CONTENTS

I. Subjunctive Mood; Present subjunctive; Hortatory/ Jussive Subjunctive 2II. Present Subjunctive of Irregular Verbs; Purpose Clauses; Relative Clauses of Purpose 4III. Imperfect Subjunctive; Sequence of Tenses; Purpose Clauses in Secondary Sequence 6IV. Perfect Subjunctive; Result Clauses 8V. Pluperfect Subjunctive; Cum clauses 10VI. Review: Lessons I-V 12VII. Correlatives; Domus, Rus; the Locative Case; Vs 14VIII. Direct Questions 16IX. The Imperative Mood; the Vocative Case 18X. Irregular Verb - Fi, fer, factus sum; Certirem facere 20XI. Review: Lessons VII – X 22XII. Indirect Questions 24XIII. The Ablative Case; Separation, Specification, Description; Ablative Uses 26XIV. Ablative Absolute 28XV. The Dative Case; Dative with Special Verbs; Dative of Possession, Purpose, Reference; Double Dative 30XVI. Review: Lessons XII – XV 32XVII. Conditions 34XVIII. Gerunds 36XIX. Gerundives 38XX. Passive Periphrastic 40XXI. Review: Lessons XVII – XX 42XXII. Indirect Commands 44XXIII. Subjunctive Relative Clauses; Relative Clause of Purpose, Characteristic, and Result 46XXIV. Supines and Purpose Review 48XXV. Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Statement 50XXVI. Review: Lessons XXII – XXV 52XXVII. Impersonal Constructions 54XXVIII. Clauses of Fearing 56XXIX. The Genitive Case; Partitive; Genitive of Description; Objective Genitive; Memin and oblviscor 58XXX. Review: Lessons XXVII – XXIX 60

Vocabulary by Chapter 62Regular Verb Conjugations 76Irregular Verb Conjugations 82Deponent Verb Conjugations 85Noun Declensions 88Adjective Declensions 88Comparative Adjectives and Adverbs 90Pronouns 91Numerals 93Classified Vocabulary 94Latin - English Vocabulary 106English - Latin Vocabulary 117Index 132

1

Lesson ISUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

The SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD is used mainly in subordinate clauses. It can express command, purpose, result, characteristic, indirect question, or circumstance. As a main verb, the subjunctive indicates possibility, probability, or wish. There are four tenses of the subjunctive: present, imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect.

Present SubjunctiveThe present subjunctive of the first conjugation is formed by changing of the present stem to and adding the personal endings. In all other conjugations is inserted between the present stem and the personal endings.

singular First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth1st person amem moneam dcam capiam audiam2nd person ams mones dcs capis audis3rd person amet moneat dcat capiat audiat

plural1st person ammus monemus dcmus capimus audimus2nd person amtis monetis dctis capitis auditis3rd person ament moneant dcant capiant audiant

singular First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth1st person amer monear dcar capiar audiar2nd person amris moneris dcris capiris audiris3rd person ametur moneatur dcatur capiatur audiatur

plural1st person ammur monemur dcmur capimur audimur2nd person ammin monemini dcmin capimin audimin3rd person amentur moneantur dcantur capiantur audiantur

There is no standard translation of the subjunctive verb; the translation of a subjunctive verb is determined by its context.

Present Subjunctive of Sum and Possum

The present subjunctives of sum and possum are irregular and must be memorized.

singular sum possum1st person sim possim2nd person ss posss3rd person sit possit

plural1st person smus possmus2nd person stis posstis3rd person sint possint

Hortatory/ Jussive SubjunctiveThe present subjunctive used as the main verb indicates the ideas of encouragement, wish, or command.A verb used in this way in the first person is called HORTATORY and in the third person JUSSIVE. The hortatory/ jussive subjunctive is translated into English with “let” or “may.”

V vat r g na! May the queen live!Mone mus rgem. Let us warn the king.

The negative adverb for this construction is n.

N capimus urbem. Let us not capture the city.N urbs capitur. May the city not be captured.

2

Vocabulary I

Fourth Declension Masculine Nouns First Conjugation Verbsadventus,-s, m., approach, arrivalcnspectus,-s, m., sightcursus,-s, m., courseimpetus,-s, m., attackmagistrtus,-s, m., magistracy, magistratemetus,-s, m., fear

appell, (1), accost, address, nameconfrm (1), encourage, strengthentempt (1), test, try

Third Declension Adjectives Adverbsdligns,-ntis, carefulpotens,-ntis, capable, powerfulprdens,-ntis, prudent, sensible

clam, adv., secretlyconfestim, adv., immediatelyhaud, adv., not at all

Exercise I

A.

1. Hc impetum hostium manemus.

2. N fdem potentium amcrum temptmus.

3. Prdns in neutram partem met movetur.

4. Tts ns re pblicae sine met dmus.

5. Sit ille prmus cnsul, qu maxim idneus est.

6. Pater metum fliae moritrae in oculs vidre potuit.

7. Conspectus magistrats potentis invidiam servrum confestim confirmvit.

8. Hc ditius manemus, vent enim haud facils sunt.

9. Dux Gallrum adventum Caesaris in Belgicam haud bene tulit.

10. Parvs puells, quae s inter umbrs ab impetibus Gallrum tegere poterunt, in silvs mittmus.

11. Dligents prdentsque semper nbs adsint.

12. Sentum neque advent neque conspect su movre poterat.

B.

1. May he not call us!

2. Let us remain here.

3. Fear of the arrival of the god drove the maidens into flight.

4. Let the sailors hold the course of the ships, for Britain is in our sight.

5. The devoted boy announced the arrival of Caesar to the powerful queen.

6. Let us not fear death.

7. Let us approach; let us accost the king.

8. Let us depart at night and journey secretly to our city.

9. Let the deeds of these Roman soldiers strengthen immediately the minds of the powerful magistrates.

10. Let all prudent (people) stop here immediately and depart from the city secretly.

11. He said that his course toward the city was not at all swift.

12. Let us all sit and let us think about these matters diligently.

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Lesson IIIRREGULAR SUBJUNCTIVES

The present subjunctives of the verbs vol, nl, ml and e are irregular and must be memorized.

singular vol nl ml e1st person velim nlim mlim eam

2nd person vels nls mls es3rd person velit nlit mlit eat

plural1st person velmus nlmus mlmus emus2nd person veltis nltis mltis etis3rd person velint nlint mlint eant

.

Purpose ClausesA PURPOSE CLAUSE is a subordinate clause which gives the reason behind an action. It answers the question “why?” or “for what purpose?” In Latin a purpose clause has a verb in the subjunctive. Most often a positive purpose clause begins with the conjunction ut and a negative purpose clause begins with the conjunction n.

Veni ut audiam. I come to hear (in order that I may hear, in order to hear, so that I may hear, so as to hear).

Fugiunt n s vide tis. They flee lest you see them (in order not to see them, lest you see them,, in order that you may not see them, so that you may not see them).

Lgtus vnit ut pcem petat. The envoy has come to seek peace.

There are many ways to express purpose in English, but, unlike English, Latin rarely uses the infinitive to show purpose.

Relative Clause of Purpose

A RELATIVE CLAUSE OF PURPOSE uses the relative pronoun in place of ut.

Lgtus mittitur qu pcem petat. An envoy is sent to seek peace (in order to seek peace, (= Lgtus mittitur ut pcem petat.) so as to seek peace, in order that he may seek peace,

so that he may seek peace).

Epistuls scrbit quibus t laudet. He writes letters with which to praise you.( = Epistuls scrbit ut t laudet.) He writes letters by which he may praise you.

He writes letters to praise you.

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Vocabulary II

3rd Declension Feminine Nouns Verbsaets,-ttis, f., ageauctrits,-ttis, f., authority, influencecalamitas, calamitatis f. calamity, disastercvits,-ttis, f., citizenship, statecupidits,-ttis, f., desire, greed (+ gen.)difficults,-ttis, f., difficultylberts,-ttis, f., freedompotests,-ttis, f., powerpax, pacis f. peace

contine, -re, continu, contentum, contain, hold together, sustainobtine, -re, obtinu, obtentum, hold, obtainpertine, -re, pertinu, pertentum, extend, pertainretine, -re, retinu, retentum, hold back, restrain, keep (from)sustine, -re, sustinu, sustentum, hold (up), sustaindiffer, differre, distul, diltum, defer, differ, scatterperfer, perferre, pertul, perltum, endure, report

Adverbs Conjunctionfer, adv., almost, nearlypaen, adv., almost

ut (+ subj.), in order that, so that, with the result thatne (+subj), in order that ....not ; lest

Exercise IIA.

1. Cum hostibus contendunt n vincantur.

2. Mults difficultts perferet ut liberttem obtineat.

3. Fer omns hae rs nbs pertinent.

4. Obtinre aut retinre amcs haud poteram.

5. Ad urbem venit ut illa ira obtineat quae cvits dederat.

6. Scrb ut mea verba d eius maxim cupiditte ad t perferantur.

7. S sustinet n d curs incept lbtur.

8. Semper dcbat magistrats nn potesttibus, sed auctritte differre.

9. Vestrae aetts aut nihil aut nn multum inter s differunt.

10. Magnopere contendunt ut nunc aut magistrtum gerant aut in su potestte habeant es qu sunt in magistrt.

11. Sls cupiditts sequuntur quibus sus vts melirs faciant.

12. Postquam amcs gratis gimus, invidiam sequ nlmus.

B.

1. They will defend the walls in order to save the citizens.

2. We carry lights in order that we not wander from the way.

3. They endure angry masters in order to obtain their freedom.

4. Let us restrain them through fear lest they wage war against us.

5. Let us be willing to make the journey with them lest they have any difficulties.

6. A few (men) run suddenly to the gates in order to keep the enemy from the camp.

7. Let him prefer to have authority rather than power.

8. They will destroy liberty with the sword in order to preserve their power.

9. Let us prefer to hold back our anger rather than to wage war.

10. You will uphold the laws of the republic in order that you may have the liberty which you have sought.

5

Lesson IIIIMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

The Imperfect Subjunctive is formed by adding the active or passive personal endings to the present active infinitive.

singular First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth1st person amrem monrem dcerem caperem audrem2nd person amrs monrs dcers capers audrs3rd person amret monret dceret caperet audret

plural1st person amrmus monrmus dcermus capermus audrmus2nd person amrtis monrtis dcertis capertis audrtis3rd person amrent monrent dcerent caperent audrent

Deponent verbs add -re- (or –ere- for the third and third I-stem conjugations) to the present stem before the passive personal endings.

Singular First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth 1st person conrer verrer sequerer paterer mentrer2nd person conrris verrris sequerris paterris mentrris3rd person conrtur verrtur sequertur patertur mentrtur

Plural1st person conrmur verrmur sequermur patermur mentrmur2nd person conrmin verrmin sequermin patermin mentrmin

3rd person conrentur verrentur sequerentur paterentur mentrentur

Sequence of TensesTenses in Latin are divided into two sequences: PRIMARY and SECONDARY/HISTORICAL. The tense of the main verb determines the tense of the subjunctive verb in certain subordinate clauses. If the main verb is present, future, present perfect (with “have” or “has”), or future perfect, the sequence is primary and the present or perfect subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause. If the main verb is imperfect, aorist, or pluperfect, the sequence is secondary and the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause.

Sequence Main Verb Subjunctive Verb in Subordinate Clause Primary/ Present Present

FuturePresent Perfect (has/have)Future Perfect

Present (action at the same time or after the main verb)

Perfect (action prior to main verb)

Secondary/ Historical ImperfectAoristPluperfect

Imperfect (action at the same time or after the main verb)

Pluperfect (action prior to main verb)

Purpose Clauses in Secondary SequenceA purpose clause has a present subjunctive if the main verb is in primary sequence and an imperfect subjunctive if the main verb is in secondary sequence.

Venibam ut aud rem . I was coming to hear (in order that I might hear, so that I might hear, in order to hear, so as to hear).

Fgeram n vid rer . I had fled lest I be seen (in order that I might not be seen, so that I might not be seen, in order not to be seen, so as to not be seen).

6

vit ut p cem peteret. He went to seek peace.

7

Vocabulary III

1st Declension Feminine Nouns 3rd Conjugation Verbsamcitia,-ae, f., friendshipinsula,-ae, f., islandlittera,-ae, f., letter (of the alphabet),

pl. letter, literaturepecnia,-ae, f., moneyprvincia,-ae, f., provincesententia,-ae, f., opinionpax, pacis, f., peace

animadvert, -ere, animadvert, animadversum, notice, pay attention to

dlig, -ere, dlg, dlectum, chooseincend, -ere, incend, incensum, burn, outrage, set fire tointelleg, -ere, intellg, intellectum, understand

1st Conjugation Verbs Adverbcompar (1) , achieve, gather, preparespr (1), hope

undique, everywhere, from all sides, on all sides

Exercise III

A.

1. Pecniam comparvit ut potesttem suam sustinret.

2. Litters ms n ex provinci excders.

3. r incendor quod m nn dfendbs.

4. In ill loc manbat ut in urbem clam incderet.

5. Gall in insul dus nocts constitrunt ut urbem prm lce capere comparrent.

6. Sprvit s causs bell intellegere posse ut pacem comparret.

7. Pater fliam dcere vetuit ut iussa mtris animadverteret.

8. Mlits difficultts fugae verit ex castrs excessrunt ut aquam equsque ab hostibus caperent.

9. Litterae rgum sententis d cvitte qus legere nn perferre possum continurunt.

10. Animadvert enim et doctus sum ex tus litters t omnibus in rbus habuisse bonam causam.

11. Ducs in prvincis pcem cvittis et amcitiam proximrum gentium sustinurunt ut potesttem suam confrmrent.

B.

1. He gathered his friends in order to sustain his magistracy.

2. The king hoped that our friendship would preserve the peace on all sides.

3. I have come to the city in order to prepare the boys before their father dies.

4. The Romans decided to burn the city lest the people test the power of their authority.

5. He hoped that he would lose the desire of money so that he might not also lose his friends.

6. I understand that a prudent man has been chosen to speak to the magistrates on behalf of the citizenry.

7. The girls hoped that the day would be beautiful so that they could lead their friends almost to the sea.

8. The pirates held the sailors in secret for many days so that money would be given for their lives.

9. He hoped that he would receive the best province so that he could bring back as much money as possible.

10. His opinions show that he understands nothing about literature.

8

Lesson IVPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

The perfect subjunctive active is formed by adding –er plus the active personal endings to the perfect active stem of the verb.

singular First Second Third Third -stem Fourth1st person amverim monuerim dxerim cperim audverim2nd person amvers monuers dxers cpers audvers3rd person amverit monuerit dxerit cperit audverit

plural1st person amvermus monuermu

sdxermus cpermus audvermu

s2nd person amvertis monuertis dxertis cpertis audvertis3rd person amverint monuerint dxerint cperint audverint

The perfect subjunctive passive is formed with the perfect passive participle, declined to agree with the subject, followed by the appropriate form of the present subjunctive of sum.

First Second Third Third I-stem FourthSingularamtus,-a sim monitus,-a sim ductus,-a sim captus,-a sim audtus,-a simamtus,-a ss monitus,-a ss ductus,-a ss captus,-a ss audtus, -a ssamtus,-a,-um sit monitus,-a,-um sit ductus,-a,-um sit captus,-a,-um sit audtus,-a,-um sitPluralamt,-ae smus monit,-ae smus duct,-ae smus capt,-ae smus audt,-ae smusamt,-ae stis monit,-ae stis duct,-ae stis capt,-ae stis audt,-ae stisamt,-ae,-a sint monit,-ae,-a sint duct,-ae,-a sint capt,-ae,-a sint audt,-ae,-a sint

Result ClausesA RESULT CLAUSE is a subordinate clause which explains the outcome of an action or situation. It is introduced by the subordinating conjunction ut and has its verb in the subjunctive. A negative result is introduced by ut and a negative adverb, pronoun or adjective (nn, nm, nihil, numquam, etc.). The sentence which introduces a result clause often contains one of the following adjectives or adverbs, which anticipates and points to the result clause.

Adjectives

tantus, -a, -um so large, so much, so great (showing quantity)

tlis, -e such, of such a sort (showing quality)

tot (indeclinable) so many

Adverbs

ade so, to such an extent

ita so

sc so, in such a way (modifies verbs only)

tam so, such (modifies adj. and other adv. only)

Rx tam rtus est ut f lius eum timeat . The king is so angry that (his) son fears him.

Rx ita dcbat ut r g na prope eum n n st ret . The king was speaking in such a way that the queen did not stand near him.

Result clauses do not follow the sequence of tenses. The perfect subjunctive is commonly used after a main verb in secondary/historical sequence.

Rmnus exercitus tantus erat ut n m eum v cerit . The Roman army was so large that no one defeated it.

9

Vocabulary IV

Adverbs 3rd Declension -io Verbsade, so, to such an extentita, so, thusitem, likewisesc, so, thus (only modifies verbs)tam, so (only modifies adjectives and

adverbs)

excipi, -ere, excp, exceptum, greet, receivepraecipi, -ere, praecp, praeceptum, advise, direct, orderrecipi, -ere, recp, receptum, accept, receive

s recipere, retreatsuscipi, -ere, suscp, susceptum, support, take up, undertake

Adjectives 2nd Declension Masculine Nounsfirmus,-a,-um, firm, resolute, strongtantus,-a,-um, so greattlis,-e, suchtot, so many (indeclinable)

numerus,-, m., numberpopulus,-, m., peoplevcus,-, m., village

Exercise IV

A.

1. Vcus ita parvus erat ut ibi cnsistere nllent.

2. Tant r incensus est ut s nn retinre potuerit/posset.

3. Tanta erat potests in eius magistrt, ut cvs eum rtinre nllent.

4. Verbs rts nihil facilius mittitur, nihil celerius excipitur.

5. Iter mihi per tuam prvinciam tle erat, ut illum vcum ante tertium diem nn vderim.

6. Amcs tam male dlgist ut in tant numer turum neque audis virum bonum neque num vides.

7. Sallustius scrpsit Catilnam tam ardentem in cupiditte esse ut rem pblicam dlre temptverit.

8. Ego semper docu, monu, bene praecp omnia quae possum.

9. Praecepta derum ade secutus est, ut nocte ad Italiam cum socis nvibusque fgerit.

10. Tot sunt fructs labrum eius ut flcissimus ab omnibus habetur.

B.

1. There were so many ships in the sea that they could not see the water.

2. He was a man of such a sort that he undertook any task.

3. He stood so firmly on the wall that he could not be moved.

4. The consul is so firm in his opinions that no one is able to move him.

5. So great was the authority in that man that very many (people) wished to follow him.

6. Then night so dark received us that the stars in the sky were scarcely able to be seen.

7. He received so many very bad men into his trust that we all heard about his evil deeds.

8. Your letter reported so many bad (things) to me that I withdrew immediately from my province.

9. The population is likewise so wretched that no one wishes to get hold of the city.

10. He will make the journey in such a way that he comes before night.

11. The rage of the goddess was so great that she wished to destroy the man, his weapons and all his ships.

Lesson VPLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

The pluperfect subjunctive active is formed by adding –iss- plus the active personal endings to the perfect active stem of a verb.

singular First Second Third Third -stem Fourth1st person amvissem monuissem dxissem cpissem audvissem2nd person amvisss monuisss dxisss cpisss audvisss3rd person amvisset monuisset dxisset cpisset audvisset

plural1st person amvissmus monuissmus dxissmus cpissmus audvissmu

s2nd person amvisstis monuisstis dxisstis cpisstis audvisstis3rd person amvissent monuissent dxissent cpissent audvissent

The pluperfect subjunctive passive is formed with the perfect passive participle, declined to agree with the subject, followed by the appropriate form of sum.

First Second Third Third I-stem Fourthsingularamtus,-a essem monitus,-a essem ductus,-a essem captus,-a essem audtus,-a essemamtus,-a esss monitus,-a esss ductus,-a esss captus,-a esss audtus,-a esssamtus,-a,-um esset monitus,-a,-um esset ductus,-a,-um esset captus,-a,-um esset audtus,-a,-um

essetpluralamt,-ae essmus monit,-ae essmus duct,-ae essmus capt,-ae essmus audt,-ae essmusamt,-ae esstis monit,-ae esstis duct,-ae esstis capt,-ae esstis audt,-ae esstisamt,-ae,-a essent monit,-ae,-a essent duct,-ae,-a essent capt,-ae,-a essent audt,-ae,-a essent

Cum Clauses

Cum, in addition to being a preposition meaning with, can also be a subordinating conjunction meaning when, after, since, or although.

In a TEMPORAL CLAUSE, (where cum means when or after,) the verb is indicative if the main verb is in primary sequence and subjunctive if the main verb is in secondary sequence.

Cum librum habe , leg. When(ever) I have a book, I read.

Cum haec d xisset , signum dedit. When he had said this, he gave the signal.

In a CAUSAL CLAUSE, (where cum means since,) the verb must be subjunctive and follows the sequence of tenses.

Cum host s vide mus , currimus. Since we see the enemy, we run.

Cum host s v diss mus , cucurrimus. Since we had seen enemy, we ran.

In a CONCESSIVE CLAUSE, (where cum means although,) the verb is subjunctive and follows the sequence of tenses. Tamen, nevertheless, is often found in the main clause of such a sentence.

Cum host s n n vide mus , tamen currimus. Although we do not see the enemy, nevertheless we are running.

Cum host s n n v diss mus , tamen currbmus. Although we had not seen the enemy, nevertheless we were running.

Vocabulary V

1st and 2nd Declension Adjectives 2nd Declension Neuter Nounsangustus,-a,-um, narrowdignus,-a,-um, worthy (+ ablative)propinquus,-a,-um, near, neighboringreliquus,-a,-um, remaining, rest

forum,-, n., forum., marketplaceimpedmentum,-, m., hindrance., pl. baggageperculum,-, n., danger, perilpraesidium,-, n., assistance, defense, protectionsignum,-, n., sign, signal, standardvinculum,-, n., chain, fetterproelium, -ī n. battle

3rd Declension Nouns 3rd Declension -io Verbshonor, honris, m., esteem, officems, mris, m., custom, pl. behavior, character

ms mairs, tradition

ripi, -ere, ripu, reptum, rescue, snatchs ripere, escape

aggredior, aggred, aggressus sum, approach, attackgredior, gred, gressus sum, go out, leave1st Conjugation Verb

incit (1), arouse, urge on

Exercise V

A.

