., blood [P8]sapins, sapientis, wise *saxum, - n., rock, stone [XVII]scelus, sceleris n., crime [VIII]scrba, -ae m., secretary, writer *scrb, scrbere, scrps, scrptum, write *s (acc. / abl. of su), himself, herself, itself, themselves

[XIV]secundus, -a, -um, second [XXIX]sed, conj., but *

nn modo … sed etiam, conj., not only … but also [II]

sede, sedre, sd, sessum, sit *sds, sdis f., abode, seat [P2]semper, adv., always [XIV]sentus, -s m., senate [XXI]Seneca, -ae m., Lucius Annaeus Seneca (ca. 2 B.C.-

A.D. 65) philosopher and advisor to Nerosenti, sentre, sns, snsum, feel, perceive [XXII]septem, seven [XXIX]sequor, sequ, sectus sum, follow [XVIII]Serphs, - f., Seriphos, island in the Cyclades serv (1), save, guard, watch over *servus, - m., slave *sex, six [XXIX]sibi (dat. of reflexive su), himself, herself, itself,

themselves [XIV]sdus, sderis n., star [XXVI]

silva, -ae f., forest, woods *similis, -e, like, similar *sine (+ abl.), without *sinus, -s m., bosom, embrace [P1]socius, - m., ally [I]slus, -a, -um, alone, only, sole [XXIX]solv, solvere, solv, soltum, loosen, release,

unbind [P9]somnus, - m., sleep *soror, sorris f., sister *specis, - f., appearance, sight *speculum, - n., mirror, looking glass [P4]sps, spe f., hope *statim, adv., at once, immediately [XVII]st, stre, stet, statum, stand *sub (+ abl.), under *sube, subre, subi / subv, subitum, undergo [XXVI]subit, adv., suddenly [XXII]su (gen.), himself, herself, itself, themselves [XIV]sum, esse, fu, futrus, be *surg, surgere, surrx, surrctum, rise, stretch upward,

swell *suus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their (own) [XIV]

T

tlria, -ium n. pl., winged sandals [P4]tamen, conj., nevertheless, yet [VII]tandem, adv., at length, finally [XII]teg, tegere, tx, tectum, cover, conceal, shelter *tlum, - n., javelin, weapon *tempests, tempesttis f., storm, tempest, weather [P1]tempus, temporis n., time [XXVI]tend, tendere, tetend, tentum, extend, proceed, stretch

out *tene, tenre, tenu, tentum, hold, contain *tergum, - n., back [P5]terra, -ae f., land, earth, country *terre (2), frighten *terror, terrris m., fear, terror [P9]tertius, -a, -um, third [XXIX]time, timre, timu, —, be afraid of, fear *toll, tollere, sustul, subltum, lift, raise [P8]ttus, -a, -um, entire, whole [XXIX]

trd, trdere, trdid, trditum, hand across, hand down [P6]

trah, trahere, trx, trctum, drag [XI]tranquillus, -a, -um, calm, tranquil [P2]trnsg, trnsgere, trnsg, trnsactum, accomplish,

finish, pierce, run through [V]trs, tria, three [XXIX]trstis, -e, sad *t, you (sg.) [II]tum, adv., at that time, then [VII]tunc, adv.,at that time, then [VII]turb (1), disturb, stir up [P1]turpis, -e, disgraceful [P3]ttus, -a, -um, safe [P2]tuus, -a, -um, your, yours *

U

ubi, adv., when, where [XII]ullus, -a, -um, any [XXIX]umbra, -ae f., shadow, ghost *umerus, - m., shoulder [XIII]unda, -ae f., wave [P8]undique, adv., on all sides [P8]nus, -a, -um, one [XXIX]urbs, urbis (-ium) f., city *sus, -s m., use, application, practice, skill [XXI]ut (+ ind.), conj., as [XIX]uter, utra, utrum, which (of two) [XXIX]tilis, -e, useful *uxor, uxris f., wife [P9]

V

vacuus, -a, -um, empty [P9]vts, vtis m., seer, prophet [P6]veni, venre, vn, ventum, come *ventus, - m., wind *verbum, - n., word *vereor, verr, veritus sum, fear, respect [XVIII]Vergilius, - m., Publius Vergilius Maro (Vergil),