1. Cum hoc signum vidre velimus, puells quae id accipiant mittimus.

2. Cum adessem, tamen verbum dcere territus sum.

3. Nihil d proxim nocte dcam, cum semper amcus mihi fuers.

4. Cum ms mirum mlits digns don agrrum esse habeat, tamen consul nn dat.

5. Cum pecnia d manibus repta esset, dominus equs per propinqus vis incitvit ut mals agricols caperet.

6. Cum clarissimum sdus trs virs in vcum dxisset, paucs dis mansērunt ut fns vidrent.

7. Cum hostis tlum de eius man riperet, cum celeritte saxum propinquum cpit ut s dfenderet.

8. Cum haec virs dcta essent et clam castrs excessissent, ad campum gred parvimus.

9. Cum nm aut auxilium aut praesidium popul ferret, angustum per iter excessrunt ut impetum in hosts facerent.

10. Cum mrs huius gentis tam simils illus sint, duae haud inter s differunt.

B.

1. When the enemy will be in our camp for a long time, we order them to be held in chains.

2. Since the leader had found the narrow way through the mountains, he ordered the army to march through it.

3. Since part of the camp had been destroyed by the storm, the remaining part was moved to guard the baggage.

4. Although the allies were gravely wounded in the battle, yet the remaining soldiers fought bravely to night.

5. Since the little boy had approached the messenger to lead him to the forum, he was held in the highest honor by

his friends.

6. Although the task was undertaken by very many people, nevertheless the senate was unwilling to ask for money

from the consuls.

7. Since the dangers of the city frighten mothers, they cannot bear their daughters to go out of their own houses or

into the forum.

8. Although the Roman people undertook great works in their city, those works have nevertheless collapsed due to

age.

Lesson VIREVIEW: LESSONS I – V

Overview of the Subjunctive MoodActive Passive

Formula Examples Formula ExamplesPres. Present stem + vowel +

active personal endingsamemmoneamdcamcapiamaudiam

Present stem + vowel + passive personal endings

amermoneardcarcapiaraudiar

Impf. Present active infinitive + personal endings

amremmonremdceremcaperemaudrem

Present active infinitive + passive personal endings

amrermonrerdcerercapereraudrer

Perf. Perfect stem + -eri- + personal endings

amverimmonurimdxerimcperimaudverim

Perfect passive participle (-us, -a,-um) + present subjunctive of sum

amtus,-a simmonitus,-a simductus,-a simcaptus,-a simaudtus,-a sim

Plup. Perfect stem + -isse- + personal endingsORPerfect active infinitive + personal endings

amvissemmonuissemdxissemcpissemaudvissem

Perfect passive participle (-us, -a, -um) + imperfect subjunctive of sum

amtus,-a essemmonitus,-a essemductus,-a essemcaptus,-a essemaudtus, -a essem

Remember that sum, possum, vol, nl, and ml have irregular forms and must be memorized.

Uses of the SubjunctiveIndependent Use Hortatory / Jussive

-main verb is present subjunctiveMoneam regem. Let me warn the king.Moneant regem. May they warn the king.

Subordinate Uses Purpose Clause-ut/n + subjunctive verb

Veni ut audiam. I come to listen.

Relative Clause of Purpose- relative pronoun + subjunctive verb

Virum ms qu pcem peteret. I sent a man to ask for peace.

Result Clause- ut or ut … nn + subjunctive verb-main clause often contains tantus,-a, -um, talis,-e, tot, ade, ita, sc, tam

Sc virum vocv ut constterit.I called the man in such a way that he stopped.

Cum Clauses-Temporal: when; after (primary sequence uses indicative, secondary sequence uses subjunctive)-Causal: since (subjunctive)

-Concessive: although (subjunctive)

Cum librum habet, legit.When he has a book, he reads.Cum hosts vderit, currit.Since he has seen the enemy, he is running.Cum amcum videret, tamen fgit.Although he saw a friend, (nevertheless) he ran away.

Exercise VI

A.

1. Celeriter emus ut amcs nostrs vinculs ripimus.

2. Ns tam amc excipibat ut perculum nn animadvertermus.

3. Hanc urbem dlre nlint!

4. Plrims labrs passa est ut obtinret id quod habuit.

5. Intellegmus potentissims prdentissimsque inter s differre.

6. Sc omnia clam parvist ut mihi nihil aut t ips aut ab ull ali d tu advent scrptum sit.

7. In conspect paen ttius urbis domus est mea, ut nm m vocre nn possit.

8. Cum reliqu mlits perculum excipere malint quam proeli rip, ns signum magn cum virtte suscipimus.

9. Magistrtus prdns nulls difficultts habbit cum sententis popul intellegat et ira cvium sustineat.

10. Anim servrum inter spem et metum sc capt sunt, ut auctritte consulis modo dxerint.

11. Sps lberttis servs ade git ut magn cum dligenti labrrent.

12. Sensit s in tant percul esse ut null vi rip posset.

B.

1. We will hold back our anger in order to become your friends.

2. He loved her to such an extent that he did not leave her alone.

3. Since we had left the forum, we were unable to undertake the remaining tasks.

4. May you be careful and sensible in all your deeds.

5. I am unable to punish him in such a way that he wishes always to be away from the city.

6. It is the custom of that man always to seek peace and friendship so that he may avoid fear and envy.

7. He carried himself so bravely that he strengthened their slipping spirits for all things.

8. In the sight of all, this wicked (man) so stirred up the people that they were not able to restrain themselves.

9. Let us secretly select a worthy man who should direct our sons in the customs of our ancestors.

10. Such great hatred followed him that he was killed in the sight of gods and men in (his) most sacred magistracy.

11. Let another, more worthy of these chains, stand before you so that I may sit among you, free.

12. When I had read your first letter, I thought about all the disasters which you and I have suffered.

Lesson VIICORRELATIVES

CORRELATIVES are paired words which express or imply a comparison. Commonly used correlatives include the following:

Adverbs (indeclinable) Adjectivestam . . . quam as . . . as talis . . . qualis such . . . astantum . . . quantum as much . . . as alius . . . alius one . . . anothertant . . . quant the . . . the ali . . . ali some . . . others(by how much . . . by so much) alter . . . alter the one . . . the other

tantus . . . quantus as great . . . astot . . . quot (indeclinable) as many . . . as

Nihil est tam turpe quam hoc scelus. Nothing is as disgraceful as this crime.Quant avidius loquitur, tant minus animadvert. The more eagerly he speaks, the less I pay attention.Tale est tuum carmen nbis qualis somnus fesss. Such is your song to us as sleep (is) to the weary.

Names of Towns, Small Islands, domus, and rs

For the names of towns, small island, domus, and rs, no preposition is used to express place where, place to which, and place from which.

Place where is expressed by the LOCATIVE CASE. The locative case is the same as the genitive for singular nouns of the first and second declensions. For all other declensions and all plural nouns, the locative case is the same as the ablative.

1st declension singular Genitive form Romae at or in Rome2nd declension singular Genitive form Corinth at or in Corinth

dom at or in the home3rd declension and plurals Ablative form Athens at or in Athens

rr at or in the country

A noun in apposition with a locative must be in the ablative case, with or without a preposition.Romae, pulcherrim urbe, manre vult. He wants to stay in Rome, a very beautiful city.

Place to which is expressed by the accusative case.

Romam emus. Let us go to Rome. Domum bimus. We will go home.

Place from which is expressed by the ablative case.

Exercitus Rom Brundisium contendit. The army marched from Rome to Brundisium.

Irregular Noun: vs, vs, f.Vs, vs, f. is an irregular noun and declines in the following way. The genitive singular and dative singular are rare.

Singular: force; violence Plural: strengthNom. vs vrsGen. (vs) vriumDat. (v) vribusAcc. vim vrs (-s)Abl. v vribus

Do not confuse vs with vir, vir, m., man, a noun of the second declension.

Vocabulary VII

1st and 2nd Declension Adjectives 3rd Conjugation Deponent Verbsavidus,-a,-um, eager, greedycertus,-a,-um, certain, setinimcus,-a,-um, hostile, unfriendlyinvtus,-a,-um, unwillingvvus,-a,-um, alive

colloquor, colloqu, colloctus sum, converseloquor, loqui, loctus sum, speak, talknanciscor, nancisc, nactus sum, get, obtainnascor, nasc, ntus sum, be bornproficiscor, proficisc, profectus sum, set out

Adverb 3rd Declension Nounsumquam, ever rs, rris, n., country, countryside

vs, vs, f. (pl. vrs, vrium), force, violence, (pl.) strength

Exercise VII

A.

1. Semper tlis cvis sit, qulis hodi est.

2. Quot homins, tot sententiae sunt.

3. Nemo tam avid in for loquitur quam ille.

4. Quant liber longior est, tant etiam peior est.

5. Tempus habs tle qule nm habuit umquam. (Cic. Philippics 7.27)

6. Ms erum erat esse tam laets cum propinqus Rmae, quam sls rr.

7. Cum nbscum rs profectus esset, tamen semper Rmae esse volbat.

8. Ego m tantum numerum inimcrum nactum esse vide, quantus est hominum in urbe.

9. Consul dxit, “Tlis tum fortuna huius urbis ac Rmn imperi erit, qulis nostra vs fuerit.”

10. Invidiam erum ade aegr tulit, ut s rs clam moverit et ibi mults anns manret.

B.

1. He is such a man as his father was.

2. There are as many enemies as friends among you.

3. Setting out for home from Rome, he spoke with his friend about all that had been done in the senate.

4. I have acquired these things so that you love me as much as I wish (to be loved).

5. He gave as great thanks to the dead man as he has ever given to a living one.

6. He acquired his magistracy as much by friendship as by hatred.

7. By how much more avidly you will have sought peace, by so much will war be more bitter.

8. Although you were conversing avidly and happily, they thought that you were speaking with them unwillingly.

9. She has acquired so many enemies in the city that she prefers to live her life in the country rather than in Rome.

10. The senate and the Roman people not only allow but even want the authority of Cicero to be as great as one man’s

authority can be in a free state.

Lesson VIIIDIRECT QUESTIONS

A DIRECT QUESTION is an interrogative sentence that gives the exact words of the speaker. A direct question may begin with an INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN, ADJECTIVE, ADVERB, or PARTICLE.

Interrogative pronoun: quis, quid, who, what (the plural of this word is the same as the plural of the relative pronoun):

Singular PluralMasculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom. quis quis quid qu quae quaeGen. cuius cuius cuius qurum qurum qurumDat. cui cui cui quibus quibus quibusAcc. quem quem quid qus qus quaeAbl. qu qu qu quibus quibus quibus

Quis haec dxit? Who said this?Cuius liber est ille? Whose book is that?Qus vocvist? Whom did you invite?Quid vs? What do you want?

An interrogative adjective agrees with the noun it modifies in case, number, and gender.

Quantus et qualis est exercitus hostium? How large and of what sort is the enemy’s army?Utram sententiam sequar? Which opinion (of the two) shall I follow?

The interrogative adjective qui, quae, quod is declined like the relative pronoun.

Qu vir sunt in vc? Which men are in the village?Quam prvinciam dlgit? What province did he choose?

Interrogative adverbs, as in English, stand at the beginning of the sentence.

Quando ex urbe grediris? When will you leave the city?Qu tantam spem nactus est? From where did he acquire such great hope?

Interrogative Particles

When question is not introduced by an interrogative pronoun, adjective or adverb, one of the following particles may be used.

The enclitic –ne is attached to the first word of an open question (expecting a yes or no answer). There is no corresponding English translation.

Curruntne equ? Are the horses running?

A question expecting the answer yes begins with nnne (nn+n).Nnne omns adsunt? Aren’t they all here? They are all here, aren’t they? Surely they are all here?

A question expecting the answer no begins with num.

Num id verris? You aren’t afraid of that, are you? Surely you are not afraid of that?

Alternative questions begin with the word utrum and use an or annn to express the alternative.

Utrum opus facere potes, annn? Can you do the work, or not?Utrum mter tua ea dxit an pater? Did your mother say that or your father?

Vocabulary VIII

Interrogative Pronoun 3rd Conjugation Verbquis, quid who?, what? incol, -ere, incolu, ─, inhabit

Adjectives Adverbsfinitimus,-a,-um, neighboringquantus,-a,-um, how great?, how much?fidlis,-e, faithful, loyalnbilis,-e, noblequlis,-e, what kind of?, what sort of?quot how many? (indeclinable)

cr, why?omnn, altogetherquamdi, how long?quand, when?qu, to where?, whither?quotins, how often?unde, from where, whenceutrum...annn, whether…or notutrum…an, whether…or-ne, (introduces a question)nnne, surely (expects a “yes” answer)num, surely…not (expects a “no”answer)

2nd Declension Nouns

cibus,-, m., foodlgtus,-, m., envoy, legatetribnus,-, m., tribune

Exercise VIII

A.

1. Quis cibum mlitibus msit?

2. Quam partem terrae incolunt ill Gall, quibuscum bellum gerere saep volbmus?

3. Tune fli fliaeque litters rgis legunt?

4. Quamdi tribnus mlitum iussa consulis verbtur?

5. Nnne fidlis servus auxilium rgnae nbil feret?

6. Utrum Caesarem ipsum di ill dcentem audvist, annn?

7. Num iam nocte ex urbe grederis ?

8. Unde nntius fidlis epistulam tulit quae mortem patris nntivit?

9. Utrum ipse rem pblicam servbit, an alis dlre patitur?

10. Uter consul in urbe aderit et uter in provincis aberit?

11. Cum servus esset omnn invtus impedimenta domin portre, confestim alis vocvit qu onera ferrent.

B.

1. What tribes inhabit this land?

2. Where will the queen wish to go to, when we undertake (fut. perf) the war?

3. How many men will be sent to seek food in the night?

4. With what sort of books will you teach literature?

5. What gifts does fortune give to the faithful, and when?

6. Where did the envoys set out to and when will they return?

7. How often has the envoy been sent into Gaul to seek peace?

8. How great a fire did the soldiers make when they destroyed the farmer’s fields?

9. Why do the students not listen to every word of the teacher, who has terrified them?

10. As often as the nobles snatched them from danger, so often did the citizenry give thanks to the gods.

Lesson IXTHE IMPERATIVE MOOD

The IMPERATIVE MOOD is commonly used to express commands or entreaties. The present imperative active singular is the same as the present stem (+ -e for the 3rd conjugation).The present imperative active plural is formed by adding –te to the present stem (+-ite for the 3rd conjugation).

Imperative Active

First Second Third Third I-stem FourthSingular am mon tege cape audPlural amte monte tegite capite audte

Love! Warn! Cover! Take! Hear!

Imperative Passive

The present imperative passive singular is formed by adding –re to the present stem of the verb (-ere for the 3rd conjugation). The present imperative passive plural is formed by adding -min (-imin for the 3rd conjugation). Passive forms are most commonly used with deponent verbs.

First Second Third Third -stem FourthSingular conre verre sequere patere mentrePlural conmin vermin sequimin patimin mentmin

Try! Be afraid! Follow! Endure! Lie!

Irregular Imperatives

The four verbs, dc, dc, faci, and fer, have irregular singular forms in the present imperative active: dc, dc, fac, fer. Fer has an irregular plural present imperative active: ferte.

Negative Commands

Latin does not use the word nn to express a negative command. A negative command may be expressed two ways:

Nl (singular) and nlte (plural) with the present infinitive:

Nl m pnre! Don’t punish me!Nlte m punre! Don’t punish me!

N with the 2nd person perfect subjunctive:

N eum cpertis! Don’t seize him!

The Vocative CaseThe VOCATIVE CASE is used for direct address and is often offset by commas in English. It has the same form as the nominative except in the second declension, where nouns and adjectives ending in –us have the vocative singular ending –e. Nouns and adjectives ending in -ius and the adjective meus in the masculine singular have the vocative ending -. The plural vocatives of nouns and adjectives are generally the same as the nominative.

dominus – domineMarcus - Marce

Lclius - Lclflius - fl

meus - mnntius - nnt

Ven domum, m fl! Come home, my son!O rgna, aud mea carmina! O queen, listen to my songs!

Vocabulary IX

Third Declension Nouns Third Conjugation Verbsfacti, factinis, f., factionmultitd, multitdinis, f., crowd, multituderti, rtinis, f., speech

rtinem habre, give a speechrati, ratinis, f., reason, theoryservits, servittis, f., slaverysollicitd, sollicitdinis, f., care, worryvirts, virttis, f., excellence, strength, virtueclmor, clmris, m., noise, shout

accd, -ere, access, accessum, go towardsadmitt, -ere, adms, admissum, admit, allowmitt, -ere, ms, missum, lose, send awaycd, -ere, cess, cessum, go, yieldcommitt, -ere, comms, commissum, engage, entrustconcd, -ere, concess, concessum, grant, yielddmitt, -ere, dms, dmissum, dismiss, send awayremitt, -ere, rems, remissum, send back

Exercise IX

A.

1. Audte clmrs mlitum!

2. Nl, m Marce, id facere quod ego fc.

3. Factinem parv, Anton, ut mihi magistrtum concds.

4. N clmr multitdinis cessers; patere istum virum dcere.

5. Quant met sentus t incittus est, quant sollicitdine cvits!

6. Cnsul vim multitdinis timns et r mtus, ratinem tilissimam re pblicae habuit.

7. Dcite quod vultis dcere; nolte facere quod facere nn vultis. Omnia ista vbs concdam et remittam.

8. Lgtus nntivit metum exercits tantum esse ut mlits angustam viam animadvertere nn possent.

9. msit vtam, sed fmam nactus est; dedit vtam, patriam accpit.

10. Populus erat tam incnsus ut mult in urbem tot factinibus incittam admitt nn possent.

11. Mter post id factum neque domum ad s venre flium passa est neque in conspectum.

B.

1. Send away your worry!

2. Lead them into slavery!

3. Say nothing about this matter to my enemies!

4. Approach, my son, stop and look upon the wretched body of your father!

5. Do not, my Brutus, send your Cicero away from you, but lead him with you.

6. The wisest say that virtue alone makes a life happy. Let us concede this to them.

7. I am sending back this gift for the same reason for which I sent back those others.

8. Although he was almost dead, still he did not wish to be sent back into slavery.

9. Let us concede that virtue without reason is not able to be in a human being.

10. Do not commit yourself to the trust of those men.

11. Worry becomes slavery for the mind; let reason admit courage into the heart.

12. Do not say that this man did the same thing which his friend did.

Lesson XIRREGULAR VERB: F

f, fer, factus sum be made, be done, become, happen

F is used as the passive of the verb faci. F and faci have no passive endings in the present, imperfect, and future.

INDICATIVEActive Passive

pres. facifacisfacitfacimusfacitisfaciunt

f I am made, becomefs you are made, becomefit he is made, becomes (it is done)fmus we are made, becomeftis you are made, becomefunt they are made, become, are done

impf. facibam fbam I was being made, was becomingfut. faciam fam I will be made, will becomeperf. fc factus,-a sum I have been made, have becomeplup. fceram factus,-a eram I had been made, had becomefut. p. fcer factus,-a er I will have been made, will have become

SUBJUNCTIVE

Pres. faciam famImpf. facerem feremperf. fcerim factus,-a simplup. fcissem factus,-a essem

PARTICIPLES INFINITIVES

IMPERATIVESsingular fac fplural facite fte

certirem facere, to inform; certior fier, to be informed

Certior modifies the direct object of faci or the subject of fi.

T certirem faciam. I will inform you. (I will make you more certain)Es certirs fcit. He informed them. (He made them more certain)

F is used to express the passive, to be informed.

Rx certior d consili fit. The king is being informed about the plan.

pres. faciens, facientis --------perf. -------- factus,-a,-um fut. factrus, -a,-um --------

pres. facere ferperf. fcisse factus,-a,-um essefut. factrus,-a,-um esse factum r

Vocabulary X

Verbs Adverbsfi, fir, factus sum, be made, become, happencre (1), create, electimpetr (1), obtain (by asking)auge, -re, aux, auctum, increaseaddc, -ere, addx, adductum, influence, lead toddc, -ere, ddx, dductum, draw (a weapon),

lead away, remove

itaque, and sospont, of one’s own accord, voluntarily

Nounscelerits, celerittis, f., speed, swiftnessfacults, faculttis f., ability, opportunity, skill

Prepositionapud (+acc.), among, at the house of, in the presence of

Exercise X

A.

1. Mter d fli certior fit.

2. Scrba fis, ego magister.

3. Nl umquam inimcus fier.

4. Spont su Camilla in bell in Trins pugnvit.

5. Cum discipul d operibus Cicernis certirs firent, maxim cum cr audvrunt.

6. Quotins ab perculs clamribusque for t pacem mentis petentem ripuist?

7. Serv intellxrunt esse faculttem lberttis; itaque consilium vid temptre comparvrunt.

8. Cum legtus exerctum d celeritte hostium certirem vce auct fcerit, ducem ex castrs sequ contendunt.

9. Cum neque cibum neque pecuniam itiner habrem, apud Crassum constit, ubi impetrv.

10. Postquam opera P. Ovidi Nsnis lgerant, discipul ptbant s omnia d amantibus intellegere.

11. Mre mairum vir in vinculs positus est, cum mlits in urbem dxisset.

12. Quibus mals ade Pon perterrit (sunt), ut etiam auxilia ab Rmns petverint eaque impetrverint. (Cornelius

Nepos, Hamilcar 2.3)

B.

1. Your slave will become free tomorrow.

2. A way can be made by force.

3. They became most careful in all matters.

4. He informs the pirates about the arrival of the ships and their leader.

5. Contend with your enemies with great virtue and defeat them!

6. Elect Cicero consul, so that he may be able to preserve the city in bad times.

7. Do not abandon the city of your own accord! Wait in order to be informed by your leaders.

8. Don’t draw your weapons in the sight of your mother!

9. Since the water was led to the town, the leaders obtained power over the resources of the people.

10. Become greater than your father was since you have had greater opportunity.

11. The maiden will be made queen when her father, the king, dies.

12. The leader was informed that the enemy had obtained food from their neighbors.

Lesson XIREVIEW: LESSONS VI – X

Correlatives: paired words that show or imply comparison.

Locative Case: With the names of cities, small islands, towns, and domus and rs, the locative case is used to express place where.

1st declension singular Genitive form Rmae at or in Rome2nd declension singular Genitive form Corinth at or in Corinth

dom at or in the home3rd declension and plurals Ablative form rr in the country

Athens at or in AthensNote that these same nouns are used in the ablative to show motion away from and the accusative to show motion towards without any preposition.

Direct Questions: Questions can be introduced by an interrogative pronoun, adjective or adverb. A question expecting a yes or no answer is introduced by an interrogative particle.

open question -ne is attached to first word Statne puer? Is the boy standing?expecting a yes nnne introduces the question Nnne puer stat? Surely the boy is standing?expecting a no answer num introduces the question Num puer stat? The boy isn’t standing, is he?

Imperative Mood: The formation of the imperative mood of a verb is as follows:

Present imperative active singular = present stem; third conjugation = present stem + -e active plural = present stem + -te; third conjugation = present stem + -ite passive singular = present stem + -re; third conjugation = present stem + -ere passive plural = present stem +-min; third conjugation = present stem + -imin

Four verbs have irregular forms in the present imperative active:dc, dc, fac, fer/ ferte (plural)

Negative imperatives are formed in two ways: (1) nl or nlte + present infinitive (2) n + 2nd person perfect subjunctive

Vocative: The vocative case is used for direct address. It has the same form as the nominative except in the following:

2nd declension masculine nouns ending in –us -e Marc Marcus! domin master! words ending in –ius - nnt messenger!

Vergil Vergil!meus - m fl my son!

F is used as the passive form of faci and has only passive meanings. The idiom certiorem facere means to inform:

Nntius eum certirem faciet. The messenger will inform him.

The passive uses the nominative case with fi: Magister d discipul certior fit. The teacher is being informed about the student.

Exercise XI

A.

1. Librs quantum sine r tantum sine invidi scrpsit.

2. Percula bell praesidi pcis concdant.

3. Fac ut prvinciam retines in potestte re pblicae.

4. Arma, vir, ferte arma; vocat lx ultima (final) victs. (Vergil, Aeneid 2.668)

5. H duo ad cnsulem aggrd cnt ut eum interficerent, ab eius dom* celeriter miss sunt.

6. Cum confestim Brundisium profectus esset, suam prvinciam ditius obtinre nn poterat.

7. Decem nvs, nn prtrum advent, nn v tempesttis, sed scelere socirum missae sunt.

8. D maris et terrae tempesttumque potents, ferte uiam uent facilem. (Vergil, Aeneid 3.528)

9. Maluit dom adesse quam long ab urbe.

10. Utrum mcum dom manbis, an in sentum bis ut cum alis sententiam ds?

11. Amciti omnium optimrum ade sustentus eram ut undique dfenderer.

B.

1. Stay at home!

2. Do not send them back into slavery!

3. Set out for Rome at once!

4. By whom was the course of your honors held back?

5. The law forbids him to give a speech in front of the people.

6. A shout is made through the house.

7. He prudently remained in secret at Rome for many days before he undertook his magistracy.

8. Because of his greed he undertook such great crimes that he sent all virtue from himself.

9. Although he often speaks with his enemies, they receive him into their camp unwillingly.

10. These two men, having approached the consul in order to speak with him, were admitted immediately into his

house.

11. Although he set out from Rome at once, surely he wished to stay longer among us?

12. Hasn’t Caesar been informed that the Helvetians want to make a journey through the province?

13. We will approach danger on behalf of the state so that our virtue will increase.

Lesson XIIINDIRECT QUESTIONS

An INDIRECT QUESTION begins with an interrogative pronoun, adjective, or particle and has a subjunctive verb.

It is often introduced by a main verb of questioning, but can also follow verbs of knowing, telling, perceiving, or

showing and follows the sequence of tenses.

Direct Question Translation Indirect Question Translation

Quis es? Who are you? Sci quis ss. I know who you are.

Quid facibat? What was he doing? Rogvist quid faceret.

You asked what he was doing.

Quand discdere voluit?

When did he want to

leave?

Mihi dxit quand discdere voluerit.

He has told me when he wanted

to leave.

Cur illud scrpsit? Why did he write that? Nescv qur illud scrpsisset.

I didn’t know why he had written

that.

When a future tense is required in the subordinate clause, the future active participle with the present subjunctive of sum is used in primary sequence, the future active participle and the imperfect subjunctive of sum in secondary sequence.

Dc mihi quid pater d ct rus sit . Tell me what the father will say.Scvit quae puellae cant t rae essent . He knew which girls would sing.

quid faciat. what he is doing.Sciunt, scient quid fcerit. what he did.They know, will know quid factrus sit. what he will do.

quid faceret. what he was doing.Scivrunt, scibant quid fcisset. what he had done.They knew, used to know quid factrus esset. what he would do.

Indirect open questions are usually introduced by num, which does not imply a negative expectation in this use.

Rogv num illud v diss s . I asked whether you had seen that.

Both direct and indirect questions use utrum, but annn is usually replaced by necne.

Nesci utrum adsit an absit. I don’t know whether he is present or absent.Nesci utrum adsit necne. I don’t know whether he is present or not.

Vocabulary XII

Verbs Nounsnarr (1), relate, tellindc, -ere, indx, inductum, influence, lead intrdc, -ere, trdux, trductum, lead acrossconveni, re, convn, conventum, come together, convene, meetinveni, -re, invn, inventum, come upon, findnesci, -re, nescv/nesci, nesctum, not knowperveni, -re, pervn, perventum, arrive, come to

arbor, arbris, f., treeamor, amris, m., lovermor, rmris, m., rumor

Adjectivevrus,-a,-um, true

Prepositionpraeter (+acc.), along, by, in front of, past

Exercise XII

A.

1. Sci quand pervneris, sed nsci quamdi mansrus sis.

2. Nescibam quis ea verba dxisset.

3. Rogvit quem ad modum cnsul creretur.

4. Pater nescvit quals arbors essent in agr.

5. Scsne qu nvis nvigverit, quae Brundisium her pervnerat?

6. Nsci qur cnsul mlits trns camps ad castra hostium trdxerit.

7. Cnsul invenre voluit qur Caesar Galliam relquisset, cum perculum copis auctum esset.

8. Mea puella amrem suum esse mairem quam meum nntivit.

9. Rx Priamus et fili convnrunt ut consilium celeriter caperent.

10. Dc mihi unde iter fcers.

11. Nesci utrum pater percula bell nbs prhibuerit necne.

12. Domum pervnit invnitque mtrem, patrem, et equs trns flmen traducts esse.

13. Quotins invenmus rmrs d nbs ab nostrs inimcs incepts esse?

B.

1. I understand why you are present; I understood why they were away.

2. I know who met with you yesterday; I knew what reason you had given.

3. He showed me which kinds of trees he had placed around his house.

4. The father did not know whether his son was present.

5. The mother asked whether the gossip about her daughter was true.

6. The master asked where the horses had been led during the storm.

7. By the sight of the trees, the farmer knows when a storm will arrive in the fields.

8. He said that he was unable to report whether our men had defeated the enemy or not.

9. The people went out of the city so that they might see the punishment of the pirates, who had destroyed the

bridges.

10. Having been asked how great the winds would be after they went out from the sheltered water, the sailor said that

he did not know.

Lesson XIIITHE ABLATIVE CASE

Ablative with Special VerbsThe following verbs and their compounds take an ablative rather than a direct object.

fungor performfruor enjoypotior gain possession of

tor usevscor eat, live on

P ce frumur. Let us enjoy peace. Capt s pottur. He gains possession of the captured.Offici s fungitur. He performs his duties. Consili eius tbtur. He made use of his advice.

Ablative of SeparationThe ABLATIVE OF SEPARATION is used with verbs of preventing, depriving, removing, freeing, lacking, etc. Sometimes a preposition, /ab or /ex, is used. Note that the Ablative of Place From Which, in contrast, must have a verb of motion.

cvs cib intercludere to cut off the citizens from foodCaesar hosts nostr s f nibus prohibet. Caesar keeps the enemy from our bordersRx cvs per cul lbervrunt. The king freed the citizens from danger.

Ablative of Specification

The ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION is commonly found with nmine, by name, and certain adjectives, such as dgnus.

Rx, Rmulus n mine , Rmam condidit. The king, Romulus by name, founded Rome.Puer similis patr f de est. The boy is like his father in loyalty.Corpore senex est, anim numquam. He is an old man in body, (but) never in spirit.

Ablative of Description The ABLATIVE OF DESCRIPTION must be modified by an adjective.

Vir magn virt te est. He is a man of great courage.Virg haud credibil pulchrit dine est. She is a maiden of unbelievable beauty.Fac ut bon ss anim . Be of good cheer.

Ablative Uses in New First Steps and New Second Steps

Accompaniment Cum exercit vnit. He came with an army.Cause Fact s laudtus est. He was praised for his deeds.Comparison Epistula brevior libr est. A letter is shorter than a book.Degree of Difference Flmen altius quinque pedibus est. The river is five feet deeper. Manner Magn cum virt te rxit. He ruled with great courage.Means or Instrument T l vulnertus est. He was wounded with a weapon.Place From Which Animalia ex umbr s vnrunt. Animals came out of the shadows.Personal Agent Flius m tre amtus est. The son was loved by his mother.Place Where or In Which Formcae sub terr vivunt. Ants live under the ground.Time When Prim l ce somn excitta est. At dawn she was awakened from sleep.

Vocabulary XIII

Deponent Verbs with the Ablative Verbspotior, -r, pottus sum (+abl.), gain possession offruor, fru, fructus sum (+abl.), enjoy, profit fromfungor, fung, functus sum (+abl.), performtor, t, sus sum (+abl.), enjoy, experience, usevescor, vesc, ---- (+abl.), eat, feed on

lber (1), free, liberatesuper (1), surpassprohibe, -re, prohibu, prohibitum, keep off, preventcond, -ere, condid, conditum, bury, found (a city)conscrb, -ere, conscrps, conscrptum, enlist, enrollexpn, -ere, exposu, expositum, explain, exposeintercld, -ere, intercls, interclsum, block, shut off

Third Declension Nounsaes, aeris, n., bronze aes alinum, debtarx, arcis,f., citadelops, opis f., power, (pl.) resourcessl, slis, m., sun

Second Declension Neuter Nounsnegtium,- n., businessofficium,- n., duty, office

Exercise XIII

A.

1. Bene libertte su usus est.

2. Hosts mox omn hc terr potientur.

3. Multae cvitts omn aer alin libertae sunt.

4. Nve et copis, qus affert, intercludmin.

5. Mlits ab domibus cvium prohibbantur.

6. Rmn opibus prvincirum s sunt ut potesttem in ill regine confirmrent.

7. Cum hosts castrs pott sint, ibi nocte manre nn possumus; itaque iter ad proximam urbem facimus.

8. Arx templa Jnnis Monetae, Jovis Statris et Concordiae continuit.

9. Discipulus paucs cum magistr hrs et librs, qus iussit m legere, fructus sum.

10. Ascanius nvam urbem, Albam Longam, condidit ut sus cvs perculs lberret.

11. Hic populus omns fde, virtte, et numer hominum superat.

12. Cnsul, quem crevist, negtis r pblicae magn cum virtte fungtur.

B.

1. We will soon be freed from our debt.

2. You have profited from his friendship.

3. The soldiers, who have been fighting with Caesar’s troops, eat all the food which they can find in the forest.

4. The farmers were enrolled in the army in order to fortify the bridges and gates of the city.

5. Gaius Julius is said to have performed well the duties of the Pontifex Maximus.

6. You have explained well the fortunes of that small city founded by the son of Aeneas (Aenae).

7. The works of the two consuls, men of the greatest resources, freed the people of Rome from the very serious

dangers of wars.

8. Among those tribes, he surpassed all in skill and resources.

9. At Rome, the consuls explained the new business of the senate to the legates of the Gauls.

10. Hearing about the Gorgons with (their) hands (out) of bronze, I used to have great fear which kept me from sleep.

Lesson XIVABLATIVE ABSOLUTE

The ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE is a Latin phrase describing circumstances surrounding the action of the main clause. It consists of at least two words in the ablative case, usually a noun and a participle. The noun in the ablative absolute cannot be the same as the subject or direct object of the main clause.

Participle modifying subject Dux vulnertus fgit. The leader, having been wounded, fled.

Ablative Absolute Duce vulnert, mlits fgrunt.The leader having been wounded, the soldiers fled.

It is preferable to use a temporal, causal, or concessive clause as a translation for the ablative absolute. Appropriate translations may include when, since, although, after, if, and similar words.

The “absolute translation” (e.g. “the leader having been wounded”) should be a last resort in translating.

Duce vulnert, mlits fgrunt. Since the leader was wounded, the soldiers fled.

Both the noun and the participle in an ablative absolute can be modified. Duce graviter vulnert, mlits fgrunt. Since the leader was badly wounded, the soldiers fled.Duce nostr vulnert, mlits fgrunt. Since our leader was wounded, the soldiers fled.

Most perfect participles are passive in meaning; only deponent verbs can express a perfect active participle. Duce loct, impetum fcrunt. After the leader had spoken (lit. the leader having spoken), they

made an attack.A present participle is sometimes used.

Nbs audientibus, haec dxit. With us listening, he said these things.De volente, hosts vincmus. If God is willing, we will conquer the enemy.

Since esse has no present participle, two nouns, a noun and a pronoun, or a noun and an adjective may form an ablative absolute.

Caesare duce Caesar being leader (or with Caesar as a leader)Caesare et Lentul consulibus in the consulship of Lentulus and Caesarhc loc castrs idne this place being suitable for camp

Vocabulary XIV

Adjectives Third Conjugation Verbscommnis,-e, common, general, sharedincolumis,-e, safe, unharmedinsignis,-e, distinguished, prominentsatis (indeclinable), enoughturpis,-e, disgraceful, shamefulquisque, quaeque, quidque, each

cog, -ere, cog, coactum, collect, force, gatherrump, -ere, rp, ruptum, break out, burst outexig, -ere, exg, exactum, collect, demand, drive out, finish (a life)revert, -ere, revert, ― return, turn back (deponent in present)solv, -ere, solv, soltum, loosen, untiesm, -ere, smps, smpsum, take up

Adverbs Third Declension Nounsinterim, meanwhilepraesertim, especiallyn, together

eques, equitis m., horseman, (pl.) cavalry

Exercise XIV

A.

1. Vt eius miser exact, corpus in terr conditum est.

2. Aere alin solt, sollicitdine omn libertus est.

3. Cap Rma m consule potuit? (Livy, Ab Urbe Condit, 3.67.3)

4. Coacts in unum locum omnibus mlitibus ducibusque, magnam pecuniam es dedit.

5. Regs tandem popul exact revertere ad urbem volurunt.

6. Sperbam onus meum futrum esse commune vbscum.

7. Vinculs solts, Perseus Andromedam patr dare poterat.

8. rtine graviter habit, animus cuiusque acriter incttus est.

9. Hostibus celeriter superts, quisque dux in Italiam cum equitibus contendit.

10. Hs gentibus victs, Caesar iterum in Germniam gressus est, nullsque hostibus ibi invents incolumis revertit.

11. Vestr auctritte satis confirmt, facilius et reliquam pecuniam exigere et exactam servre poterimus.

12. Nminibus hrum equitum tot atque tantrum exposits, s illrum praecepta sequ dxrunt.

13. Marcum Catnem ut insignem habmus, qu Marci et Manilio cnsulibus mortuus est, anns LXXXVI ipss

(exactly) ante Cicernem cnsulem.

B.

1. While those men were consuls, Rome did not fear.

2. After the city was founded, the strength of the citizens increased.

3. When the camp also had been lost, he fled most disgracefully, alone and conquered.

4. After these things were said, Caesar led his men across the mountains to subdue the Gauls.

5. The Romans, driving the kings from the city, said that they could not accept peace with slavery.

6. Since those people have been informed about these things, I scarcely know what you want me to write.

7. I do not know what each person said in the senate of their own state or in the common plans of the their people.

8. Let us loose those chains so that our anger, for a long time restrained, may be able to break out against our

common enemy.

9. After all who have taken up arms against us have been gathered in one place, let us set out towards the city.

10. Although the republic was saved from these dangers by my courage, nevertheless I was punished for my deeds.

Lesson XVTHE DATIVE CASE

Dative of Interest with Special Verbs

crd believe, entrust fave support, favorignosc forgivenoce harm

parc sparepare obeyplace pleasestude be eager, be devoted

Fli matribus parurunt. The sons obeyed (their) mothers.

Dative of PossessionThe DATIVE OF POSSESSION uses the verb sum to show possession and dsum to show lack. The possessor is in the dative; the possession is in the nominative.

V b s sunt libr. You have the books. (lit: The books are to you.)Libr mihi dsunt. I have no books. (lit. Books are lacking to me.)

Dative of Purpose

The DATIVE OF PURPOSE is used to express why or for what purpose something is done.

Quis erit praesidi ? Who will be a defense? (literally, for a defense)Sentus erat et erit magnae c rae . The senate was and will be a great care.

Dative of Reference

The DATIVE OF REFERENCE shows the person affected by the action or service rendered.

Hoc mihi fcit. He did this for me.

Double Dative

The DOUBLE DATIVE pairs the Dative of Purpose and the Dative of Reference in the same clause.

Hoc auxili mihi fcit. He did this as a help to me.Cupiditts impediment tibi furunt. Their desires were a hindrance to you.

Dative Uses in New First Steps and New Second Steps

Indirect Object: Puer librum ded. I gave the boy a book. With Certain Adjectives: Puella m tr similis est. The girl is like (her) mother.

Vocabulary XV

Third Conjugation Verbs Second Conjugation Verbscrd, -ere, crdid, crditum (+dat.), believe, entrustignosc, -ere, ignv, igntum (+dat.), forgiveostend, -ere, ostend, ostentum, display, showparc, -ere, peperc,---- (+dat.), spare

fave, -re, fv, fautum (+dat.), favor, supportnoce, -re, nocu, nocitum (+dat.), harmpre, -re, pru, pritum (+dat), obeyplace, -re, placu, placitum (+dat.), be pleasingstude, -re, studu, ― (+dat.), be eager for, desire

First and Second Declension Adjectives More Verbspertus,-a,-um, experienced, skilledsummus,-a,-um, highest, top of

appropinqu, (1), approachdsum, desse, dfu, dfutrus (+dat.), be lacking, fail

First Declension Nounntra,-ae f., character, nature

Exercise XV

A.

1. Ignosce timr nostr. (Cicero, Epistulae Ad Familirs 6.7.1)

2. Rmn Galls suam saltem crdidrunt.

3. Qumodo pater sus flibus nocre potest?

4. Libertt tempora sunt impediment. (Cicero, Pro Rosci Amerin 9)

5. Cnsul dcibus exercits ignvit, postquam ad urbem redirant.

6. Dominus dicbat opera discipulrum sibi placre, sed posse melira esse.

7. Rx aurum et aes et ferrum impetrta cvibus ostendit ut scrent quants ops essent Galls.

8. D minribus autem erat C. Sulpicius Gallus, qu maxim omnium nobilium Graecs litters studuit. (Cicero,

Brutus 78 )

9. In r public quid agatur, crd t ex erum litters cognoscere. (Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares 12.28.3)

10. Vbs popul Rmn praesidia nn desunt; vs popul Rmn n dsitis.

B.

1. Your life is a great concern to me.

2. In those days my reputation was a glory to me.

3. The gods do not favor the works of men, nor men (the works) of the gods.

4. You will lack neither good fortune nor money; all these things will be as a gift for you.

5. The king spared the life of the enemy, who had approached with a weapon so that he might kill him.

6. The teacher asked which poet, expert in the use of words, was devoted to the works of Ovid.

7. The pirate injured the shoulder of the captured sailor so seriously that his life could not be preserved.

8. Since we have spoken about all the dead, tell me the reason for which you particularly wish to speak nothing

about the living.

9. A man of highest virtue will spare his enemies, but not always favor his friends.

10. He was so eager for the worst factions in the state that no one trusted him.

Lesson XVI

REVIEW: LESSONS XII – XV

Indirect Questions: Main verb + interrogative /num/utrum + subjunctive

Ablative Uses: Verbs with Ablative of Instrument: fungor, fruor, potior, tor, vscor

Description(Quality) with adjective vir magn virt te a man of great courageSeparation verb of separation or

/ab or /exper cul liberre fnibus prohibr

to free from dangerto be kept from the territory

Specification w/ noun or adjective puer, Marcus nominee a boy, by the name of Marcus

Ablative Absolute: An ablative absolute describes the circumstances of the main clause, but is not connected grammatically to the main clause.

(1) noun + participle – both in the ablative case.(2) noun + participle with modifiers or direct object – noun and participle in ablative, modifiers and direct object in appropriate cases(3) noun + noun or adjective (with a present participle of sum understood) – both words in the ablative case

The ablative absolute should be translated using when, since, although, after, if, etc.

Dative Case: The following verbs take the dative case:

crd trust, believefave show favor toignosc forgive

noce harmparc sparepare obey

place pleasepraecipi instructstude desire; be eager for

Dative Uses:

Possession sum or dsum Flius mihi est. I have a son.Purpose Hoc auxili fcit. He did this as a help.Reference Hoc mihi fcit. He did this for me.Double Dative purpose and reference Subsidi tibi er. I will be a support for you.