Roman poet (70-19 B.C.)vert, vertere, vert, versum, turn [P5]vester, vestra, vestrum, your, yours *vet, vetre, vetu, vetitum, forbid, order . . . not [XIII]via, -ae f., road, way [XII]

vide, vidre, vd, vsum, see, (pass.) seem, appear, be seen

vinc, vincere, vc, victum, conquer, defeat [XVI]vinculum, - n., bond [P9]vir, vir m., man *virg, virginis f., maiden [XVII]virts, virttis f., courage [P3]vta, -ae f., life [III]

vtam agere , lead a life [III]vt (1), avoid, escape [P11]vv, vvere, vx, vctum, live [XI]vix, adv., hardly, scarcely [XIX]voc (1), call *vol (1), fly [P4]vol, velle, volu, —, want, wish [XXI]volv, volvere, volv, voltum, roll *vs, vestrum / vestr, you (pl.) [II]vx, vcis f., voice *vulner (1), wound, hurt *

ENGLISH – LATIN VOCABULARY

A

about, d (+ abl.) *accomplish, trnsg, trnsgere, trnsg, trnsactum [V]advise, mone (2) *affair, rs, re f. *after, post (+ acc.) [VII]; (adv.), postquam [VII]against, in (+ acc.) *all, omnis, -e *ally, socius, - m. [I]alone, slus, -a, -um [XXIX]along with, cum (+ abl.) *already, iam, conj. [XXII]also, etiam, conj. [I]always, semper [XIV]among, inter (+ acc.) [VIII]ancient, antquus, -a, -um [XXIV]and, ac, atque [XVII], et, -que *and…not, nec, neque [XXII]anger, ra, -ae f. *angry, rtus, -a, -um *announce, nunti (1) *another, alius, -a, -um [XXIX]any, ullus, -a, -um [XXIX]appear, vide, vidre, vd, vsum (pass.) *appearance, specis, - f. *application, sus, -s m. [XXI]arms, arma, -rum n. pl. [IV]army, exercitus, -s m. *around, circum (+ acc.) [VIII]as, ut (+ind.) [XIX]as…as possible, quam (+ superlative), adv. [XXVIII]ascend, ascend, -ere, ascend, ascnsum ask, rog (1) *ask for, pet, petere, petv, pettum [III]at, ad (+ acc.) *at first, prm, adv. [VI]at length, tandem, adv. [XII]at once, statim, adv. [XVII]at one time, quondam, adv. [XXVII]at that time, tum, tunc, adv. [VII]attempt, cnor, cnr, cntus sum [XVIII]avoid, fugi, fugere, fg, fugitrus *away, , ab (+ abl.) *

away from, , ab (+ abl.) *

B

bad, malus, -a, -um *be, sum, esse, fu, futrus *be able, possum, posse, potu, — [XIII]be afraid of, time, timre, timu, — *be away, absum, abesse, fu, futrus [XXIV]be inflamed, arde, ardre, ars, arsrus [I]be present, adsum, adesse, adfu, adfutrus [XXIV]be seen, vide, vidre, vd, vsum, (pass.) *be unwilling, nl, nlle, nlu, — [XXI]beach, ltus, ltoris n. *bear, fer, ferre, tul, ltum [XIX]beautiful, pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum *because, quod, conj. *because of, ob (+ acc.), propter (+ acc.) [VII]before, ante (+ acc.) [VIII]before, antequam, adv. [VII]begin, incipi, incipere, incp, inceptum [IV]behind, post (+ acc.) [VIII]benefit, fructus, -s m. [XXI] best, optimus, -a, -um (superl. of bonus) [IX]better, melior, melius (compar. of bonus) [VIII]between, inter (+ acc.) [VIII]bid, iube, iubre, iuss, iussum [XIII]black, ter, tra, trum *blaze, arde, ardre, ars, arsrus [I]blow, ictus, -s m. [XXI]body, corpus, corporis n. *bold, audx, audcis *book, liber, libr m. *boy, puer, puer m.*brave, fortis, -e *bravery, animus, - m. (pl.) [XIII]breast, pectus, pectoris n. *bridge, pns, pontis (-ium) m. *brief, brevis, -e *bring, fer, ferre, tul, ltum [XIX]bring back, refer, referre, rettul, reltum [XIX]brother, frter, frtris m. *burden, onus, oneris n. *burn, arde, ardre, ars, arsrus [I]but, at, [XVII], autem, conj. [I], sed, conj. *