Exercise XVI

A.

1. Sunt nbs tot amc ut nulla metus mihi sit.

2. Equits equs sus vescbantur, cum cibus sibi desset.

3. Mlits rogvrunt num rumor d hostibus vrus esset.

4. Num scelera hostium tam turpia erant? Nnne nostrs flis flibusque parcurunt?

5. Natr loc cpis exposit, dux rogvit qu arma sumptr essent et iter n factr essent.

6. Fli patribus di parent ut, patribus mortus, agrs potiantur.

7. Est vir summ virtte, magn r publicae amre, multque auctoritte apud mlits.

8. Praesidiis hostium superts, tamen certam pacem facere aut populum sollicitdine liberre nn potermus.

9. Nsci cur mihi aut parcueris aut ignoveris.

10. Nbs exposuit quot bon studuissent ill homin pessim.

B.

1. Those who are most experienced in the course of the stars have shown that the sun cannot be moved.

2. In those places huge trees keep off the light the sun from the inhabitants.

3. Surely the truest and most noble man will be elected consul?

4. The crowd used their weapons as aid for the brave men.

5. Since they had been enrolled before the war, the Romans fought bravely and with great courage against the

Germans.

6. He asked how I had performed my duties so well.

7. We enjoyed both his virtue and his friendship for many years.

8. Let us loosen the chains from the captives and return as quickly as possible to the city.

9. Each skilled (person) is able to tell how he acquired his ability.

10. We thought that he would be a hindrance to us

Lesson XVIICONDITIONS

A CONDITIONAL SENTENCE has at least two clauses: the PROTASIS is a subordinate clause stating the condition; the APODOSIS is the main clause stating the conclusion. The protasis is generally introduced by s (if) or one of its compounds. Most conditional sentences fall into one of three categories: simple or general conditions, future conditions, or contrary-to-fact conditions.

Simple Conditions

SIMPLE CONDITIONS use an indicative verb in both the protasis and the apodosis. They can be either present or past.

Simple Present

S cantat, laetus est. If (whenever) he sings, he is happy.

Simple past

S cantbat, laetus erat. If (whenever) he was singing, he was happy.

S cantvit, laetus fuit. If (whenever) he sang, he was happy.

Future Conditions

There are two kinds of FUTURE CONDITIONS:

FUTURE MORE VIVID CONDITIONS use the future or future perfect indicative in the protasis and the future indicative in the apodosis.

S cantbit, laetus erit. If he sings, he will be happy.

The future perfect in the protasis emphasizes completion of the condition before the conclusion takes effect.

S hosts vict erunt, impertor laudbitur. If the enemy is (will be, will have been) conquered, the general will be praised.

FUTURE LESS VIVID CONDITIONS use the present subjunctive in both the protasis and the apodosis. To translate, follow the pattern of the example.

S cantet, laetus sit. If he should sing, he would be happy. (or Should he sing, he would be happy.)

Contrary-to-Fact Conditions

CONTRARY-TO-FACT CONDITIONS may be present or past. Contrary to fact conditions are hypothetical.

Present contrary-to-fact conditions use the imperfect subjunctive in both the protasis and the apodosis. To translate, follow the pattern of the example.

S cantret, laetus esset. If he were singing, he would be happy.

Past contrary-to-fact conditions use the pluperfect subjunctive in both the protasis and the apodosis. To translate, follow the pattern of the example.

S cantvisset, laetus fuisset. If he had sung, he would have been happy.

Vocabulary XVII

First Declension Nouns Third Declension Nounscpia, cpiae f., abundance, supply, (pl.). provisions, troopsfamilia, familiae f., family, household slavesforma, formae f., formgloria, gloriae f., fame, gloryinopia, inopiae f., lackmemoria, memoriae f., memory

decus, decoris n., dignity, glory, honorlaus, laudis f., praiseord, ordinis m., order, rankplebs, plebis f., common people, plebsprinceps, principis m., chief, leader

Third Conjugation Verbs Prepositiondiscd, -ere, discess, discessum, withdrawcnsequor, cnsequ, cnsectus sum, follow, gain, pursueconfd, -ere, confsus sum, (semi-deponent), trust

contr (+acc.) opposite, towardPronoun

aliquis, aliquid, anything

Exercise XVII

A.

1. E nn pepercissem, nisi eius virtt confsus essem.

2. S cpia cib nbs esset, statim revertermus.

3. Nis ill studemus, nn eum consequmur.

4. Aliquid insigne et dignum memori laudeque facere voluit.

5. Nisi sibi magnopere confsa esset, nn tantam auctorittem consecta esset.

6. Si illa hostibus nntientur, ab hs locs discdant; s hosts d Rmns talia dcerent, ab hs locs discderent.

7. Et facere et pati fortia Romanum est. Nec nus in t ego hs anims gess; longus post m ord est

idem petentium decus. (Livy 2.12.10 Mucius to Porsenna)

8. S ists nullum corpus cvittis, nec sentum, nec plbem, nec magistrts esse patimur, aliquis sps pcis popul

Rmn sit.

9. M nminem form pulchrirem vdisse aut vce suavirem audvisse quam t put.

10. Ill autem, quibus haec a natr minra data sunt, tamen es ita ut possunt, ut laudemque decusque cnsequantur.

11. Nisi Pompeius, qu princeps in r public erat, hanc potesttem et glriam maxims rbus gests consectus esset,

nn in eius partem e tempore accessissem.

B.

1. If you were wise, you would yield to his authority.

2. If you should trust them, you would spare (them).

3. If you had a larger supply of words, you would be able to make a better speech.

4. If our order (use ord) had not been so hard on the Roman plebs, they would have yielded to us.

5. If we wished to be the best, we would seek nothing more than dignity, glory and praise.

6. Through anxiety and lack of money the whole family was brought to destruction.

7. Zopyrus said that he was able to understand anyone’s nature from (ex) the form of his body, eyes and other things.

8. If he were not so trusting in himself, he would not be able to deal with that very serious matter.

9. I bore the death of your daughter heavily and as a shared calamity. If I had been present, would not have been

lacking to you.

Lesson XVIIIGERUNDS

The GERUND is a verbal noun. The English translation always ends in –ing. The Latin gerund is formed by adding-nd- (or -end- in third and fourth conjugation verbs) to the present stem with the second declension neuter singular endings of only the oblique cases (i.e. genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative). The gerund of e is irregular.

first second Third third I-stem fourth eNom. ----- ----- ----- ----- ------ -----Gen. amand monend ducend capiend audiend eundDat. amand monend ducend capiend audiend eundAcc. amandum monendum ducendu

mcapiendum

audiendum eundum

Abl. amand monend ducend capiend audiend eund

Other irregular verbs and deponents form their gerunds regularly.The verbs sum and fi do not have gerunds.

The gerund functions like a noun in its respective cases. As a verb it can have an object and can be modified by an adverb or prepositional phrase. The object of a gerund will be in the accusative case unless the verb normally takes another case; e.g. tor takes the ablative.

The genitive of a gerund can depend on either a noun or an adjective. It can also precede the words caus or grati to show purpose.

Cupidus bellum gerend est. He is desirous of waging war.Spem host s vincend dposuit. He has put aside hope of defeating the enemy.Legend caus venit. He comes for the sake of reading.

The dative of a gerund is used infrequently.

The accusative of a gerund is used with ad with certain adjectives, such as partus, idneus, aptus, and tilis, or to show purpose.

Ad librs legendum venit. He comes to read books.Equus fortis est aptus ad fugiendum. A strong horse is useful for escaping.

The ablative of a gerund is often used to express means or cause. It also follows the prepositions /ab, d, /ex, or in.

Legend discimus. We learn by reading.Legend laet sumus. We are happy because of reading.De pugnand loquuntur. They talk about fighting.

When a gerund is needed as the subject, predicate nominative, or direct object, Latin uses the infinitive.

Nominative: Legere est difficile. To read (or reading ) is difficult. Accusative: Legere amat. He loves to read.

Vocabulary XVIII

Verbsconspici, -ere, conspex, conspectum, catch sight of, observe, spot dlber (1), consider, deliberatedisc, -ere, didic,----, learndespici, -ere, despex, despectum, look down onperspici, -ere, perspex, perspectum, examine, observetoll, tollere, sustul, subltum, lift, raise

Nouns First and Second Declension Adjectivesvespera,-ae f., eveningvesper, vesperis m., eveningiuvenis,-is m., young man, youthhiems, hiemis f., winter

bellus,-a,-um, fine, handsome, nice, prettycupidus,-a,-um, eager, greedy, longingmus,-a,-um, at the bottom of, deepest, lowestinteger, integra, integrum, untouched, wholestudisus,-a,-um, devoted, eager, zealoustardus,-a,-um, late, slowttus,-a,-um, safe

Exercise XVIII

A.

1. Parte vs ad discendum!

2. In hc terr novs mrs et alis vis etiam pugnand invnimus.

3. Iuvens sunt cupid pugnand; itaque signum tolltur et acis consistat!

4. Studis n colloquend, vesper sedbmus cibumque sumbmus.

5. Num impedimenta fgiend grti relinquimus?

6. Erum ms erat ibi cnsistere loquend caus.

7. Cicer dxit patriam fortiter pugnand servr posse.

8. Plrima d rrum natr avidissim legend discmus.

9. Ali fortiter vincend grati pugnant, ali propter amrem pugnand.

10. Iv maria, terrs, litora, regna, populs de cael despicient omnia sunt crae.

B.

1. He is a handsome man, and eager for learning.

2. Since winter had come we were eager for departing.

3. They often held the hope of conquering.

4. He lifted fear from all by sparing many.

5. The soldiers were so desirous of fighting that they were contained with great difficulty.

6. The girls were so slow to depart that they did not arrive in the city before evening.

7. The beautiful maidens have come to the forum this evening to find the youths.

8. We shall surpass the enemy in thinking, not in talking.

9. If anyone has gained glory by harming others, I do not know his name.

10. We convened at the foot of the untouched mountain in order to begin to climb to the top together.

Lesson XIXGERUNDIVES

The GERUNDIVE is a verbal adjective belonging to the 1st/2nd declension. It is always passive in meaning. It is formed like the gerund but has all the endings of an adjective. The gerundive agrees with the noun it modifies in case, number and gender.

singular pluralM F N M F N

nom. amandus amanda amandum amand amandae amandagen. amand amandae amand amandrum amandrum amandrumdat. amand amandae amand amands amands amandsacc. amandum amandam amandum amands amands amandaabl. amand amand amand amands amands amands

It is very common to use a noun modified by a gerundive instead of a gerund with an object. Both expressions can be translated the same way.

gerund + object noun + gerundivelibrs legend by reading books librs legends by reading books (lit. by books being read)

The uses of the gerundive are very similar to those of the gerund.

Genitive:Cupidus bell gerend est. He is desirous of waging war (lit. of war being waged).Libr legend caus venit. He comes for the sake of reading the book (lit.of the book being read).

Accusative:Ad libr s legend s venit. He comes to read books (lit. for books being read).

Equus fortis est ad host s fugiend s aptus. A strong horse is useful for fleeing the enemy.

Ablative:Libr s legend s discimus. We learn by reading books (lit. by books being read).Libr legend flics sumus. We are happy because of reading the book. De bell gerend loquuntur. They talk about waging the war (lit. about the war being waged).

Vocabulary XIX

Nouns Verbsloquentia,-ae f., eloquenceingenium,- n., character, talentsenex, senis m., old man

reperi, -re, repper, repertum, discover, find (by looking)iuv, -re, iv, itum, helpconfici, -ere, confc, confectum, accomplish, finish, make readyrefer, referre, rettul, reltum, bring back, carry back, relatePronoun

qudam, quaedam, quoddam, certain

Exercise XIX

A.

1. mrs optims amand; mribus optims amands; mrs optims amand grati; mrium optimrum amandrum

grti; ad natram mrsque perspiciendum; ad natram mrsque perspiciends.

2. comparand amcitiam; comparand amciti; comparand amcitiam caus; comparandae amcitiae caus;ad

amcitiam comparandum; ad amcitiam comparandam.

3. Iam ad certs rs conficiends qusdam homins dlects habbat.

4. Omnibus ills rbus iam confects, cnsuls ad sentum referunt num ad socis iuvands exitr essent.

5. Ill dxrunt s nn ex acie discessrs esse nisi tl reperiend aut sumend caus, aut cvis servand.

6. Ipsum consulem Rmae manre ad conscribends omns qu arma ferre possent optimum vsum est. (Livy 3.4.10)

7. Nisi tam breve tempus e ad ingenium monstrandum et loquentiam augendam fuisset, num rogrmus quanta vs

loquend e natr data esset?

8. Intellegite alis qusdam vis ad consequendam loquentiam esse melirs

9. Sciunt eadem cnsilia bells dmittends sumendsque nn esse omnibus.

B.

1. by helping the old men; for the sake of helping the old men; in order to help the old men (translate two ways)

2. by examining his true character; for the sake of examining his true character; in order to examine his true character

3. The old man was able to help his own (people) by examining the talents and customs of men, and their reasons.

4. Since everyone is asking for these things from me, I have been led to write to you for the sake of explaining the

reason for war with this letter.

5. If anyone should kill a man, let there be for the Roman people the power of exacting punishment.

6. He was so influenced by certain friends that he undertook everything for accomplishing so great a crime.

7. The Romans, led farther from their camp in order to help the cities of their allies, were able to be captured.

8. I will not become tired by relating the deeds of that man again.

9. They knew that they wished to remain only for acquiring glory.

10. Led on by the desire of finishing the war quickly, he became a danger to himself and to others.

Lesson XXPASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC

The gerundive with a form of sum shows necessity or obligation. The gerundive is declined to agree with its subject in case, number, and gender. This is called the PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC.

Dcendus sum. I must be led (literally, I am to be led)Haec conficienda erunt. These things will have to be done (literally, These things will be to be done.)Rati eius exponenda erat. His reason had to be laid out. (literally, His reason was to be laid out.)

There are many possible translations for the different tenses:

This must be done. Hoc faciendum erat. This had to be done.This should be done. This was to be done.

Hoc faciendum est. This has to be done.This ought to be done. Hoc faciendum erit. This will have to be doneThis is to be done.

DATIVE OF AGENT (with no preposition) is used with the passive periphrastic. The passive translation may be converted to the active voice in English:

Nbs id faciendum erat. It had to be done by us. We had to do it.Tibi dcendus sum. I must be led by you. You must lead me. Px n b s petenda erit. Peace will have to be sought by us. We will have to seek peace.

IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTION: The passive periphrastic of an intransitive verb, which takes no direct object, or of a transitive verb without an object, must be translated in the active voice. In this construction, the gerundive is in the neuter nominative singular form.

Tibi eundum est. You must go (lit. It must be gone by you). Nvibus nvigandum erat. The ships had to sail (lit. It had to be sailed by the ships). Nbs proficiscendum erit. We will have to set out.

Vocabulary XX

Verbsabe, abre, abi (-v), abtum, go awayade, adre, adi (-v), adtum, go toexe, -re, exv/exi, extum, go out, withdrawine, -re, inv/ini, initum, adopt (plan), enterpraetere, -re, praeteriv/-i, praeteritum, go past, skip

1st and 2nd Declension Adjectives Adverbsaequus, -a, -um, even, fair, flat, levelalinus,-a,-um, foreign, unrelatedaptus,-a,-um, appropriateinquus,-a,-um, uneven, unfair

frustr, adv., in vainhc, adv., herehinc, adv., from here, from this placehc, adv., to this place

Exercise XX

A.

1. Mihi huic re apta sententia reperienda est.

2. Exercitus saepe magn pecuni nbs confirmandus erat.

3. Haec celeriter nbs facienda sunt; hoc tibi nunc suscipiendum erit.

4. Catilna mults amcs aere alin erum semper suscipiend nactus est.

5. Caesar intellxit pontem delendum esse n Helveti in prvinciam incderent.

6. Ulla percula adeunda sunt; sprt glri urbis condendae numquam discdendum est.

7. Rmrs inqu d me puell omnibus praetereundi sunt.

8. S sentus pr m grtis agends esse putet, grtis mihi ips esse referends nn putem?

9. Praetere illa quae nn praetereunda sunt; dcam hunc esse hominem magn ingeni, insignis loquentiae, summae

fide.

10. Plinius dxit Slium Italicum carmina maire cr quam ingeni scrpsisse.

11. Quis est tam patins huius malae urbis ut putet ram suam tenendam esse?

B.

1. I must do these things; you had to follow your desires; we ought to find them.

2. He must be considered unrelated to our family.

3. A camp most appropriate for waging war must be found here by us.

4. They asked whether they had to come to Rome in order to keep the state from calamity.

5. They have a town in an appropriate place, to which (= where to) people often must go with ships.

6. Sallust says that virtue is always foreign to kings.

7. We must preserve a level mind in difficult and good times.

8. Some must go out into battle; others must protect the camp.

9. I pass over many things which in those times had to be found or completed by us.

10. If they did not trust you, you should not have been spared.

Lesson XXIREVIEW: LESSONS XVII – XX

Conditions:

Type of condition Latin English

Simple Presentpresent indicative in both clauses present in both clauses

S cantat, laetus est. If (whenever) he sings, he is happy.

Simple Past

past indicative (imperfect or perfect) in both clauses past in both clauses

S cantbat, laetus erat.

S cantvit, laetus fuit.

If (whenever) he was singing, he was happy.

If (whenever) he sang, he was happy.

Future More Vivid

future indicative in both clauses or future perfect in the protasis

present in the protasis, future in the apodosis

S cantbit, laetus erit.

S vcerit, laetus erit.

If he sings, he will be happy.

If he conquers (will have conquered), he will be happy.

Future Less Vividpresent subjunctive in both clauses should…, would…

S cantet, laetus sit. If he should sing, he would be happy.(Should he sing, he would be happy.)

Present Contrary-to-Factimperfect subjunctive in both clauses was -----ing, would …

S cantret, laetus esset. If he were singing (but he is not), he would be happy.

Past Contrary-to-Factpluperfect subjunctive in both clauses had …, would have …

S cantvisset, laetus fuisset. If he had sung (but he has not), he would have been happy.

Gerunds and Gerundives: Gerunds and gerundives have a very similar formation. Gerunds have only the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular neuter forms. Gerundives have all the forms of 1st/2nd declension adjectives.

Gerund formula: Present Stem + -nd- (-end- for 3rd conjugation) + -, -, -um, and -Gerundive formula: Present Stem + -nd- (-end- for 3rd conjugation) + -us, -a, -um , etc.

The noun modified by a gerundive is more frequently used than the gerund with an object. Gerunds are generally used without an object. Both constructions can be translated the same way.

Passive Periphrastic: The passive periphrastic is used to show obligation or necessity ( gerundive + form of sum):

Laudanda est. She should be praised.

The passive periphrastic takes a dative of agent.

Px nbs petenda est. We must seek peace. (Peace must be sought by us).

Intransitive verbs or transitive verbs without a direct object use the impersonal construction.

Mlitibus proficiscendum erit. The soldiers will have to set out.

Exercise XXI

A.

1. S quis umquam rget ubi incolam, narr e m Rmae nunc di esse.

2. Hiem urbs Rma est saepe tra inimcaque. N nbs eundum sit!

3. Cum pater puerum parvum manibus sustulerit, flium esse sibi magn decor snsit.

4. Nisi m d ntr bell docuisset, cum Graecs pugnns mortuus essem.

5. S princps vrs surum copirum perspiciet, qusdam in hc corn ponet qu ordinem servent.

6. S rgna consilia rgis moritr ineat, laudem magnam accipiat.

7. Inte tard consilium contr vtam alicuius.

8. Cum sentirent labrem suum domin despectum esse, sperbant celerittem e placitram esse.

9. Princip ad provincis adeundum erat ut pcem regin referret.

10. Haec si fecerit, erit integra potestas nobis deliberand. (Cicero, Philippicae 7.26)

11. Contr patriam arma pr amc sumenda nn sunt. (Aulus Gellius, Nocts Atticae 1.3.18)

B.

1. The soldiers moved with great speed through the lands of Italy in vain, for in Helvetia they stopped almost daily

because of the nature of the mountains.

2. Speak in such a way that not only the people listen to you, but even that they listen zealously.

3. They must go to the city Rome before evening.

4. If he has a need for food, he is very unhappy.

5. If the youth, eager for learning, should have a disposition keen and suited to reading, the old man would be able to

teach him very many things well.

6. Hoc ipsum est, quod maxime discendum est quodque ab his, qui docent, minime dicitur. (Aulus Gellius 1.3.16)

7. The pirates worked into the evening for the sake of finishing the ship well.

8. The soldiers must pursue the Gauls lest they influence the inhabitants of the province with their eloquence.

9. If those who have been gathered here were pleasing to you, you would not be harming them in this way.

10. If these matters had been announced to us, we would have departed from here before they could find us.

Lesson XXIIINDIRECT COMMANDS

The INDIRECT COMMAND is a subordinate clause after a verb of commanding or requesting. The indirect command begins with ut or ne and has its verb in the subjunctive, following the sequence of tenses.

Direct Command: Indirect Command:

Mante Remain! Ns rogat ut manemus. He asks us to remainD mihi pecuniam! Give me money! T r ut mihi pecuniam ds. I ask you to give me money.Pugnte bene! Fight well! Es horttur ut fortiter pugnent. He urges them to fight well.

Verbs with an Accusative of Person Commanded

The following verbs use the accusative case for the person addressed:

rog askr beseech, beghortor urge, encourage

mone advise, warnobsecr beseech, beg

Pater magistrum rogat ut puer s doceat . The father asks the teacher to teach the boys.

Verbs with a Dative of Person Commanded

The following verbs use the dative case for the person addressed:

imper command, order praecipi direct; advise persude persuade

Caesar m litibus persusit ut fortiter pugn rent . Caesar persuaded the soldiers to fight bravely.

Verbs with /ab + Ablative of Person Commanded

The following verbs use /ab with the ablative case for the person addressed:

pet beg, ask postul demand

Caesar postulvit m litibus n urbem d l v rent . Caesar demanded that the soldiers not destroy the city.