not only … but also, nn modo … sed etiam, conj. [II]by, , ab (+ abl.) *

C

Caesar, Caesar, Caesaris m.call, voc (1) *camp, castra, -rum n. pl. [IV]can, possum, posse, potu, — [XIII]capture, capi, capere, cp, captum *care, cra, -ae f. [XIX]carry, fer, ferre, tul, ltum [XIX], port (1) *carry on, ger, gerere, gess, gestum *chance, csus, -s m. *chest, pectus, pectoris n. *.choose, leg, legere, lg, lectum [XXIII]citizen, cvis, cvis (-ium) m. / f. *city, urbs, urbis (-ium) f. *coast, ltus, ltoris n. *collapse, lbor, lb, lapsus sum [XVIII]column (of men), agmen, agminis n. [XVI]come, veni, venre, vn, ventum *command, iube, iubre, iuss, iussum [XIII]companion, comes, comitis m. / f. [VI]compel, cog, cogere, cog, coactum [V]compete, contend, contendere, contend, contentum

[XVI]conceal, teg, tegere, tx, tectum *concern, cra, -ae f. [XIX]concerning, d (+ abl.) *conduct, gero, gerere, gess, gestum *conquer, vinc, vincere, vc, victum [XVI]consider, habe (2) [I], put (1) [IV]consul, cnsul, cnsulis m. [XIX]contain, tene, tenre, tenu, tentum *country, terra, -ae f. *cover, teg, tegere, tx, tectum *crime, scelus, sceleris n. [VIII]

D

dark, ter, tra, trum *daughter, flia, -ae f. (dat. / abl. pl. flibus) *day, dis, - m *deal with, ag, agere, g, actum [III]dear, crus, -a, -um *death, mors, mortis f. (-ium) [XXVIII]debate about, d (+ abl.) agere [III]

decide, cern, cernere, crv, crtum *; cnstitu, -ere, cnstitu, cnstittum [IV]

deed, factum, - n. *deep, altus, -a, -um *defeat, vinc, vincere, vc, victum [XVI]depart, excd, excdere, excess, excessum [XI]descend, dscend, -ere, dscend, dscnsum, destroy, dle, dlre, dlv, dltum *determine, cnstitu, -ere, cnstitu, cnstittum [IV]devoted, pius, -a, -um *die, morior, mor, mortuus sum [XVIII]difficult, difficilis, -e *direction, pars, partis f. (-ium) [XXVIII]discern, cern, cernere, crv, crtum *dissimilar, dissimilis, -e [IX]divine, dvus, -a, -um [XXIV]do, ag, agere, g, actum [III]; faci, facere, fc,

factum *down from, d (+ abl.) *drag, trah, trahere, trx, trctum [XI]drive, ag, agere, g, actum [III]dutiful, pius, -a, -um *

E

earth, terra, -ae f. *easy, facilis, -e *edge, ra, -ae f. *eight, octo [XXIX]either…or, aut…aut, conj. [II]end, fnis, -is (-ium) m. [IV]endure, fer, ferre, tul, ltum [XIX]endure, patior, pat, passus sum [XVIII]enemy, hostis, hostis (-ium) m. (usually pl. in Latin) [II]enjoyment, fructus, -s m. [XXI]entire, ttus, -a, -um [XXIX]envy, invidia, -ae f. [III]escape, fuga, -ae f. [III]establish, cnstitu, -ere, cnstitu, cnstittum [IV]even, etiam, conj. [I]every, omnis, -e *evil, malus, -a, -um *excellent, optimus, -a, -um (superl. of bonus) [IX]exhausted, fessus, -a, -um *experience, patior, pat, passus sum [XVIII]extend, tend, tendere, tetend, tentum *eye, oculus, - m. [IX]