Verbs with an Accusative and Infinitive Construction

The following verbs use the accusative + infinitive construction:

iube ordervet forbidvol wish

prohibe preventcg compelnl wish not

patior allow, suffercupi desire

M lit s man re iubet. He orders the soldiers to remain.

Vet is used for the negative of iube, and nl for the negative of vol.

Mlits manre vetat. He forbids the soldiers to remain.(He orders the soldiers not to remain.)

Vocabulary XXII

Verbs Adverbimper (1), demand, orderobsecr (1), beg, beseechor (1), beg, beseechpostul (1), demandhortor (1), encouragepersuade, -re, persuas, persuasum, persuade

modo, adv., merely, onlyNouns

auxilium,-, n., aid, helpsalus, saltis f, safety (personal), well-being

Exercise XXII

1. Rogvit m ut scum abrem.

2. Persusit es n iter facerent.

3. Pet t n ditius quam dus dis Rmae manes.

4. E imperandum est n contr inimcs consilium capiat.

5. Ad m, obsecr t, ut omnia certa perscrbs. (Cicero Ad Atticum 3.12)

6. Ns horttus est ut omnia quae perspic nbs possunt dcmus.

7. Hs atque alis huius mod saepe dcts, popul persudbat, ut legt ad rgem mitterentur.

8. Praecepta sunt data, n contr eum agrum qu popul Rmn factus esset arma inferrent. (Livy 7.31.8)

9. Legts relqus praecpit ut exrent cum castra mnta essent.

10. Vs tribn, rmus, ut prmum omnium intellegtis potesttem istam ad populum iuvandum, nn ad omnia dlenda

compartam esse; tribns plbis vs crets, nn hosts patribus.

11. Es praecpit ut s fde pblic Rmam dcerent, ut facilius d pce agerent.

12. Faciam, s mihi fdem quam postul dederis.

B.

1. They asked us to bring help.

2. You advise me to trust no one.

3. He ordered me to approach.

4. He begged me to take up his cause while you were present.

5. And so I asked the rest that they defer the whole matter for another day.

6. I ask of you only that you write diligently to me, as your nature and our friendship demand.

7. We hoped that he would either persuade them or would allow them to persuade him.

8. I urged him to say the things which he knew without fear.

9. Catiline kept on urging his allies not ever to be without a weapon.

10. They demanded that either the matter be referred to the senate, or that the consul be a help to the citizens and the

leader (be a help to) the soldiers. (Use double dative)

11. By your fortunes and by your children, I beseech and beg you not to do anything more serious concerning your

safety.

12. I warn you not to adopt a plan foreign to your customs and nature.

Lesson XXIIISUBJUNCTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES

Relative Clause of Purpose

The relative clause of purpose begins with a relative pronoun instead of ut. (Lesson II)

Miss sumus qu tus capermus. We were sent to seize your men.

If the antecedent is indefinite (men, people, someone), it is not expressed in Latin.

Caesar msit qu urbem caperent. Caesar sent (men) to capture the city.

Relative Clause of Characteristic

The RELATIVE CLAUSE OF CHARACTERISTIC describes a quality or characteristic of the antecedent. It begins with a relative pronoun and has a verb in the subjunctive. It describes the antecedent as a member of a group, “the kind of man who…”

Is est qu fortiter pugnet. He is one who fights bravely. /He is the kind of man who fights bravely.

Contrast with the indicative:

Is est qu fortiter pugnat. He is the man (or the one) who is fighting bravely.

The following clauses often introduce a relative clause of characteristic:

nm est qu there is no one whonihil est quod there is nothing thatquis est qu who is there who

quid est quod what is there thatmult sunt qu there are many whopauc sunt qu there are a few who

Relative Clause of Result

The RELATIVE CLAUSE OF RESULT is a dependent clause beginning with a relative pronoun, which expresses the result of the main clause. These results are not actual, but rather imagined or anticipated. Often the main clause will contain an adjective or adverb which anticipates and points to the result of the main clause: tam, tlis, tantus, ita, sc, de, etc.

Nm tam stultus est qu eum interficere temptet. No one is so foolish as to try to kill him.

Vocabulary XXIII

Verbs Nounsaperi, re, aperu, apertum, open, reveal, uncoverfini, -re, finv/fini, finitum, define, limitconvoc (1), call togetherexistim (1), consider, regard, thinkexpugn (1), stormimport (1), bring in, carry indole, -re, dolu, dolitum, grieveexerce, -re, exercu, exercitum, trainfle, flre, flv, fltum, weepresponde, respondre, respond, responsum, answer, respondcupi, -ere, cupv, cuptum, desire, long for, wish

beneficium,-, n., favor, kindness, supportgaudium,- n., joypraemium,- n., prize, rewardspatium,- n., room, space

Adverbsaliquand, anytime, sometimecottdi, dailyforte, by chance

Exercise XXIII

A.

1. Sus convocvit qu s metum castrrum hostium expugnandrum audrent.

2. Nm est tam credens qu existimet beneficium ab hostibus vrum esse.

3. Nullum bellum sc pugntur qu omns mlits incolums domum redeant.

4. Portae aperiuntur es qu castra Drica (Greek), locsque vacus, ltora relicta vidre velint.

5. Ille lgts msit qu hosts sequantur et impedimenta capiant.

6. Athnienss m msrunt qu cum Rmns d bell contr prts dlberrem.

7. Quid est quod t, Catilna, terreat magis quam h vir in hc loc sacr nobils insignsque?

8. Quo modo lcem diemque omnibus hominibus, ita omnis terras fortibus virs natra aperuit. (Tacitus, Histories 4.64)

9. Nvs ad Galliam equittum importvrunt qu imperium illrum gentium fnrent.

10. Mult sunt qu s bell cottdi exerceant et pauc qu fortiter pugnent.

11. Summa in eam cvittem studia et beneficia contulit quibus dignissimus memori vidertur.

B.

1. Almost no one is so evil that he always commits crimes.

2. The space in the forum is so small that the slaves were sent away.

3. No kindness is so great that it may change the heart of the evil man.

4. Caesar responded that the troops had been sent to seize the city and to carry back their own reward.

5. There is no one who weeps more about the dangers of war than the mother of a soldier.

6. Who is there who would train daily that the city may be saved from the anger of the gods?

7. (There) are few who grieve the death of a son as you have grieved.

8. What leader is so bold as to send his men onto a plain against the Gauls without weapons?

9. If they had been able to sustain the attack of the cavalry, they would not have fled into the woods.

10. Should she not have confidence in herself, she would not be able to do those things.

11. Let all the trees of the forest sing for joy for the lord has come.

Lesson XXIVSUPINES AND REVIEW OF PURPOSE CONSTRUCTIONS

SupineThe SUPINE is a verbal noun of the fourth declension and is usually formed from the fourth principal part of the verb. It is always neuter singular, but it is used only in the accusative and ablative cases.

first second third third -stem fourthAccusative amtum monitum ductum captum audtu

mAblative amt monit duct capt audittranslation to love to warn to lead to capture to hear

The accusative supine is used after verbs of motion to show purpose. It may have a direct object.

Pugn tum vn. I have come to fight.Urbem captum proficiscitur. He sets out to capture the city.

The ablative supine is used after certain adjectives as an ablative of specification.

mrbile dict amazing to sayfacile fact easy to doTurpe v s est. It is disgraceful to see.

Review of Purpose ConstructionsThe following chart shows five ways to express purpose in Latin which are nearly interchangeable. The English translation may be the same for all. Remember that Latin never uses the infinitive to express purpose.

construction formula examples

purpose clause main clause + ut /n + subjunctive verbVeniunt ut urbem videant.They come to see the city.

relative clause of purpose main clause + relative pronoun + subjunctive verb

Veniunt qu urbem videant .They come to see the city.

gerund and gerundive constructions

genitive of gerund/gerundive + caus/grati

Urbis videndae caus veniunt.They come to see the city.

Vidend caus veniunt.They come for the purpose of seeing.

ad + accusative of gerund/gerundive

Ad urbem videndum veniunt.They come to see the city.

Ad videndum veniunt.They come for the sake of seeing.

supine in the accusative verb of motion + accusative of the supineUrbem v sum veniunt.They come to see the city.

Vocabulary XXIV

Adjectives Verbsfalsus,-a,-um, mistaken, untruemidus,-a,-um, damp, moistmrbilis,-e, amazing, remarkable, wonderfulvetus, veteris old

memor (1), bring up, mentionfing, -ere,finx, fictus, compose, fashion, imagine, make, make up

Adverb Nounvelut/velut, even as, just as nefs (indecl.) n., evil, wrong

Exercise XXIV

A.

1. Numquam illa pulchrior vis fuit.

2. Quaerunt quid optimum fact sit.

3. Dxit s rgem interfectrum esse et id facile fact futrum esse.

4. Nox et sequentis die pars carminum fingendrum caus data est.

5. N scrpsers ad m etiam d maxims rbus in r public gests docendum, nisi ad m ipsum pertinbit.

6. Ill, ut melius intellegantur, nova verba fingunt magis quam veteribus tuntur.

7. Caesarem conditum, nn laudtum vn.

8. Tua epistula d morte amc nostr m accepta statim lacrims mes umida facta est et, nefs dict, invts oculs

lecta est.

9. Epistulam tibi mittam qu scis quam invtus hc slus maneam.

10. Victus tus beneficis, vn tibi gratis actum.

B.

1. I have pursued those things eagerly from which true glory may be born.

2. The words with which I may persuade you, do not fail me.

3. They decided that this was the best to do.

4. He informed us about his arrival so that we would not trust false rumors.

5. When you tell about great virtue and glory of good men, many think these things are easy to accomplish.

6. They said that the city would be captured.

7. They said that they would come to capture the city.

8. We have come to warn you, not to praise you.

9. They have come to advise you, not to order you.

10. Catiline ordered his friends, gathered together in one place, to go out in order to kill the best people.

11. They announce that he is already present in order to cut off flight.

Lesson XXVSUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE

A subordinate clause depending upon INDIRECT DISCOURSE is called a SUBOBLIQUE CLAUSE. If the subordinate clause was part of the original direct statement, its verb is subjunctive in indirect discourse. The tense of the subjunctive follows the sequence of tenses based on the tense of the main verb of saying, thinking, reporting, asking, etc.

Direct Statement

Mihi librum dat quem msrunt. He is giving me the book which they sent.

The relative clause quem msrunt is a subordinate clause of the original direct statement.

Indirect Statement

Mter dcit eum mihi librum dare quem mserint. The mother says that he is giving me the book which they sent.

Mter dxit eum mihi librum dare quem msissent. The mother said that he was giving me the book which they had sent.

Direct Question

Qu urbem dfendunt quam Rmn habent? Who are defending the city that the Romans hold?

Indirect Question

Rogat qu urbem dfendant quam Rmn habeant. He asks who are defending the city that the Romans are holding.

Rogvit qu urbem dfenderent quam Rmn habrent. He asked who were defending the city that the Romans were holding.

Direct Command

In urbe, in qu ntus es, man! Remain in the city, in which you were born!

Indirect Command

Iubet m in urbe manre in qu ntus sim. He orders me to remain at the city in which I was born.

Postulvit ut in urbe manrem in qu ntus essem. He demanded that I remain in the city, in which I was born.

Vocabulary XXV

Third -i Verbs Adjectivesaffici, -ere, affc, affectum, affect, treatdfici, -ere, dfc, dfectum, fail; fall awayeffici, -ere, effc, effectum, cause, effect, bring aboutperfici, -ere, perfc, perfectum, complete, finish, perfectrefici, -ere, refc, refectum, repair, restore

immemor, immemoris, forgetfulmemor, memoris, mindfulpr, paris, equal, like

AdverbsNoun ante, before, formerly, previously

deinde, from there, next, theninde, from there, thencenumquam, nevernper, recentlynndum, not yet

lber,-rum m., children (only in plural)Preposition

prope (+acc.), near

Exercise XXV

A.

1. Dxit s numquam ante vdisse ills lbers, qu prope strent.

2. Dx m mrs refctrum esse postquam consl cretus essem.

3. Dcit iter, quod faciendum sit, nvibus facilius quam pede futrum esse.

4. Dcs ab mlitibus postulvrunt ut ad ltus prgrediantur et nvs, qus ante refcissent, exspectent.

5. Princips mlitibus impervrunt ut n manrent ut urbem undque expugnre possent.

6. Memor Galls numquam exercitibus Rmns bene ss esse, Caesar iussit es gents, qus in montibus vcisset,

sub iugum mitt.

7. Nis illae insigns virttes amcitiam efficiant, quis es petends esse putet?

8. Tandem urbe capt, ducs es msrunt qu cibum aquamque cpis reperrent.

9. Dxrunt s nn ab amciti nostr, quae tanta beneficia comparvisset, dficere velle.

10. Sallustius scrpsit s, quod vta, qu frumur, brevis sit, memoriam longissimam su efficere velle.

B.

1. After that task was completed, we were affected by great care and worry.

2. The leaders asked how the storms, about which they had recently heard, were affecting the seas.

3. I hoped that the young men, since they had been affected by the habits of the best teachers, would forgive me

more easily.

4. We were informed that the Romans who had gone to Britain had completed the long wall.

5. The consul ordered the soldiers to complete the bridge, which ought to have been made in the winter.

6. The children asked whether they would set out to Rome after the ships had been repaired.

7. Seneca says that virtue is able to bring it about that someone not be wretched.

8. Then he said that he would restore the state which had given him so many benefits.

9. She announced that she was greatly affected by the deeds of the queen, who was the leader of the Carthaginians.

10. He said that he had been so greatly affected by her letters that he seemed to have received a benefit from her

rather than given (a benefit) to her.

Lesson XXVIREVIEW: LESSONS XXII – XXV

Indirect Commands: The indirect command is a subordinate clause after a verb indicating a command or a request.

Main verb Formula Exampleiube, vet, vol, prohibe, cg, nl, patior, cupi

accusative + infinitive Iubet eam sequ.He orders her to follow.

rog, r, hortor, mone, obsecr

accusative + ut/ne + subjunctive

Eam rat ut sequtur.He begs her to follow.

imper, praecipi, persuade

dative + ut/ne + subjunctive

E persuadet ut sequtur.He persuades her to follow.

pet, postul /ab + ablative + ut/ne + subjunctive

Ab e postulat ut sequtur.He demands that she follow.

Subjunctive Relative Clauses: The following three types of relative clauses use the subjunctive mood: the relative clause of purpose, the relative clause of characteristic, and the relative clause of result.

Construction Formula Example

relative clause of purpose relative pronoun + subjunctive Missus est qu urbem caperet.He was sent to seize the city.

relative clause of characteristic relative pronoun with indefinite antecedent + subjunctive

Is est qu bene dormiat.He is the kind of man who sleeps well.

relative clause of resultmain verb often has tam, tlis, tantus, ita, sc, or de + relative pronoun + subjunctive

Tlis est quem omns laudent.He is the sort of man that all praise.

Supines: A supine is a verbal noun of the fourth declension used only in the accusative and ablative cases.

The accusative of the supine is used to show purpose with a verb of motion.

Vn urbem vsum. I came to see the city.

In the ablative the supine is used with certain adjectives as an ablative of specification.

Mrbile dict, vir factus est deus! Amazing to say, the man has become a god!

Subordinate clauses in indirect discourse: A subordinate clause within indirect discourse usually has its verb in the subjunctive mood.

Nntius nntivit lgtum mortuum esse, qu ad pcem faciendam vnisset.

The messenger reported that the envoy who had come to make peace had died.

Exercise XXVI

A.

1. Sols es qu ram exercre velint convocs.

2. Potestne t amre, qu aliquand tib inimcus fuerit?

3. Hae rs sunt nn slum malae fact, sed etiam malae audt.

4. Sunt e qu Propertium malint. (Quintilian, Inst. Orat. 10.1.93)

5. Fingmus Alexandrum, puerum tant cur dignum, nbs dar ut docemus.

6. Existimvit sua beneficia, quae in caelum ab omnibus sublta essent, decor et praesidi sibi futra esse.

7. Hom ibi terrtus, omn sp vtae amiss, rvit ut, antequam morertur, s csum carmine dolre paterentur.

8. Ipsa ntra vidtur memriam velut ducem nbs dedisse, quae ns horttur ut bona sequmur.

9. Hortbantur fntims ut ports aperrent atque commnem patriam ab impet Rmnrum dfend paterentur.

10. Nn sumus quibus omnia in terrs aut mala aut bona videantur.

11. S e maior auctrits fuisset, princeps sents dlectus esset.

12. Ovidius nbs rogat quis carmina Tibull ttus legere possit, aut carmina poetae cuius opus Cynthia sla fuerit.

B.

1. There are those who say that desire cannot be limited.

2. Let me respond to those who do not wish to make up false rumors.

3. He asked the consuls not to respond with a letter, but to be present themselves at once.

4. There is no one so content that he would not desire those things.

5. It is slavery not to speak against whom you wish and not to defend whom you wish.

6. Since water was lacking, they came every day to seek aid.

7. If my family were not staying at Rome, I would be with them as a help in this most wretched time.

8. The poet asked whether anyone was able to read the songs of Tibullus safely.

9. How many (people) can say that they will be the same tomorrow?

10. I asked him to stay with me for three days so that he could read my speech.

Lesson XXVIIIMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS

A verb which lacks a personal subject is said to be used impersonally.

Intransitive Verbs: The Passive Periphrastic of an intransitive verb must be impersonal.

Nbs proficiscendum est. We must set out.

Many verbs are commonly used with an infinitive or a subjunctive clause (with or without ut).

Impersonal Verbs with Accusative Impersonal Verbs with Dative necesse est it is necessary licet it is permittedoportet it is fitting placet it is pleasing

M exre necesse est.Ut exeam necesse est. It is necessary for me to leave. It is necessary that I leave.Exeam necesse est.

T audre oportet.Ut audis oportet. It is fitting that you hear. You ought to listen.Audis oportet.

Nbs licet loqu.(Nbs) licet ut loqumur. It is permitted that we speak. We are permitted to speak. Licet loqumur.

Rg hoc dcere placet.Rg ut hoc dicat placet. It pleases the king to say this. It is pleasing to the king to say this.Rg placet hoc dicat.

Vocabulary XXVII

Deponent Verbs Nounsadorior, adorr, adortus sum, attackorior, -r, ortus sum, appear, risemror (1), be amazed, be surprised, wonder atreor, rr, ratus sum, imagine, suppose, thinktueor, tur, tuitum, observe, protect, scan

mulier, mulieris f., womantells, tellris f., earth, ground, landmnus, mneris n., function, task, gift (of the gods)custs, custdis, m., guard, guardian

Impersonal Verbs Adverbslicet, licre, licuit or licitum est, it is permittednecesse esse, it is necessaryoportet, oportere, oportuit, it is fitting

paul, a little, somewhatposte, afterwardsrursus, a second time, backwards

Adjectivesducent,-ae,-a, two hundred dexter, dextera, dexterum, right, (as a noun) right handtrecent,-ae,-a, three hundred sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, left, (as a noun) left hand

Exercise XXVII

A.

1. Necesse est trecents mlits in Britanniam mitt ut ills gents contineant.

2. Ut slem orientem adspicimus nbs placet.

3. Tua sum; tua dcar oportet; Pnelop coniunx (wife) semper Ulixis er. (Ovid, Heroides 1.83-84)

4. Qus habe, d tueantur ops! (Ovid, Heroides, 16.32)

5. Nbs licet ut irat simus, mlitibus ns adorts et mulieribus lbersque capts.

6. Custd licet ut interficiat qu rg appropinqure cntur.

7. Nn satis est modo habre virttem - necesse est ut e utris.

8. Paul poste necesse erit docre es esse custds suae saltis.

9. Aeneas surrxit et lmen solis orientis mrbtur.

10. Neptn placet ut muliers munera in mare rursus ponant, antequam vir ad Graeciam proficiscantur.

11. Anims sublts, nostr amc perculs avid occurrere constiturunt.

12. Nn oportet consuls adoriantur nous tribns per factinem suam.

B.

1. We are permitted to think, but not to act.

2. It is permitted to weep; by weeping we send away our anger.

3. Aeneas wondered at the work of the three hundred men and the city having arisen from the ground.

4. After the war is finished, it is fitting that you return to Rome and to your mother, brothers and friends.

5. It is fitting that the woman looking for her sons and daughters scan the fields.

6. It is pleasing to the man telling (his story) that the old men and girls wonder, and the women listen eagerly to

every word.

7. It is fitting for the sailors leave a gift for the god after they have returned home from the sea.

8. A hard situation forces me to do such things and to protect my territory with a guard.

9. The light of the rising sun is scarcely permitted to go into the woods of Diana.

Lesson XXVIIICLAUSES OF FEARING

Clauses of fearing, introduced by verbs like time, metu, or vereor, are subordinate clauses beginning with ut/n and having a subjunctive verb which follows the sequence of tenses. Since what one fears will happen is what one hopes will not happen, a positive fear begins with n, but a negative fear begins with ut or n…nn.

Time n rx moritur. I fear that the king will (may) die.Vereor ut hosts vincantur. I fear that the enemy will (may) not be conquered.Metu n hosts nn vincantur. I fear that the enemy will (may) not be conquered.Timuit n rx moreretur. He feared that the king might die.Timuimus n rx mortuus esset. We feared that the king had died.

When a negative verb of fearing introduces a negative clause of fearing, n . . . nn is used.

Nn vereor n hosts nn vincantur. I do not fear that the enemy will (may) not be conquered.Nn timbit n pater auxilium nn ferat. He will not be afraid that his father will not bring help.

A clause of fearing may also be dependent on a noun of fearing, timor, perculum, or metus.

N rx moritur perculum est. There is a danger that the king may die.

Use of Qun

A negative EXPRESSION OF DOUBT is followed by a subordinate clause introduced by qun with the verb in the subjunctive.

Nn dubit qun in taliam perveniat. I do not doubt that he is arriving in Italy.Dubium nn erat qun lectra esset. There was no doubt that she would read.

(lit. It was not doubtful that…)

A positive expression of doubt is followed by an indirect question with num or an.

Dubit num trus sit. I doubt that (whether) he will go. Dubitvimus an exercitus victus esset. We doubted that the army had been conquered.

Vocabulary XXVIII

Nouns Adjectivesinimcitia,-ae f., enmity, hostility, unfriendlinessstudium,-i n., devotion, eagerness, enthusiasmgravits, gravittis f., seriousness, severity, weightnmen, nminis n., consent, nod, divine will

dvnus,-a,-um, divine, heavenlynecessrius,-a,-um, inevitable, necessaryntrlis,-e, by birth, natural

Verb Adverbaffer, afferre, attul, alltum, bring, carry toward, convey fortasse, adv., perhaps

Exercise XXVIII

A.

1. na sals victs (est) nullam sprre saltem. (Vergil Aen. 2. 354)

2. Vereor n amre videar plra quam fuerint in ill dcere. (Cicero, Brutus 273)

3. Vereor n m audiend conficimin, s d hs generibus rrum ditius dcam.

4. Nn potest esse dubium qun id sit summum bonrum omnium. (Cic. de Fin. 1.54)

5. Nec quisquam dubitvit qun ille verbs d mults locs allts ad ea scrbenda srus esset.

6. Nn dubit qun tibi hoc rmor celerius (nntiverit) quam ullius nostrum litterae nntiverint. (Cicero ad Att. 1.15.1)

7. Omnia in sent dxissem, quae m dcere voluist, nisi veritus essem n quis rertur m inimcitis exercre magis

quam mneribus amcitiae fung.

8. rtine habit, satis mrr nn potu eius timrem n t, familiam, amcs, etiam rem pblicam dfcisset.

9. Cum liber meus bene receptus esse t et alis vidertur, plra suscp, veritus n studia hominum mvre, sed nn

retinre posse vidrer.

10. M frter, tn id verris n ego, r aliqu addctus, puers ad t sine litters mserim aut etiam n t vidre nluerim?

11. Lucretius scrpsit omns hmins territs esse, “quod multa in terrs fir caelque tuentur,

qurum operum causs null ratine vidre possunt ac fir dvn nmine rentur.”

12. Hanc Epicrus ratinem (that atoms move without reason) indxit ob eam rem, quod veritus est, n, s semper

atomus gravitte ferrtur ntrl ac necessri, nihil lberum nbs esset, cum ita movertur animus, ut atomrum

mot cgertur. (Cicero de Fato 23)

13. Dxit omnia quae ad vvendum necessria sint in urbem afferenda esse n hostibus praemi firent.

B.

1. I feared that you had not gone out.

2. There is a danger that the ships have not been repaired.

3. He fears that the sun will not rise again.

4. I feared that you would not come quickly.

5. That man said many things about you, which perhaps you feared that I would hear unwilling(ly).

6. He is performing his duty to the state lest others, less wise than he, try to do the same.

7. There is a danger that they may be away even longer.

8. For I fear lest I seem to have wished to save this man so much that I have not spared you at all.

9. They feared that the sun might rise before they had repaired the wall.

10. There is a danger lest your enmities become, from this day, more serious for us and the state, than for you.

Lesson XXIXTHE GENITIVE CASE

A noun in the genitive case can be dependent on a noun, adjective, verb, or caus/grti.

The possessive genitive is dependent on another noun. Ille est m tris flius. He is his mother’s son.

Partitive GenitiveThe PARTITIVE GENITIVE expresses the whole element from which part is taken.

pars turbae part of the crowdmult m litum many of the soldiers

The pronoun forms nostrum and vestrum are used for the partitive genitive. Mults vestrum vdimus. We saw many of you.

The partitive genitive is also used with the following indeclinable nouns, substantive adjectives, and pronouns:satis enoughplus moreminus less

nimis too muchparum too littlemultum much

quantum how muchtantum so much

Satis cib habemus. We have enough (of) food.

The partitive genitive is not used after omnis.

Ns omns mus. All of us are going.

Genitive of DescriptionThe GENITIVE OF DESCRIPTION expresses a quality or characteristic. This genitive must be modified by an adjective. The genitive of description is used invariably if the description denotes a number..

mrus quinque pedum a wall of five feet (a five-foot wall) vir magnae audaciae a man of great boldness

Objective GenitiveThe OBJECTIVE GENITIVE is found with the following adjectives and in many noun phrases to show the object of an action or feeling:avidus greedycupidus desirousmemor mindful

immemor unmindful, forgetfulpertus skilledimpertus unskilled

patiens tolerantstudisus eager

Rx cupidus imperi est. The king is desirous of power.tu amre for love of youpropter mortis timrem on account of fear of death

memin and oblvscorThe verbs memin and oblvscor use the accusative or the genitive for the direct object. Memin is defective, using the perfect tense for present, pluperfect for any past, and future perfect for the future; oblviscor is deponent. Memin means to remember or be mindful of; oblviscor means to forget or disregard.

T bene memin. I remember you well.Ipse su meminerat (Verr. ii. 136) He was mindful of himself (of his own interests)Oblvscere caedis atque incendirum(Cat. i. 6) Dismiss the slaughter and conflagrations!Obltus sum omnia. I have forgotten everything.

Vocabulary XXIX

Verbs Adjectivesexperior, experr, expertus sum, experience, test, tryoblviscor, oblvisc, obltus sum, forgetmemin, meminisse, be mindful of, rememberrede, -re, redi (-v), reditum, go back, return

doctus,-a,-um, learnedimpertus,-a,-um, inexperienced, ignorant, unskilledprvus,-a,-um, crooked, distorted, impropersalvus,-a,-um, safe, unharmed, welluterque, utraque, utrumque, both, each (of two)

Nouns Adverbnimium,- n., excessars, artis f., craft, skill, tradepls, plris n., more, too much

nimis, too, very much

Exercise XXIX

A.

1. N obltus ss m opem alltrum esse qu maxim necesse sit.

2. Dxrunt s satis pecuniae cupiditt hominis avrissim fortasse habre.

3. Palinrus nauta ipse negat s diem noctemque in cael cernere nec viam in medi mar meminisse.

4. Mult enim omnis aettis, omnis ordinis in perculum vocantur et vocbuntur. (Pliny Ep. 10.96.9)

5. Vereor n sit nihil vr in es quae dcis.

6. P. Mrna mediocr ingeni sed magn studi rrum veterum, litterrum et studisus et nn impertus, multae

industriae et magn labris fuit. (Cicero, Brutus 237)

7. Sed uterque nostrum cdere cgbtur magnitdin anim rtinisque gravitt, cum ille maxim laude omnium

vestrum dxit s quod velltis esse factrum. (Cicero, Philippics 9.9)

8. Cum parum praesidi in locs mnts esset, proxim di nbscum exre constituit.

9. Cum in ist ivene ad faciendum anim satis esset, tamen parum auctorittis ad persudendum.

B.

1. He asked me how much water was enough for making the journey.

2. Let each one of you obey the king in order that you may return home safe(ly).

3. There are those who are skilled in all bad arts.

4. It is fitting that we always be mindful of our dignity.

5. You seem to me to forget them as easily as I will forget (them).

6. He is a man very skilled at moving tears.

7. Tell me whether you are learned in all things, or, what is greater, experienced (in all things).

8. Each one of us hoped that he would restrain the improper hopes of others by setting out his reasons.

Lesson XXXREVIEW: LESSONS XXVII – XXIX

Impersonal Constructions: Many verbs are used impersonally with an infinitive or a subjunctive clause:Audre carmina potae nbs placet. (Ut) audimus carmina potae placet. It is pleasing to us to hear the songs of the poet.

Construction main verb formula exampleIndirect statement

verb of saying, thinking, knowing, telling, perceiving, showing

Accusative + infinitive

Dcit patrem ducere.He says that the father is leading.

Indirect question

verb of saying, thinking, knowing, telling, perceiving, showing, asking

interrogative + subjunctive verb

Sci quis sit. I know who you are.

Indirect command

iube, vet, vol, prohibe, cg, nl, patior, cupi

accusative of person + infinitive

Iubet eam sequ.He orders her to follow.

rog, r, hortor, mone, obsecr

Accusative of person + ut/n + subjunctive

Eam orat ut sequtur.He begs her to follow.

imper, praecipi, persude

dative of person + ut/n + subjunctive verb

E persudet ut sequtur.He persuades her to follow.

pet, postul /ab + ablative of person + ut/n + subjunctive

Ab e postulat ut sequtur.He demands that she follow.

Clauses of fearing

time, metu, vereor (positive) n + subjunctive (negative) ut or n …nn + subjunctive

Metu n rx moritur.I fear that the king may die.

Metu n rx nn moritur.I fear that the king may not die.

Genitive Uses:

Partitive the whole from which part is taken

fliae huius gentisparum discend

daughters of this tribetoo little learning

Description with an adjective exercitus quinque mlia mlitum

an army of 5,000 soldiers

Objective with certain adjectives and nouns to show the object of an action or feeling

pert docendtimor derum

skilled in teachingfear of the gods

memin and obl viscor: with genitive or accusative:Meam patriam mminer. I will remember my homeland.Nminis su obltus est. He forgot his own name.

Exercise XXX

A.

1. Obltne estis virttis quam sentus tam di laudbat?

2. Tuae virttis meminerimus et confidmus t nostrae fde nn obltum esse.

3. Rogvit num, etiam s necesse esset e id facere, nn tamen sit ignoscendum.

4. S quid fcerit quod nn licet, lex pniet; si quid fcerit quod licet, sed nn oportet, pater pniet.

5. In hc arte, s modo est haec ars, nullum est praeceptum, qu modo vrum invenitur. (Cicero, de Oratore 2.157)

6. Fortasse haec ars utrque nostrum mranda est, sed cert nn exercenda.

7. Paul poste mults hrs di nvibus reficiends et nauts convocands auxili gimus.

8. Vereor ut impertus itineris domum redre salvus possim.

9. Metus est nbs maximus n trecent ex nostrrum virrum v maris interfect sint.

10. Rrsus magistr studium legend puerrum expert sunt, cum ill scrpta Cicernis reperre possent.

11. Omnia fert aets, animum quoque. Saepe ego longs

cantand puerum memin m condere sls. (Vergil Eclogues 9.51-52)

12. Prmum fac (ut) anim fort atque magn sis – ita enim ntus, ita dctus, ita doctus es…ut tibi id faciendum sit;

deinde spem quoque habes firmissimam. (Cicero, ad Familiares 6.5.4)

13. Omnia vincit amor, et ns cdmus amr. (Vergil Eclogues 10.69)

B.

1. Do you remember the difficulties that destroyed our ships last year?

2. I am afraid that you will not be able either to protect the city or bring help.

3. This chief has no strength and fears the sight of us, who come only to speak with him.

4. One of the men had gained possession of the standards but was killed (while) returning to our camp.

5. He persuaded me to leave my fatherland and showed me help for the way, which he had buried in the earth.

6. This leader was of great influence among the Gauls, because they wondered at his strength and bravery.

7. Rumor prefers to report the invented and the distorted rather than the true.

8. We will teach you how those things, which appear to be useful and are not (useful), are hostile to virtue.

READINGS AND NOTESThe readings which follow are from Julius Caesar’s De Bello Gallico, book 1, chapters 1-29. Each reading is followed

by two levels of notes: the first contains vocabulary, arranged in the order in which the words appear in the passage.

Many of these words will be learned later in the book as part of the vocabulary lesson for another chapter. Proper nouns

and words which have close English derivatives are typically not glossed. The second level of notes contains

grammatical help and translated phrases and sentences, listed by the line number where they are found.

Reading I: Julius Caesar describes Gaul

Gallia est omnis dvsa in parts trs, qurum nam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitn, 1tertiam qu ipsrum lingu Celtae, nostr Gall appellantur. H omns lingu, institts, 2lgibus inter s differunt. Galls ab Aquitns Garumna flmen, Belgs Matrna et 3Sequna dvidit. Hrum omnium fortissim sunt Belgae. 4

Gallia, -ae, f. Gaulincol, -ere, incolu, incultum inhabitBelgae, rum, m. Belgians

lingua, -ae, f. languageinstittum, , n. institution

3. inter s different: differ from one another

Reading II: The Helvetians and their leader Orgetorix

Helvti quoque reliqus Galls virtte praecdunt, quod fer cotidins proelis cum 1Germns contendunt, cum (=ubi) aut sus fnibus es prohibent aut ips in erum fnibus 2bellum gerunt. Apud Helvtis long nbilissimus fuit et dtissimus Orgetorix. Is, M. 3Messal et M. Ppi Pisne consulibus, regn cupiditte inductus, conirtinem 4nbilittis fcit, et cvitt persusit ut d fnibus sus cum omnibus copis exrent. 5

Helvti, -rum, m. Helvetians (the Swiss)quoque, conj. alsoreliquus, -a, -um, the rest ofpraecd, -ere, -cess, -cessum go before, surpasscotidinus, -a, um dailyprohibe, -re, -u, -itum prevent, keep fromapud (+ acc.) prep. among

dtissimus, -a, -um wealthiestcupidits, ttis, f. greed (+ gen.)indc, -ere, -dx, -ductum influenceconirti, -nis, f. conspiracypersuade, -re, persus, persusum (+ dat.) persuadeut, conj. toexe, -re, exi, exitum go out, leave

3. M. Messal et M. Ppi Pisne consulibus: in the consulship of Marcus Messala and Marcus Pupius Piso

Reading III: The Helvetians make plans to move

Hs rbus adduct et auctritte Orgetorgis permt, (Helvet) cnstiturunt ea quae 1ad proficiscendum pertinrent comparre, imentrum et carrrum quam maximum 2numerum coemere, sments quam maxims facere ut in itinere cpia frment 3suppeteret, cum proxims cvittibus pcem et amictiam confirmre. Ad es rs 4conficiends Orgetorix dligitur. 5

addc, -ere, addx, adductum influenceimentum, , n. mulecarrus, , m. cartcoem, -ere, com, coemptum buysmentis, -is f. a planting

cpia, -ae, f. supplyfrmentum, , n. grainsuppet, -ere, suppetv, suppetitum supportproximus, -a, -um nearest

2. ad proficiscendum: for setting out4. ad es rs conficiends: for accomplishing these things5. dligitur: he was chosen. Caesar often uses the historic present, which may be translated by a past tense if the context requires it. Subjunctives dependent upon an historic present will typically follow secondary sequence.

Reading IV: Orgetorix persuades others to join him

Orgetorx sibi lgtinem ad cvitts suscpit. In e itinere persudet Castic Sequn 1cuius pater regnum in Sequns mults anns obtinuerat et sent popul Rmn 2amcus appelltus erat, ut regnum in cvitte su occupret quod pater ante habuerat; 3itemque Dumnorig Aedu frtr Dvicic. Inter s fdem dant, et regn occupt 4per trs potentissims ac firmissims populs ttius Galliae ss potr posse sperant. 5

legati, -nis, f. embassypersude, -re, persus, persusum, persuade (+ dat.)Dumnrix, -igis, m. Dumnorix

occup (1) seizefirmus, -a, -um strongpotior, -r, pottus sum gain possession of (+ gen.)

3. ut occupret: to seize4. inter s fdem dant: they exchange assurances

Reading V: Orgetorix is tried for his plot

Ea res est Helvtis per indicium nntita. Mribus sus Orgetorgem ex vincls 1causam dcere cogrunt. Damntum poenam sequ oportbat ut ign cremrtur. 2Di constitt causae dictinis Orgetorix ad iudicium omnem suam familiam 3undique cogit: per es n causam dceret s ripuit. Cum cvits ob eam rem 4incitta arms is suum exsequ conrtur, Orgetorix mortuus est. 5

iudicium, , n. trial dicti, -nis, f. pleading (of the case)

1. per indicium: through intelligencevincls = vinculs

2. causam dcere: to plead his case3. Damntum poenam sequ oportbat ut ign cremrtur: it was fitting that the punishment of being burned to death

be inflicted on him if condemned.5. is exsequ: to execute punishment

Reading VI: The Helvetians prepare to depart

Post eius mortem nihil minus Helvti id quod constituerant facere conantur, ut 1 fnibus sus exeant. Ubi iam s ad eam rem parts esse arbitrt sunt, oppida sua 2omnia, numer ad duodecim, vcs ad quadringents, reliqua prvta aedificia 3incendunt; frumentum omne, praeterquam quod scum porttr erant, combrunt; 4trium mensum mlta cibria sibi quemque dom efferre iubent. 5

arbitror (1) thinkoppidum, -i, n. townduodecim twelvequadringents four hundredfrumentum, -i, n. grain

praeterquam other thancombr, -ere, combuss, combustum, burnquisque, quaeque, quidque, eacheffer, -ferre, extul, latum, carry out

5. trium mensium: for three monthsmlta cibria: edible flour

Reading VII: The routes out of Helvetia described

Erant omnn itinera duo, quibus itineribus dom exire possent: num per Sequns, angustum 1et difficile, inter montem Iram et flmen Rhodanum; alterum per prvinciam nostram, mult 2facilius atque expeditius, proptere quod inter fns Helvtirum et Allobrogum, qu nuper 3pact erant, Rhodanus fluit, isque nn nulls locs vad transitur. Extrmum oppidum 4Allobrogum est proximumque Helvtirum fnibus Genava. Ex e oppid pons ad Helvtis 5pertinet. 6

omnn, adv. altogetherRhodanus, , m. the Rhone riverexpedtus, -a, -um unobstructedproptere, adv. especially

pac (1) pacify,subduenn nullus, -a, -um not none, somevadum, , n. fordGenava, -ae, f. Geneva

1. dom : from home2. montem Iram: a mountain ridge between the Rhone and the Rhine Rivers

Reading VIII: Caesar reacts to the news of the Helvetian movement

Caesar cum id nntitum esset, es per prvinciam nostram iter facere cnr, mtrat ab 1urbe proficisc, et quam maxims potest itineribus in Galliam ulterirem contendit, et ad 2Genavam pervnit. Prvinciae tt quam maximum potest mlitum numerum imperat (erat 3omnin in Galli ulterire legi na), pontem qu erat ad Genavam iubet rescind. Ubi d 4eius advent Helvti certirs fact sunt, lgts ad eum mittunt nbilissims cvittis, qu 5dcerent sibi esse in anim sine ull malefici iter per prvinciam facere, proptere quod 6aliud iter habrent nullum. 7

mtr (1) hastenulterir, -ius farther

rescind, -ere, rescid, rescissum tear down maleficium, -, n. harmproptere quod because

1. Caesar: indirect object of the cum clausees: Helvetiansab urbe: when the city is not named it usually refers to Rome

2. quam maxims potest itineribus: by the longest marches possible3. prvinciae tt: dative of the source, from the whole province4. legi na: a legion was made up of 4,200 to 6,000 soldiers6. sibi esse in anim: that it was their intention

Reading IX: Caesar buys himself some time

Caesar, quod memori tenbat L. Cassium consulem occsum exercitumque eius ab 1Helvtis pulsum et sub iugum missum, concdendum nn putbat; tamen, ut spatium 2

intercdere posset dum mlits qus imperverat convenrent, lgts respondit diem 3s ad dlberandum sumptrum: s quid vellent, ad Ids Aprls reverterentur. Intere e 4legine quam scum habbat mlitibusque qu ex prvinci convnerant lac Lemann 5ad montem Iram mlia passuum decem novem mrum in altitdinem pedum sdecim 6fossamque perdcit. Ubi ea dis quam constituerat cum lgts vnit et lgt ad eum 7revertrunt, negat s mre et exempl popul Rmn posse iter ull per prvinciam 8dare et, s vim facere cnentur, prohibitrum ostendit. 9

pell, -ere, pepul, pulsus defeatiugum, , n. yokesum, -ere, sumps, sumptum takelacus, , m. lake

sdecim, indecl. 16fossa, ae, f. ditchexemplum, , n. exampleostend, -ere, ostend, ostensum show

1. memori tenbat: remembered

L. Cassium: Lucius Cassius2. With pulsum and the following participles, esse must be understood as part of the infinitive in indirect statement

sub iugum: under the yoke (symbolizing subjugation)concdendum esse: that it should be granted

3. dum + subjunctive: until4. ad dlberandum : for considering

s quid: if…anythingad ds Aprils: towards the Ides of April (April 15th)

6. mlia passuum decem novem: 19 miles 9. (s) prohibitrum (esse)

Reading X: The Helvetians gain permission from the Sequani to cross their territory

Relinqubtur na per Sequns via, qu Sequns invts propter angustis re nn 1poterant. Hs cum su sponte persudre nn possent, lgts ad Dumnorgem Aeduum 2mittunt. Dumnorix grti et largitine apud Sequns plrimum poterat, et Helvtis erat 3amcus, quod ex e cvitte Orgetorgis fliam in mtrimnium dxerat et, cupiditte regn 4addctus, novs rbus studbat et quam plrims cvitts su benefici habre obstricts 5volbat. Itaque rem suscpit et Sequns impetrat ut per fns sus Helvtis re patiantur. 6

angustia, -ae, f. narrownesspersuade, -re, persus, persusum persuade (+ dat.)novae rs, novrum rrum revolution

stude, studre, studu be eager for (+ dat.)obstring, -ere, -strinx, strictum to tie, bind to

1. relinqubtur: the subject is na via

Sequns invts: conditional use of an ablative modified by a participle: if the Sequani were unwilling.3. grti et largitine: because of his charisma and generosity

plrimum poterat: had the most power (literally, was most able).5. su benefici…obstricts: bound (to him) because of his kindness6. Sequns impetrat ut: he gained the request from the Sequani that…

Reading XI: Caesar reacts to news of the Helvetians’ plans

Caesar renntitur Helvtis esse in anim per agrum Sequnrum et Aedurum iter in 1Santnum fns facere, qu nn long Tolstium fnibus absunt, quae cvits est in 2prvinci. Id s firet, intellegbat magn cum percul prvinciae futrum ut homins 3bellicss, popul Rmn inimcs, locs patentibus maximque frumentris fnitims 4habret. Ob es causs e mnitin quam fcerat T. Labinum lgtum praefcit; ipse in 5taliam magns itineribus contendit, dusque ibi lgins conscrbit, et trs quae circum 6Aquileiam hiembant ex hberns dcit et, qu proximum iter in ulterirem Galliam per 7Alps erat, cum es quinque lginibus re contendit. 8

pate, patre lie open, lie exposedhim (1) winter, spend the winterhberna, -rum n. winter quarters

qu (adv.) whereproximus, -a, -um nearest

1. renntitur: (impersonal) it is announced, the subject is the entire clause “Helvetis…facere”

Helvtis esse in anim: that the Helvetians have in mind (intend)3. id s firet: if this were to happen, as frequently in Latin, the conjunction is delayed to the second place in the

sentence.futrum (esse): that it would be…, impersonal indirect statement;ut…habret: to have, the whole clause serves as the subject of futrum

5. e mnitin…T. Labinum…praefcit: he put Titus Labienus…in charge of the fortification, praefici takes a dative and an accusative, “to put x (acc.) in charge of y (dat.).”