F

faith, fids, -e f. *fall, csus, -s m. *far, long, adv. [VI]farmer, agricola, -ae m. *fate, ftum, - n. [XXIII]father, pater, patris m. *favor, gratia, -ae f. [III]fear (verb), time, timre, timu, —*; vereor, verr,

veritus sum [XVIII]feel, senti, sentre, sns, snsum [XXII]few, pauc, -ae, -a [XXVII]field, ager, agr m. *field, campus, - m. *fierce, cer, cris, cre *fight, pugn (1) *finally, tandem, adv. [XII]fire, ignis, -is (-ium) m. [II]first, prmus, -a, -um *five, quinque [XXIX]flame, flamma, -ae f. [III]flee, fugi, fugere, fg, fugitrus *flight, fuga, -ae f. [III]flood, flctus, -s m. *follow, sequor, sequ, sectus sum [XVIII]foot, ps, pedis m. [IX]for, enim (postpositive), conj., [I], nam, conj. [I]for a long time, di, adv. [XII]for a longer time, ditius (compar. of di), adv. [XXVIII]for the longest / a very long time, ditissim (superl. of

di), adv. [XXVIII]forbid, vet, vetre, vetu, vetitum [XIII]force, cog, cogere, cog, coactum [V]forest, silva, -ae f. *formerly, quondam, adv. [XXVII]fortify, mni (4) *fortune, fortna, -ae f. [III]four, quattuor [XXIX]free, lber, lbera, lberum *friend, amcus, -, m. *friendly, amcus, -a, -um *frighten, terre (2) *from, , ab (+ abl.) *; , ex (+ abl.) *fruit, fructus, -s m. [XXI]fury, furor, -ris m. [XIX]

G

gate, porta, -ae f. *gather, cog, cogere, cog, coactum [V]ghost, umbra, -ae f. *gift, dnum, - n. *girl, puella, -ae f. *give, d, dare, ded, datum *give thanks, gratis agere (+ dat.) [III]go, e, re, i / v, itum [XXVI]go in, incd, incdere, incess, incessum [XI]go out, excd, excdere, excess, excessum [XI]god, deus, - m. *goddess, dea, -ae f. (dat. / abl. pl. debus) *gold, aurum, - n. [XXIII]good, bonus, -a, -um *graceful, gracilis, -e [IX]great, magnus, -a, -um *greater, maior, maius (compar. of magnus) [VIII]greatly, magnopere, adv. [VI]guard, serv (1) *

H

hand, manus, -s f. *happy, flx, flcis *happy, laetus, -a, -um [XXIV]hardly, vix, adv. [XIX]hardship, labor, labris m. [XIX]hasten, contend, -ere, contend, contentum [XVI]hatred, invidia, -ae f. [III]have, habe (2) [I]he, she, it, is, ea, id [I]head, caput, capitis n. *hear, audi (4) *heart, pectus, pectoris n. *heaven, caelum, - n. [XXIII]heavy, gravis, -e *here, hc, adv. [XII]herself (intensive) ipse, ipsa, ipsum [XXVI]herself (reflexive) su, sibi, s, s [XIV]high, altus, -a, -um *himself (intensive), ipse, ipsa, ipsum [XXVI]himself (reflexive), su, sibi, s, s [XIV] his, her, its(own), suus, -a, -um [XIV]hold, habe (2) [I]hold, tene, tenre, tenu, tentum *holy, sacer, sacra, sacrum *

home, domus, -s, f *honor, honor, honris m.hope, sps, spe f. *horn, corn, -s n *horse, equus, m. [I]hour, hra, -ae f. *house, household, domus, -s f *however, autem, conj. [I]huge, ingns, ingentis *human, hom, hominis m. [XVII]humble, humilis, -e [IX]hundred, centum [XXIX]hurry, contend, contendere, contend, contentum [XVI]hurt, vulner (1) *

I

I, ego, me [II]immediately, statim, adv. [XVII]in, in (+ abl.) *in front of, pr (+ abl.) *inhabitant, incola, -ae m. *intention, mns, mentis (-ium) f. [II]into, in (+ acc.) *iron, ferrum, - n. [XXIII]Italy, Italia, -ae f.itself (intensive), ipse, ipsa, ipsum [XXVI]itself (reflexive), su, sibi, s, s [XIV]

J

javelin, tlum, - n. *jealousy, invidia, -ae, f. [III]journey, iter, itineris n. *joyful, laetus, -a, -um [XXIV]just, modo, adv. [II]

K

keen, cer, cris, cre *kill, interficio, -ficere, -fc, -fectum *kind, genus, -eris n. [VIII]king, rx, rgis m. *kingdom, rgnum, - n. *

L

labor, labor, labris m. [XIX]land, terra, -ae f. *large, magnus, -a, -um *law, is, iris n. *

law, lx, lgis f. *lead, dc, dcere, dx, ductum *lead a life, vtam agere [III]leader, dux, ducis m. *least, minimus, -a, -um [IX]leave, relinqu, relinquere, relqu, relictum [XI]leave behind, excd, excedere, excess, excessum [XI]less, minor, minus [IX]letter, epistula, -ae f. *lie, mentior, mentr, menttus sum [XVIII]life, vta, -ae f. [III]light, lmen, lminis n. [XVI]; lx, lcis f. *like (adj.), similis, -e *like (verb), am (1) *listen to, audi (4) *little, parvus, -a, -um *live, vv, vvere, vx, vctum [XI]long, longus, -a, -um *look into or upon, inspici, inspicere, inspex,

inspectum [XVII]love, am (1) *low, humilis, -e [IX]loyal, pius, -a, -um *loyalty, fids, -e f. *luck, fortna, -ae f. [III]

M

maiden, virg, virginis f. [XVII]make, faci, facere, fc, factum *make a journey, iter facere *make a mistake, err (1) *make an effort, contend, contendere, contend,

contentum [XVI]man, hom, hominis m [XVII], vir, vir m. *many, multus, -a, -um *march, contend, contendere, contend, contentum [XVI]march, iter facere *master, dominus, - m. *matter, rs, re f. *messenger, nuntius, - m. *mind, animus, - m. [XIII]; mns, mentis (-ium) f. [II]mine, meus, -a, -um *misfortune, csus, -s m. *more, magis (compar. of magnopere) [XXVIII]moreover, autem [I]most(adv.), maxim [XXVIII]

most(adj.), plrimus, -a, -um (superl. of multus) [IX]mother, mter, mtris f. *mountain, mns, montis (-ium) m. *mouth, s, oris n. [VIII]move, move, movre, mv, mtum *much, multum, adv. [VI]much, multus, -a, -um *my, meus, -a, -um *myself (intensive) ipse, ipsa, ipsum [XXVI]myself (reflexive) me, mihi, m, m [XIV]

N

name, nmen, nminis n. *nation, gns, gentis (-ium) f. *native land, patria, -ae *nearest, proximus, -a, -um *neither, neuter, neutra, neutrum [XXIX]neither…nor, neque…neque, conj. [XXII]never, numquam, conj. [XIV]nevertheless, tamen, conj. [VII]new, novus, -a, -um [XXIV]next, proximus, -a, -um *night, nox, noctis (-ium) f. *nine, novem [XXIX]no, nullus, -a, -um [XXIX]none, nullus, -a, -um [XXIX]no one, nm, nminis m. / f. [XIV]nobody, nm, nminis m. / f. [XIV]nor, nec, neque, conj. [XXII]not, nn, adv. *not any, nullus, -a, -um [XXIX]not only … but also, nn modo … sed etiam, conj. [II]not want, nl, nlle, nlu, — [XXI]not wish, nl, nlle, nlu, — [XXI]nothing, nihil (indecl.) n. [XIV]now, iam, conj. [XXII]; nunc, adv. [VII]