Reading XII: The Helvetians move into their neighbors’ territories

Helvti iam per angustis et fns Sequnrum sus cpis trdxrunt, et in Aedurum 1fns pervnerant erumque agrs populbantur. Aedu, cum s suaque ab es dfendere 2nn possent, lgts ad Caesarem mittunt rogtum auxilium. Edem tempore Aedu Ambarr, 3 necessri et consanguine Aedurum, Caesarem certiorem faciunt ss, dpopults agrs, 4nn facile ab oppids vim hostium prohibre. Item Allobrogs, qu trans Rhodanum vcs 5possessinsque habbant, fug s ad Caesarem recipiunt, et demnstrant sibi praeter agr 6solum nihil esse reliqu. Quibus rbus addctus Caesar nn exspectandum sibi statuit dum, 7omnibus fortns socirum consumpts, in Santons Helvti pervenrent. 8

angustiae, arum f. passespopular (1) ravagedpopul (1) ravage, pillagepraeter (+ accusative) except

solum, n. soildum (+ subjunctive) untilfortnae, -rum reserves

2. s suaque: themselves and their (possessions)3. rogtum: to ask, supine with a verb of motion (mittunt) expressing purpose

Aedu…consanguine: the Aeduan Ambarri, friends and relatives4. ss = s

dpopults agrs: ablative absolute6. s…recipiunt: they retreat, literally they take themselves back7. nn exspectandum sibi statuit: he decided that he ought not to wait8. omnibus…consumpts: ablative absolute

Reading XIII: Caesar engages the Helvetians

Flmen est Arar, quod per fns Aedurum et Sequnrum in Rhodanum influit, incrdibil 1lnitte, ita ut oculs in utram partem fluat iudicr nn possit. Id Helvti ratibus ac 2lintribus iuncts transbant. Ubi per explortrs Caesar certior factus est trs iam parts 3cpirum Helvtis id flmen trdxisse, quartam fer partem citr flmen Ararim 4reliquam esse, d terti vigili cum leginibus tribus castrs profectus ad eam partem 5pervnit, quae nndum flmen transerat. Es impedts et inopnantes aggressus magnam 6partem erum concdit: reliqui ss fugae mandrunt atque in proxims silvs abdidrunt. 7

influ, -ere, -flx, -fluctum flow inincrdibilis, -e unbelievable, incrediblelnits, -ttis, f. slownessiudic (1) judge, determineratis, -is, f. raftlinter, -tris, f. boat, skiff

iung, -ere, iunx, iunctum joinexplortor, -ris, m. scoutcitr (+ accusative) on the near sidenndum not yetconcd, -ere, -cs, -csum killabd, -ere, abdid, abditum hide

3. trs parts: three quarters5. d terti vigili: about the third watch, the night was divided into 4 watches.6. impedts et inopnants: loaded down and unsuspecting7. ss fugae mandrunt: (=mandvrunt), entrusted themselves to flight

Reading XIV: a skirmish and some troop movement

Hc proeli fact, reliqus copis Helvtirum ut consequ posset, pontem in Arare 1faciendum crat atque ita exercitum trdcit. Poster di (Helvti) castra ex e loc 2movent. Idem facit Caesar, equittumque omnem ad numerum quattuor mlium, quem 3ex omn prvinci et Aedus atque erum socis coactum habbat, praemittit, qu videant 4qus in parts hosts iter faciant. Qu, cupidius nvissimum agmen insect, alin loc 5cum equitt Helvtirum proelium committunt; et pauc d nostrs cadunt. Qu proeli 6sublt Helvti audcius subsistere nn numquam et nvissim agmine proeli nostrs 7lacessere coeprunt. Caesar sus a proeli continbat, ac satis habbat in praesenti 8hostem rapns pabultinibus populatinibusque prohibre. Ita dis circiter quindecim 9iter fcrunt ut inter nvissimum hostium agmen et nostrum prmum nn amplius quns 10aut sns mlibus passuum interesset. 11

consequor pursueposterus, -a, -um nextalinus, -a, -um strangecad, -ere, cecid, csum falltoll, -ere, sustul, subltum uplifted, exhilarated

subsist, -sistere, substit, -- stand firmlacess, -ere, lacessv, lacesstum harasscoep, coepisse begancirciter (+ accusative) aboutut (= ut) that

2. faciendum crat: he saw to building5. cupidius nvissimum agmen insect: having pursued the rearguard too eagerly8. satis habbat in praesenti: had enough (to do) in the present (circumstances)9. rapns, pabultinibus popultinibusque: from pillaging and ravaging the crops11. interesset: there was a distance of…

Reading XV: Caesar looks for the best approach

(Caesar) ab explrtribus certior factus hosts sub monte consdisse mlia passuum 1ab ipsius castrs octo, qulis esset natura montis et qulis in circuit ascensus, qu 2cognoscerent msit. Renntitum est facilem esse. D terti vigili T. Labinum, lgtum 3pr praetre, cum dubus lginibus et es ducibus qu iter cognverant summum iugum 4montis ascendere iubet; quid su consil sit ostendit. Ipse d quart vigili edem itinere 5qu hosts ierant ad es contendit equittumque omnem ante s msit. P. Considius, qu 6re mlitris pertissimus habbtur, cum explrtribus praemittitur. 7

consd, -ere, -sd, -sessum settleascensus, s m. ascent

iugum, , n. ridge

2. ipsius – Caesar’s

in circuit – on all sides3. T. – Titius4. pr praetre – with the rank of praetor5. quid su consil sit – what his plan is6. P. - Publius.

Reading XVI: Caesar receives bad intelligence

Prim luce, cum summus mons Labin tenertur, ipse ab hostium castrs nn longius 1mille et quingents passibus abesset, neque, ut poste ex captvs comperit, aut ipsius 2adventus aut Labin cognitus esset, Considius equ admiss ad eum accurrit, dcit montem 3ab hostibus tenr: id s Gallics arms atque insignibus cognvisse. Caesar sus cpis in 4proximum collem subdcit, aciem instruit. Labinus, ut erat e praeceptum Caesare n 5proelium committeret, nisi ipsius cpiae prope hostium castra vsae essent, monte occupt 6nostrs exspectbat proelique abstinbat. Mult denique di per explrtrs Caesar 7cognvit et montem sus tenr, et Helvtis castra mvisse, et Considium timre 8perterritum quod nn vdisset pr vs sibi renntisse. E di hosts sequitur, et mlia 9passuum tria ab erum castrs castra ponit. 10

quingent, -ae, a five hundredneque norcomperi, -ire, comper, compertum find out accurr, -ere, accurr, accursum run up to

insignia, rum, n. standardssubdc, -ere, -dx, ductum withdrawexspect (1) wait forabstine, -re, abstinu, abstentum refrain from

1. ipse: Caesar3. equ admiss: with his horse at a gallop9. pr vs: as (something he had) seen

sibi: to Caesar

renntisse = renntivisse.

Reading XVII: the Romans and the Helvetians prepare for battle

Postridi eius di, quod Bibracte, oppid Aedurum long maxim et cpisissim, 1nn amplius mlibus passuum XVIII aberat, re frumentriae prospiciendum existimvit: 2iter ab Helvtis vertit ac Bibracte re contendit. Ea rs per fgitvs hostibus nntitur. 3Helvti, seu quod timre perterrts Rmns discdere s existimrent, sive e quod 4r frumentri intercld posse confiderent, commtt consili atque itinere convers 5nostrs insequ ac lacessere coeprunt. Postquam id animum advertit, cpis sus Caesar 6in proximum collem subdcit, equittumque qu sustinret hostium impetum msit. Ipse 7interim in colle medi triplicem aciem instrxit leginum quattuor veternrum; sed in 8summ iug dus lgins qus in Galli citerire proxim conscrpserat et omnia auxilia 9collocr, ac ttum montem ab es qu in superire aci constiterant mnr iussit. Helvti 10cum omnibus sus carrs sect impedimenta in num locum contulrunt; ips confertissim 11aci, reiect nostr equitt, phalange fact sub prmam nostram aciem successrunt. 12

cpisus, -a, -um affluent amplior, -ius morevert, -ere, avert, aversum turn asideseu…sive whether…orcommt (1) changeexistim (1) thinkconvert, -ere, vers, versum changelacess, -ere, lacess, lacesstum harass

coep, coepisse begancolloc (1) station, placesuperior, -ius higherconfertissimus, -a, -um very densereici, -ere, reic, reiectum drive backphalanx, phalangis, f. phalanx (a battle

formation of infantry)succd, -ere, -cess, -cessum move up

1. postridi eius di: on the day after that day2. prospiciendum: (they) should look for4. e quod: for the reason that8. in colle medi: on the mid-point of the hill, half-way up the hill9. proxim: recently

Reading XVIII: the battle

Caesar prmum su, deinde omnium ex conspect remts equs, ut aequt omnium 1percul spem fugae tolleret, cohorttus sus proelium commsit. Mlits loc superire 2pls misss facile hostium phalangem perfrgrunt. E disiect, gladis dstricts in es 3impetum fcrunt. Galls magn ad pugnam erat impediment quod plribus erum scuts 4n ict plrum transfixs et colligts, cum ferrum s inflexisset, neque vellere neque 5sinistr impedt satis commod pugnre poterant; mult ut praeoptrent scutum man 6mittere et nd corpore pugnre. Tandem vulneribus dfess et pedem referre et, quod 7mons suberat circiter mille passuum, e s recipere coeprunt. Capt monte et 8succdentibus nostrs, Boi et Tuling, qu agmen hostium claudbant et nvissims 9praesidi erant, ex itinere nostrs latere apert agress circumvnre, et id conspict 10Helvti rursus instre et proelium redintegrre coeprunt. 11

deinde thenremove, -re, -mv, mtum removeaequ (1) make equalcohortor (1) encourageplum, , n. spearperfring, -ere, -frg, -fractum smashdisici, -ere, -ic, -iectum scatterictus, -s, m. blowcollig, -ere, -lg, -lectum bound togetherinflect, -ere, -flex, -flectum bend asidevell, -ere, -vuls, -vulsum pull outsinister, -tra, -trum the left

ndus, -a, -um baresubsum, -esse, -fu be neare to that place, thithersuccd, -ere, -cess, cessum move upclaud, -ere, claus, clausum enclosenvissimus, -a, -um lastpraesidium, , n. guardconspicor (1) catch sight ofrursus againinst -re, -stit, -sttrus threatenredintegr (1) rejoin

1. su: suo equ remt3. gladis dstricts: with drawn swords4. Galls magn…impediment: double dative “it was a great hindrance to the Gauls…”

ad pugnam: “to fighting”quod…poterant: this clause is the subject of “erat”; the fact thatplribus…scuts…transfixs: several shields being pierced

6. satis commod: very wellmulti ut praeoptarent with the result that many preferred

7. pedem referre: retreat10. latere apert: the open (unprotected) flank

circumvnre: = circumvnrunt

Reading XIX:

Ita ancipit proeli di atque acriter pugntum est. Ditius cum sustinre nostrrum impets 1

nn possent, alter s, ut coeperant, in montem recprunt, alter ad impedimenta et carrs 2sus s contulrunt. Nam hc tot proeli, cum ab hor septim ad vesperam pugntum sit, 3versum hostem vidre nm potuit. Ad multam noctem etiam ad impedimenta pugntum 4est. Di cum esset pugntum, impediments castrsque nostr potit sunt. Ibi Orgetorgis flia 5 atque nus flis captus est. Ex e proeli circiter hominum mlia cxxx superfurunt, 6eque tot nocte continenter irunt: nullam partem noctis itinere intermiss in fns 7Lingnum di quart pervnrunt. Caesar ad Lingns litters nntisque msit, n es 8frument nve ali r iuvrent: qu s ivissent, s edem loc qu Helvtis habitrum. 9

anceps, ancipitis doubtfulcarrus, , m. cart

supersum, -esse, -fu be left over, survivecontinenter constantly

1. pugntum est: they fought, impersonal construction, literally it was fought.3. se contulerunt: they went (lit., they took themselves)4. ad multam noctem: until late at night8. n…ivissent: indirect command, (saying) that they were not to help them with grain or in any other way; (and

that) if anyone did help…9. habitrum: habitrum esse, infinitive in indirect speech dependent on “litters nuntisque msit.”

Reading XX: the Helvetians surrender and return home

Helvti omnium rrum inopi adduct lgts d dditine ad Caesarem msrunt. In fns 1sus, unde erant profect, revert iussit. In castrs Helvtirum tabulae repertae sunt litters 2Graecs confectae, et ad Caesarem reltae, quibus in tabuls nmintim rati confecta erat, 3qu numerus dom exisset erum, qu arma ferre possent, et item separtim puer, sens, 4muliersque. Qurum omnium rrum summa erat capitum Helvtirum mlia CCLXIII, 5Tulingrum mlia XXXVI, Ltvcrum XIIII, Raurcrum XXIII, Boirum XXXII; ex hs qu 6arma ferre possent, ad mlia nngint duo. Summa omnium furunt ad mlia CCCLXVIII. 7Erum qu domum redirunt cens habit, ut Caesar imperverat, repertus est numerus 8mlium C et decem. 9

dditi, -nis, f. surrendertabula, -ae, f. tablet, writing tabletnmintim name by namerati, -nis, f. account

separtim separatelysumma, -ae, f. sumcaput, capitis, n. head; person

3. confectae: written8. cens habit: having taken a census

Reading XXI: Vergil’s Fourth Eclogue, lines 1-7, the return of the Golden Age

Scelids Msae, paul maiora canmus! 1Nn omns arbusta ivant humilsque myrcae; 2s canimus silvs, silvae sint consule dignae. 3 Ultima Cmae venit iam carminis aets; 4magnus ab integr saeclrum nascitur ord. 5iam redit et Virg, redeunt Saturnia regna, 6iam nova prgenies cael demittitur alt. 7

can, -ere, cecin, cantum singarbustum, -i, n. orchardmyrca, -ae, f. tamarisk (a kind of shrub)ultimus, -a, -um last, final

Cmaeus, -a, -um Cumaeansaeclum, -i, n. age, generationSaturnius, -a, -um Saturnianprogenies, -e f. offspring

3. silvas: direct object of “canimus” if we sing (about) the forest5. saeclrum: genitive with “ord”7. cael…alt: ablative of place from which

Reading XXII: Vergil’s Fourth Eclogue, lines 8-14, the birth of a baby

Tu modo nascent puer, qu ferrea prmum 1dsinet ac tt surget gens aurea mund, 2casta fave Lcna: tuus iam regnat Apollo. 3Tque ade decus hoc aev, t consule, inbit, 4Polli, et incipient magn procdere menss; 5t duce, s qua manent sceleris uestgia nostr, 6irrita perpetu solvent formdine terrs. 7

ferreus, -a, -um iron, made of irondsin, -ere, dsi, dsitum ceaseaureus, -a, -um goldenmundus, -i m. worldcastus, -a, -um chaste, pureLcna, -ae f. Junoregn (1) reign, rule

ade what is moreaevum, -i, n. agemensis, -is m. monthvestgium, -i n. traceirritus, -a, -um without effectperpetuus, -a, -um unendingformd, -inis, f. fear

1. Tu: subject of “fave” (line 3)2. tt..mund: through the whole world, ablative of place where4. T…t consule: ablative absolute, “t” repeated for emphasis6. si qua...vestgia: if any traces…7. irrita: nominative plural

Reading XXIV: Valerius Maximus, 3.7.4, Livius Salinator spares the Gauls and Ligurians

Livi Salntris aeternae memoriae tradendus animus. qu cum Hasdrublem 1exercitumque Poenrum in Umbri dlesset et e dcertur Galls ac Ligurs ex aci 2sine ducibus et signs sparss ac plants parv man opprim posse, respondit in hoc 3es oportre parc, n hostibus tantae cldis domestic nunti dessent. 4

aeternus, -a, -um eternaltrad, -ere, tradid, traditum hand down, relatesparg, -ere, spars, sparsum scatterpl (1) wander

opprim, -ere, oppress, oppressum overwhelmoportet, re, oportuit be necessary, proper (impersonal)cldes, -is f. disaster.

4. dlesset = dlvisset

Reading XXIX: Sallust describes Catiline

L. Catilna, nobil genere ntus, fuit magn v et anim et corporis, sed ingeni mal 1prvque. Huic ab adulescenti bella intestna caedes rapnae discordia cvlis grta fure, 2ibique iuventtem suam exercuit. Corpus patiens inediae algoris vigiliae, supra quam 3cuquam credbile est. animus audx subdolus varius, cuius rei libet simulator ac 4dissimulator, alin appetens, su profusus, ardens in cupidittibus; satis loquentiae, 5sapientiae parum. vastus animus immoderta incrdibilia nimis alta semper cupibat. 6hunc post dominationem L. Sullae libd maxima invserat re pblicae capiendae; 7neque id quibus mods assequertur, dum sibi regnum parret, quicquam pens habbat. 8Agitbtur magis magisque in dis animus ferox inopi re familiris et conscienti 9scelerum, quae utraque es artibus auxerat, qus supr memorv. 10

genus, generis, n. familyadulescentia, -ae, f. adolescenceintestnus, -a, -um internalcaedes, -is, f. murderrapna, -ae, f. pillagingiuvents, -ttis, f. youthinedia, -ae, f. fastingalgor, -is, m. coldvigiliae, -arum, f. sleeplessnesssubdolus, -a, -um, cunningvarius, -a, -um untrustworthy

appetens, -entis striving forprofsus, -a, -um profligateimmodertus, -a, -um, excessiveincrdbilis, -e fantasticlibd, libidinis, f., desireinvd, -ere, invs, invsum invadeferox, fercis, fierceconscientia, -ae, f. guiltars, artis, f., skill, qualitysupr abovememoro, (1) mention

1. L. – Lucius2. fure = furunt3. supr…est: beyond what is credible to anyone4. cuius…dissimultor: a phoney and dissembler about anything at all8. assequertur: he would acquire

dum: so long asquicquam pens habbat: did he consider it of any importance

9. in dis: day after dayinopi re familiris: by the lack of family property

10. quae utraque: both of which

REGULAR VERBS – INDICATIVE ACTIVE

Present First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth

am mone teg capi audiams mons tegis capis audsamat monet capit audit

ammus monmus amtis montis

amant monent capiunt audiunt

Imperfect

ambam mon audiams mons bs

ba bat

ammus monmus bmus amtis montis btis

ba bant

Futuream capi audi

ambis mons

ambit capiet

ammus monmus

amtis montis

ambunt capient

Perfect

am monu audamvist mon aud monuit cpit audvit

amvimus monuimus amtis mon

Pluperfect

am mon cperam audam monuers audvers audverat

am monus m audvermusam mon tis audvertis audverant

Future Perfect

amver mon cper audamveris monueris audverisamverit audverit

am monus audverimusam mon audveritisamverint audverint

78

REGULAR VERBS – INDICATIVE PASSIVE

Present First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth

am mone capior audiamris monris eris caperis audris capitur auditur

ammur monmur ammin monmin

amantur monentur capiuntur audiunturImperfect

ambar mon capibar audiamris monris bris ris

b

ammur monmur bmur ammin monmin bmin

ba bantur bantur Future

am capiar audi

amberis mon

ambitur

ammur monmur

ammin monmin min

ambuntur Perfect

amtus, -a sum monitus, -a sum tectus, -a sum captus, -a sum audtus, -a sumamtus, -a es monitus, -a es tectus, -a es captus, -a es audtus, -a esamtus, -a, -um est monitus, -a, -um est tectus, -a, -um est captus, -a, -um est audtus, -a, -um est

amt, -ae sumus monit, -ae sumus tect, -ae sumus capt, -ae sumus audt, -ae sumusamt, -ae estis monit, -ae estis tect, -ae estis capt, -ae estis audt, -ae estisamt, -ae, -a sunt monit, -ae, -a sunt tect, -ae, -a sunt capt, -ae, -a sunt audt, -ae, -a sunt

Pluperfect

amtus, -a eram monitus, -a eram tectus, -a eram captus, -a eram audtus, -a eramamtus, -a ers monitus, -a ers tectus, -a ers captus, -a ers audtus, -a ersamtus, -a, -um erat monitus, -a, -um erat tectus, -a, -um erat captus, -a, -um erat audtus, -a, -um erat

amt, -ae ermus monit, -ae ermus tect, -ae ermus capt, -ae ermus audt, -ae ermusamt, -ae ertis monit, -ae ertis tect, -ae ertis capt, -ae ertis audt, -ae ertisamt, -ae, -a erant monit, -ae, -a erant duct, -ae, -a erant capt, -ae, -a erant audt, -ae, -a erant