O

often, saepe, adv. [XIV]on, in (+ abl.) *on account of, ob (+ acc.); propter (+ acc.) [VII]on behalf of, pr (+ abl.) *once, quondam, adv. [XXVII]one, nus, -a, -um [XXIX]only, modo, adv. [II], slus, -a, -um [XXIX]onto, in (+ acc.) *

or, aut, conj. [II]order, iube, iubre, iuss, iussum [XIII]order . . . not, vet, vetre, vetu, vetitum [XIII]other, alius, -a, -um [XXIX]our, noster, nostra, nostrum *ourselves (intensive) ips, ipsae, ipsa [XXVI]ourselves (reflexive) nostr, nbs, ns, nbis [XIV]out of, , ex (+ abl.) *

P

painfully, aegr, adv. [VI]part, pars, partis (-ium) f. [XXVIII]pay the penalty, poens dare perceive, cern, cernere, crv, crtum *; senti, sentre,

sns, snsum [XXII]pick out, leg, legere, lg, lectum [XXIII]pirate, prta, -ae m. *place (noun), locus, - m. (loca, -rum n. pl.) [IV]place (verb), pn, pnere, posu, positum *plain, campus, - m. *playing field, campus, - m. *poet, pota, -ae m. *power, imperium, - n. [XXIII]practice, sus, -s m. [XXI]praise, laud (1) *prefer, ml, mlle, mlu, — [XXI]prepare, par (1) *proceed, tend, tendere, tetend, tentum *public, pblicus, -a, -um [XXIV]punish, puni (4) *punishment, poena, -ae f. [XIX]put, pn, pnere, posu, positum *

Q

queen, rgna, -ae f. *quick, celer, celeris, celere *

R

rage, furor, -ris m. [XIX]rather, magis, adv. [XXVIII]rather than, quam, conj. [VIII]read, leg, legere, lg, lectum [XXIII]receive, accipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum *refer, refero, referre, rettul, reltum [XIX]remain, mane, manre, mns, mnsum *report, nnti (1) *

republic, rs pblica, re pblicae f. [XXIV]reputation, fma, -ae f. [III]respect, vereor, verr, veritus sum [XVIII]right, is, iris n. *rim, ra, -ae f. *rise, surg, surgere, surrx, surrctum *road, iter, itineris n. *; via, -ae f. [XII]rock, saxum, - n. [XVII]roll, volv, volvere, volv, voltum *Roman, Rmnus, -a, -um Rome, Rma, -ae f.rule (noun), imperium, - n. [XXIII]rule (verb), reg, regere, rx, rctum *rumor, fma, -ae f. [III]run, curr, -ere, cucurr, cursum [XXII]run away, fugi, fugere, fg, fugitrus *run through, trnsg, trnsgere, trnsg, trnsactum [V]

S

sad, trstis, -e *sailor, nauta, -ae m. *same, dem, eadem, idem [I]save, serv (1) *say, dc, dcere, dx, dictum *scarcely, vix, adv. [XIX]sea, flctus, -s m. *, mare, maris (-ium) n. *second, secundus, -a, -um [XXIX]secretary, scrba, -ae m. *see, vide, vidre, vd, vsum *seek, pet, petere, petv, pettum [III]seem, vide, vidre, vd, vsum, (pass.) *seize, capi, capere, cp, captum *senate, sentus, -s m. [XXI]send, mitt, mittere, ms, missum *serious, gravis, -e *seriously, graviter, adv.set up, pn, pnere, posu, positum *seven, septem [XXIX]shadow, umbra, -ae f. *sharp, cer, cris, cre *shelter, teg, tegere, tx, tectum *ship, nvis, nvis (-ium) f. *shore, ltus, ltoris n. *; ra, -ae f. *short, brevis, -e *shoulder, umerus, - m. [XIII]shout, clm (1) [XXII]

show, monstr (1) *sick, aeger, aegra, aegrum *sight, specis, - f. *similar, similis, -e *sing, cant (1) *sister, soror, sorris f. *sit, sede, sedre, sd, sessum *situation, rs, re, f.*six, sex [XXIX]skill, sus, -s m. [XXI]sky, caelum, - n. [XXIII]slave, servus, - m. *sleep, somnus, - m. *slender, gracilis, -e [IX]slip, lbor, lb, lapsus sum [XVIII]small, parvus, -a, -um *smaller, minor, minus (compar. of parvus) [VIII]smallest, minimus, -a, -um (superl. of parvus) [IX]soldier, mles, mlitis m. *sole, slus, -a, -um [XXIX]son, flius, - m. *song, carmen, carminis n. *sort, genus, -eris n. [VIII]speak, dc, dcere, dx, dictum *spirit, animus, - m. [XIII]spouse, coniunx, coniugis m. / f. [XXVII]stand, st, stre, stet, statum *star, sdus, sderis n. [XXVI]state, rs pblica, re pblicae f. [XXIV]stay, mane, manre, mns, mnsum *step, gradus, -s m. *stone, saxum, - n. [XVII]stop, cnsist, -ere, cnstit, — [XI]stretch out, tend, tendere, tetend, tentum *stretch upward, surg, surgere, surrx, surrctum *strike, ictus, -s m. [XXI]strive, contend, contendere, contend, contentum [XVI]strong, fortis, -e *student, discipulus, - m. [XIII]suddenly, subit, adv. [XXII]suffer, patior, pat, passus sum [XVIII]suitable, idneus, -a, -um [XXVIII]sweet, dulcis, -e *swell, surg, surgere, surrx, surrctum *swift, celer, celeris, celere *sword, ferrum, - n. [XXIII]

T

take, capi, capere, cp, captum *talk about, d (+ dat.) agere [III]tall, altus, -a, -um *task, opus, operis n. *teach, doce, docre, docu, doctum *teacher, magister, magistr m. *tear, lacrima, -ae f. [XIX]tell, dc, dcere, dx, dictum *tell a lie, mentior, mentr, menttus sum [XVIII]ten, decem [XXIX]territory (pl.), fns, fnium, m. [IV]than, quam [VIII]thank, gratis agere (+ dat.) [III]thanks (pl.), gratiae, -rum f. [III]that, ille, illa, illud [XI]; is, ea, id [I]that, qu, quae, quod [XVI]that (of yours), iste, ista, istud [XI]the other( of two), alter, altera, alterum [XXIX]their (own), suus, -a, -um [XIV]themselves (intensive) ips, ipsae, ipsum [XXVI]themselves (reflexive) su, sibi, s, s [XIV]then, tum, tunc, adv. [VII]there, ibi, adv. [XII]therefore, igitur, conj. [VII]these (pl.), hic, haec, hoc [VI]thing, rs, re f. *think, put (1) [IV]third, tertius, -a, -um [XXIX]this, hic, haec, hoc [VI], is, ea, id [I]those (pl.), ille, illa, illud [XI]three, trs, tria [XXIX]through, per (+ acc.) [VIII]time, tempus, tempris n. [XXVI]tired, fessus, -a, -um *to, ad (+ acc.) *today, hodi, adv. [III]tomorrow, crs, adv. [III]too little, parum, adv. [VI]towards, ad (+ acc.) *treat, ag, agere, g, actum [III]tribe, gns, gentis (-ium) f. *try, cnor, cnr, cntus sum [XVIII]two, duo, duae, duo [XXIX]

U

under, sub (+ abl.) *undergo, sube, subre, subi (subv), subitum [XXVI]unhappy, miser, misera, miserum *unlike, dissimilis, -e [IX]use, sus, -s m. [XXI]useful, tilis, -e *

V

vast, ingns, ingentis *very bad, pessimus, -a, -um (superl. of malus) [IX]very badly, pessim (superl. of male), adv. [XXVIII]very good, optimus, -a, -um (superl. of bonus) [IX]very greatly, maxim (superl. of magnopere), adv.

[XXVIII]very many, plurimus, -a, -um (superl. of multus) [IX]very well, optim (superl. of bene), adv. [XXVIII]voice, vx, vcis f. *

W

wage war, bellum gerere *wall, mrus, - m. *walls, moenia, -ium n. pl. [IV]wander, err (1) *want, vol, velle, volu, — [XXI]war, bellum, n. *warn, mone (2) *watch over, serv (1) *water, aqua, -ae f. *way, iter, itineris n. *; via, -ae f. [XII]we, ns [II]weapon, tlum, - n. *well, bene, adv. [VI]what, qu, quae, quod [XVI]when, ubi, adv. [XII]where, ubi, adv. [XII]which, qu, quae, quod [XVI]which (of two), uter, utra, utrum [XXIX]while, dum, conj. (with present indicative) [II]who, which, that (rel. pron.), qu, quae, quod [XVI]whole, ttus, -a, -um [XXIX]wicked, malus, -a, -um *wife, coniunx, coniugis, f. [XXVII]wind, ventus, - m. *wise, sapins, sapientis *wish, vol, velle, volu, — [XXI]

with, cum (+ abl.) *with difficulty, aegr [VI]without, sine (+ abl.) *woods, silva, -ae f. *word, verbum, - n. *work, labor, labris m. [XIX], opus, operis n. *worry, cra, -ae f. [XIX]worse, peior, peius (compar. of malus) [IX]worst, pessimus, -a, -um (superl. of malus) [IX]wound, vulner (1) *wrath, ra, -ae f. *wretched, miser, misera, miserum *write, scrb, scrbere, scrps, scrptum *writer, scrba, -ae m. *

Y

year, annus, - m. *yesterday, heri, adv. [III]yet, tamen, conj. [VII]you (pl.), vs, vestrum / vestr [II]you (sg.), t, tu [II]your(sg.), tuus, -a, -um *your(pl.), vester, vestra, vestrum *yours(sg.), tuus, -a, -um *yours(pl.), vester, vestra, vestrum *yourself (intensive) ipse, ipsa, ipsum [XXVI]yourself (reflexive) tu, tibi, t, t, (pl.) vestr, vbs,

vs, vbis

INDEXAblative:

Accompaniment, 1Cause, 22Comparison, 16Degree of Difference, 18Manner, 38Means or Instrument, 1Motion away from or Place to Which, 1Personal Agent, 1Place Where, 1Time When, 1with prepositions, 1

Accusative and Infinitive with iube and vet, 26Accusative and Infinitive of Indirect Statement: 44, 46Adjectives:

Regular Comparison, 14Irregular Comparison, 16

Adverbs:Formation, 12Comparison, 56

Antecedent: 32Cause: 22Clauses: definition, main, subordinate: 44Comparison:

Adjectives: 14, 16Adverbs: 56

Complementary Infinitive: 8, 26, 42Compounds:

Ag: 11Dis-, ante-, post-: 21E: 61Fer: 41Ml: 51Nl: 51Possum: 31Sequor: 41Sum: 51

Compound Subjects: 4Con junctions: subordinate and coordinate: 44Connected Prose: 14Cum as Enclitic: 4, 28, 32Dative in -: 2, 22, 32, 52, 58Demonstratives: 2, 12, 22Deponent Verbs: 36Eius, erum, erum: 2, 28Enclitic cum: 4, 28, 32E: 52, 61Fer: 38, 41Finite Verb: 8Genitive in -ius: 2, 14, 22, 32, 52, 58

Hic, haec, hoc: 12dem, eadem, idem: 2Indirect Statement: 46, 48Infinitives:

Complementary: 8, 26, 42 Object, Subject: 8Infinitive Phrase: 54

Intensive: 52Ipse, ipsa, ipsum: 52Is, ea, id: 2Iste, ista, istud: 22Magis: 56Maxim: 56Ml: 42, 51Nol: 42, 51Numbers, Cardinal and Ordinal 58Ob, cause: 22Participles: 6Participle Phrases: 54Perseus 1 and 2: 15Perseus 3 and 4: 25Perseus 5 and 6: 35Perseus 7 and 8: 45Perseus 9 and 10: 55Perseus 11: 61Phrase: 44Possum: 26, 30Prepositional Phrase: 54Pronouns:

Demonstrative, 2, 12, 22Intensive, 52Reflexive, 28Relative, 32

Propter, cause: 22Quam:

with Comparison: 16with Superlative: 56

Qu, quae, quod: 32Reading: 14, 24, 34, 44, 54Reflexive: Adjective, Pronoun: 28Relative Pronoun: 32Review Lessons: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60Third Rule of Concord: 32Vol: 42, 51

104