Future Perfectamtus, -a er monitus, -a er tectus, -a er captus, -a er audtus, -a eramtus, -a eris monitus, -a eris tectus, -a eris captus, -a eris audtus, -a erisamtus, -a, -um erit monitus, -a, -um erit tectus, -a, -um erit captus, -a, -um erit audtus, -a, -um erit

amt, -ae erimus monit, -ae erimus tect, -ae erimus capt, -ae erimus audt, -ae erimusamt, -ae eritis monit, -ae eritis tect, -ae eritis capt, -ae eritis audt, -ae eritisamt, -ae, -a erunt monit, -ae, -a erunt tect, -ae, -a erunt capt, -ae, -a erunt audt, -ae, -a erunt

79

REGULAR VERBS – SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE

Present First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth

am mone teg capi audiams mons tegs capis audsamet moneat teg capiat audiat

ammus monmus teg amtis montis teg

ament moneant teg capiant audiant

Imperfect

amrem mon teg audreams mons tegs rre tegt re

ammus monmus tegmus ramtis montis tegtis r re tegnt re

Perfect

am monu tx audamvers moners txers ers auders monui tx cp audv

amvermus monuermus txermus ermus ermusamtis montis txtis tis tis tx

Pluperfect

am mon tx cp audam monu tx audv tx audv

am monus txm audvmusam mon txtis audvtis tx audvnt

80

REGULAR VERBS – SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE

Present First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth

am mone teg capi audiamris monris tegris capiris audris teg capitur auditur

ammur monmur teg ammin monmin teg

amentur moneantur teg capiantur audiantur

Imperfect

amrer mon teg audreamris monris tegris rr tur tegtur tur rtur

ammur monmur tegmur rammin monmin tegmin r re tegntur re

Perfect

amtus, -a sim monitus, -a sim tectus, -a sim captus, -a sim audtus, -a simamtus, -a ss monitus, -a ss tectus, -a ss captus, -a ss audtus, -a ssamtus, -a, -um sit monitus, -a, -um sit tectus, -a, -um sit captus, -a, -um sit audtus, -a, -um sit

amt, -ae smus monit, -ae smus tect, -ae smus capt, -ae smus audt, -ae smusamt, -ae stis monit, -ae stis tect, -ae stis capt, -ae stis audt, -ae stisamt, -ae, -a sint monit, -ae, -a sint tect, -ae, -a sint capt, -ae, -a sint audt, -ae, -a sint

Pluperfectamtus, -a essem monitus, -a essem tectus, -a essem captus, -a essem audtus, -a essemamtus, -a esss monitus, -a esss tectus, -a esss captus, -a esss audtus, -a esssamtus, -a, -um esset monitus, -a, -um esset tectus, -a, -um esset captus, -a, -um esset audtus, -a, -um esset

amt, -ae essmus monit, -ae essmus tect, -ae essmus capt, -ae essmus audt, -ae essmusamt, -ae esstis monit, -ae esstis tect, -ae esstis capt, -ae esstis audt, -ae esstisamt, -ae, -a essent monit, -ae, -a essent tect, -ae, -a essent capt, -ae, -a essent audt, -ae, -a essent

81

REGULAR VERBS - PARTICIPLES, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE

Active First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth

pres. amns, -ntis monns, -ntis tegns, -ntis capins, -ntis audins, -ntisperf. — — — — —fut. amtrus, -a, -um monitrus, -a, -um tectrus, -a, -um captrus, -a, -um audtrus, -a, -um

Passive

pres. — — — — —perf. amtus, -a, -um monitus, -a, -um tectus, -a, -um captus, -a, -um audtus, -a, -um

(gerundive) amandus, -a, -um monendus, -a, -um tegendus, -a, -um capiendus, -a, -um audiendus, -a, -um

REGULAR VERBS - INFINITIVES, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE

Active First Second Third Third I-stem Fourthpres. amre monre tegere capere audreperf. amvisse monuisse txisse cpisse audvissefut. amtrus, -a, -um esse monitrus, -a, -um esse tectrus, -a, -um esse captrus, -a, -um esse audtrus, -a, -um esse

Passivepres. amr monr teg cap audrperf. amtus, -a, -um esse monitus esse tectus, -a, -um esse captus, -a, -um esse audtus, -a, -um essefut. amtum r monitum r tectum r captum r audtum r

REGULAR VERBS - PRESENT IMPERATIVES, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE

Active First Second Third Third I-stem Fourthsingular am mon tege cape aud

plural amte monte tegite capite audte

Passivesingular amre monre tegere capere audre

plural ammin monmin tegimin capimin audmin

82

IRREGULAR VERBS - INDICATIVE

Sum Vol Nl Ml E F FerPresent

sum vol nl ml e f fer feror

es vs nn vs mvs s fs fers ferris

est vult nn vult mvult it fit fert fertur

sumus volumus nlumus mlumus mus fmus ferimus ferimur

estis vultis nn vultis mvultis tis ftis fertis ferimin

sunt volunt nlunt mlunt eunt funt ferunt feruntur

Imperfecteram volbam nlbam mlbam bam fbam ferbam ferbar

ers volbs nlbs mlbs bs fbs ferbs ferbris

erat volbat nlbat mlbat bat fbat ferbat ferbtur

ermus volbmus nlbmus mlbmus bmus fbmus ferbmus ferbmur

ertis volbtis nlbtis mlbtis btis fbtis ferbtis ferbmin

erant volbant nlbant mlbant bant fbant ferbant ferbantur

Futureer volam nlam mlam b fam feram ferar

eris vols nls mls bis fs fers ferris

erit volet nlet mlet bit fet feret fertur

erimus volmus nlmus mlmus bimus fmus fermus fermur

eritis voltis nltis mltis bitis ftis fertis fermin

erunt volent nolent malent bunt fent ferent ferentur

Perfectfu volu nlu mlu i tul ltus, -a sum

fuist voluist nluist mluist st tulist ltus, -a es

fuit voluit nluit mluit iit tulit ltus, -a, -um est

fuimus voluimus nluimus mluimus iimus tulimus lt, -ae sumus

fuistis voluistis nluistis mluistis stis tulistis lt, -ae estis

furunt volurunt nlurunt mlurunt irunt tulrunt lt, -ae, -a sunt

Pluperfectfueram volueram nlueram mlueram ieram tuleram ltus, -a eram

fuers voluers nluers mluers iers tulers ltus, -a ers

fuerat voluerat nluerat mluerat ierat tulerat ltus, -a, -um erat

fuermus voluermus nluermus mluermus iermus tulermus lt, -ae ermus

fuertis voluertis nluertis mluertis iertis tulertis lt, -ae ertis

fuerant voluerant nluerant mluerant ierant tulerant lt, -ae, -a erant

Future Perfectfuer voluer nluer mluer ier tuler ltus, -a er

fueris volueris nlueris mlueris ieris tuleris ltus, -a eris

fuerit voluerit nluerit mluerit ierit tulerit ltus, -a, -um erit

fuerimus voluerimus nluerimus maluerimus ierimus tulerimus lt, -ae erimus

fueritis volueritis nlueritis mlueritis ieritis tuleritis lt, -ae eritis

fuerint voluerint nluerint mluerint ierint tulerint lt, -ae, -a erunt

83

IRREGULAR VERBS - SUBJUNCTIVE

Sum Vol Nl Ml E F FerPresent

sim velim nlim mlim eam fam feram ferar

ss vels nls mls es fs fers ferris

sit velit nlit mlit eat fat fert fertur

smus velmus nlimus mlmus emus fmus fermus fermur

stis veltis nltis mltis etis ftis fertis fermin

sint velint nlint mlint eant fant fernt ferntur

Imperfectessem vellem nllem mllem rem fierem ferrem ferrer

esss vells nlls mlls rs fiers ferrs ferrris

esset vellet nllet mllet ret fieret ferrt ferrtur

essmus vellmus nllmus mllmus rmus fiermus ferrmus ferrmur

esstis velltis nlltis mlltis rtis fiertis ferrtis ferrmin

essent vellent nllent mllent rent fierent ferrent ferrentur

Perfectfuerim voluerim nluerim mluerim ierim tulerim ltus, -a sim

fuers voluers nluers mluers ers tulers ltus, -a ss

fuerit voluerit nluerit mluerit ierit tulerit ltus, -a, -um sit

fuermus voluermus nluermus mluermus iermus tulermus lt, -ae smus

fuertis voluertis nluertis mluertis ertis tulertis lt, -ae stis

fuerint voluerint nluerint mluerint ierint tulerint lt, -ae, -a sint

Pluperfectfuissem voluissem nluissem mluissem ssem tulissem ltus, -a essem

fuisss voluisss nluisss mluisss sss tulisss ltus, -a esss

fuisset voluisset nluisset mluisset sset tulisset ltus, -a, -um esset

fuissmus voluissmus nluissmus mluissmus ssmus tulissmus lt, -ae essmus

fuisstis voluisstis nluisstis mluisstis sstis tulisstis lt, -ae esstis

fuissent voluissent nluissent mluissent ssent tulissent lt, -ae, -a essent

84

IRREGULAR VERBS - PARTICIPLES Active Sum Vol Nl Ml E F Fer

pres. — volns, -ntis nlns, -ntis — ins, euntis — ferns, -ntis

perf. — — — — — — —

fut. futrus, -a, -um — — — itrus, -a, -um — ltrus, -a, -umPassive

pres. — — — — — — —

perf. — — — — — — ltus, -a, -um

(gerundive) — — — — eundus, -a, -um — ferendus, -a, -um

IRREGULAR VERBS - INFINITIVESActive Sum Vol Nl Ml E F Fer

pres. esse velle nlle mlle re fier ferre

perf. fuisse voluisse nluisse mluisse sse — tulisse

fut. futrus, -a, -um esse — — — itrus, -a, -um esse — ltrus, -a, -um essePassive

pres. — — — — r — ferr

perf. — — — — — — ltus, -a, -um esse

fut. — — — — itum r — ltum r

IRREGULAR VERBS - PRESENT IMPERATIVES, ACTIVE AND PASSIVEActive Sum Vol Nl Ml E F Fer

es — nl — f fer

este — nlte — te fte fertePassive

— — — — — — ferre

— — — — — — ferimin

85

DEPONENT VERBS - INDICATIVE

Present First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth

cnar vereor sequor patior mentior

cnris verris sequeris pateris mentris

cntur vertur sequitur patitur menttur

cnmur vermur sequimur patimur mentmur

cnmin vermin sequimin patimin mentmin

cnantur verentur sequuntur patiuntur mentiuntur

Imperfectcnbar verbar sequbar patibar mentibar

cnbris verbris sequbris patibris mentibris

cnbtur verbtur sequbtur patibtur mentibtur

cnbmur verbmur sequbmur patibmur mentibmur

cnbmin verbmin sequbmin patibmin mentibmin

cnbantur verbantur sequbantur patibantur mentibantur

Futurecnbor verbor sequar patiar mentiar

cnberis verberis sequris patiris mentiris

cnbitur verbitur sequtur patitur mentitur

cnbimur verbimur sequmur patimur mentimur

cnbimin verbimin sequmin patimin mentimin

cnbuntur verbuntur sequentur patientur mentientur

Perfectcntus, -a sum veritus, -a sum sectus, -a sum passus, -a sum menttus, -a sum

cntus, -a es veritus, -a es sectus, -a es passus, -a es menttus, -a es

cntus, -a, -um est veritus, -a, -um est sectus, -a, -um est passus, -a, -um est menttus, -a, -um est

cnt, -ae sumus verit, -ae sumus sect, -ae sumus pass, -ae sumus mentt, -ae sumus

cnt, -ae estis verit, -ae estis sect, -ae estis pass, -ae estis mentt, -ae estis

cnt, -ae, -a sunt verit, -ae, -a sunt sect, -ae, -a sunt pass, -ae, -a sunt mentt, -ae, -a sunt

Pluperfectcntus, -a eram veritus, -a eram sectus, -a eram passus, -a eram menttus, -a eram

cntus, -a ers veritus, -a ers sectus, -a ers passus, -a ers menttus, -a ers

cntus, -a, -um erat veritus, -a, -um erat sectus, -a, -um erat passus, -a, -um erat menttus, -a, -um erat

cnt, -ae ermus verit, -ae ermus sect, -a ermus pass, -ae ermus mentt, -ae ermus

cnt, -ae ertis verit, -ae ertis sect, -ae ertis pass, -ae ertis mentt, -ae ertis

cnt, -ae, -a erant verit, -ae, -a erant sect, -ae, -a erant pass, -ae, -a erant mentt, -ae, -a erant

Future Perfectcntus, -a er veritus, -a er sectus, -a er passus, -a er menttus, -a er

cntus, -a eris veritus, -a eris sectus, -a eris passus, -a eris menttus, -a eris

cntus, -a, -um erit veritus, -a, -um erit sectus, -a, -um erit passus, -a, -um erit menttus, -a, -um erit

cnt, -ae erimus verit, -ae erimus sect, -ae erimus pass, -ae erimus mentt, -ae erimus

cnt, -ae eritis verit, -ae eritis sect, -ae eritis pass, -ae eritis mentt, -ae eritis

cnt, -e, -a erunt verit, -ae, -a erunt sect, -ae, -a erunt pass, -ae, -a erunt mentt, -ae, -a erunt

86

DEPONENT VERBS - SUBJUNCTIVE

Present First Second Third Third I-stem Fourth

cner verear sequar patiar mentiar

cnris verris sequris patiris mentiris

cntur vertur sequtur patitur mentitur

cnmur vermur sequmur patimur mentimur

cnmin vermin sequmin patimin mentimin

cnentur verentur sequntur patintur mentintur

Imperfectcnrer verrer sequerer paterer mentrer

cnrris verrris sequerris paterris mentrris

cnrtur verrtur sequertur patertur mentrtur

cnrmur verrmur sequermur patermur mentrmur

cnrmin verrmin sequermin patermin mentrmin

cnrentur verrentur sequerentur paterentur mentrentur

Perfectcntus, -a sim veritus, -a sim sectus, -a sim passus, -a sim menttus, -a sim

cntus, -a ss veritus, -a ss sectus, -a ss passus, -a ss menttus, -a ss

cntus, -a, -um sit veritus, -a, -um sit sectus, -a, -um sit passus, -a, -um sit menttus, -a, -um sit

cnt, -ae smus verit, -ae smus sect, -ae smus pass, -ae smus mentt, -ae smus

cnt, -ae stis verit, -ae stis sect, -ae stis pass, -ae stis mentt, -ae stis

cnt, -ae, -a sint verit, -ae, -a sint sect, -ae, -a sint pass, -ae, -a sint mentt, -ae, -a sint

Pluperfectcntus, -a essem veritus, -a essem sectus, -a essem passus, -a essem menttus, -a essem

cntus, -a esss veritus, -a esss sectus, -a esss passus, -a esss menttus, -a esss

cntus, -a, -um esset veritus, -a, -um esset sectus, -a, -um esset passus, -a, -um esset menttus, -a, -um esset

cnt, -ae essmus verit, -ae essmus sect, -a essmus pass, -ae essmus mentt, -ae essmus

cnt, -ae esstis verit, -ae esstis sect, -ae esstis pass, -ae esstis mentt, -ae esstis

cnt, -ae, -a essent verit, -ae, -a essent sect, -ae, -a essent pass, -ae, -a essent mentt, -ae, -a essent

87

DEPONENT VERBS - PARTICIPLES

First Second Third Third I-stem Fourthpres. cnns, -ntis verns, -ntis sequns, -ntis patins, -ntis mentins, -ntis

perf. cntus, -a, -um veritus, -a, -um sectus, -a, -um passus, -a, -um menttus, -a, -um

fut. act. cntrus, -a, -um veritrus, -a, -um sectrus, -a, -um passrus, -a, -um menttrus, -a, -um

(gerundive) conandus, -a, -um verendus, -a, -um sequendus, -a, -um patiendus, -a, -um mentiendus, -a, -um

DEPONENT VERBS - INFINITIVES

First Second Third Third I-stem Fourthpres. cnr verr sequ pat mentr

perf. cntus, -a, -um esse veritus, -a, -um esse sectus, -a, -um esse passus, -a, -um esse menttus, -a, -um esse

fut. cntrus, -a, -um esse veritrus, -a, -um esse sectrus, -a, -um esse passrus, -a, -um esse menttrus, -a, -um esse

DEPONENT VERBS - PRESENT IMPERATIVES

First Second Third Third I-stem Fourthsingular cnre verre sequere patere mentre

plural cnmin vermin sequimin patimin mentmin

88

FIVE NOUN DECLENSIONS

First (F / M)

Second(M / N)

Third(M / F / N)

Third I-stem(M / F / N)

Fourth(M / N)

Fifth(M / F)

Singular F M N M N F N M N FNom. puella dominus verbum opus nvis mare gradus corn s

Gen. puellae domin verb operis nvis maris grads re

Dat. puellae domin verb oper nv mar grad corn re

Acc. puellam dominum verbum opus nvem mare grad corn rm

Abl. puell domin verb opere nve mar grad corn r

PluralNom. puellae domin verba opera nvs maria grads corn rs

Gen. puellrum dominrum verbrum operum nvium marium grad corn

Dat. puells domins verbs operibus nvibus maribus grad corn rbus

Acc. puells domins verba opera nvs maria grads corn rs

Abl. puells domins verbs operibus nvibus maribus grad corn rbus

ADJECTIVE DECLENSIONS

First and Second DeclensionSingular Plural

M F N M F NNom. bonus bona bonum bon bonae bona

Gen. bon bonae bon bonrum bonrum bonrum

Dat. bon bonae bon bons bons bons

Acc. bonum bonam bonum bons bona

Abl. bon bon bon bons bons bons

Singular Plural M F N M F N

Nom. sacer sacra sacrum sacr sacrae sacra

Gen. sacr sacrae sacr sacrrum sacrrum sacrrum

Dat. sacr sacrae sacr sacrs sacr sacrs

Acc. sacrum sacram sacrum sacrs sacrs sacr

Abl. sacr s sacrs sacrs

Singular Plural M F N M F N

Nom. miser misera miserum miser miserae misera

Gen. miser miserae miser miserrum miserrum miserrum

Dat. miser miserae miser misers misers misers

Acc. miserum miseram miserum s s misera

Abl. miser miser miser misers misers misers

89

Third DeclensionTHREE TERMINATIONS

Singular PluralM F N M F N

Nom. cer cris cre crs crs cria

Gen. cris cris cris crium crium crium

Dat. cr cr cr cr cr cr

Acc. crem crem cre crs, -s crs, -s cria

Abl. cr cr cr cr cr cr

Two Terminations One Termination

Singular Plural Singular PluralM/F N M/F N M/F N M/F N

Nom. omnis omne omns omnia Nom. flx flx flcs flcia

Gen. omnis omnis omnium omnium Gen. flcis flcis flcium flcium

Dat. omn omn omnibus omnibus Dat. flc flc flc flc

Acc. omnem omne omns, -s omnia Acc. lcem flx flcs, -s flcia

Abl. omn omn omnibus omnibus Abl. flc lc flc flc

Participle DeclensionsFirst Conjugation Second Conjugation

Singular Plural Singular PluralM/F N M/F N M/F N M/F N

Nom.

amns amns amants amantia monns monns monents monentia

Gen. amantis amantis amantium amantium monentis monentis monentium monentium

Dat. amant amant amantibus amantibus monent monent monentibus monentibus

Acc. amantem amns amants, -s amantia monentem monns monents, -s monentia

Abl. amant amant amantibus amantibus monent monent monentibus monentibus

Third Conjugation Third Conjugation I-stemSingular Plural Singular Plural

M/F N M/F N M/F N M/F NNom

.dcns dcns dcents dcentia capins capins capients capientia

Gen. dcentis dcentis dcentium dcentium capientis capientis capientium capientium

Dat. dcent dcent dcentibus dcentibus capient capient capientibus capientibus

Acc. dcentem dcens dcents, -s dcentia capients capins capients, -s capientia

Abl. dcent dcent dcentibus dcentibus capient capient capientibus capientibus

Fourth ConjugationSingular Plural

90

M/F N M/F NNom

.audins audins audients audientia

Gen. audientis audientis audientium audientium

Dat. audient audient audientibus audientibus

Acc. audients audins audients, -s audientia

Abl. audient audient audientibus audientibus

91

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

Comparative AdjectiveSingular Plural

M/F N M/F NNom. longior longius longirs longira

Gen. longiris longiris longirum longirum

Dat. longir longir longiribus longiribus

Acc. longirem longius longirs longira

Abl. longire longire longiribus longiribus

Irregular Comparison of Adjectives Positive Comparative Superlativebonus, -a, -um good melior, melius better optimus, -a, -um best

malus, -a, -um bad peior, peius worse pessimus, -a, -um worst

magnus, -a, -um great maior, maius greater maximus, -a, -um greatest

parvus, -a, -um small minor, minus smaller minimus, -a, -um smallest

multus, -a, -um much, many sg. pls (neuter noun only) more

pl. plrs, plra several, more

plrimus, -a, -um most, very many

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

Regular Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Adverb Comparative Adverb Superlative Adverb

criter keenly crius more keenly cerrim very keenly

alt deeply altius more deeply altissim very deeply

facile easily facilius more easily facillim very easily

miser unhappily miserius more unhappily miserrim very unhappily

sapienter wisely sapientius more wisely sapientissim very wisely

Irregular Comparison of Adverbs

Positive Adverb Comparative Adverb Superlative Adverb

bene well

male badly

magnopere greatly

parum too little

multum much

di for a long time

melius better

peius worse

magis more (quality)

minus less

pls more (quantity)

ditius for a longer time

optim best

pessim worst

maxim most, especially

minim least

plrimum most , very much

ditissim for the longest time

92

PRONOUN DECLENSIONSPersonal Pronouns

1st person 2nd person 3rd personNom. ego t is ea id

Gen. me tu eius eius eius

Dat. mihi tibi e e e

Acc. m t eum eam id

Abl. m t e e e

Nom. ns vs e eae ea

Gen. nostrum, nostr vestrum, vestr erum erum erum

Dat. nbs vbs es es es

Acc. ns vs es es ea

Abl. nbs vbs es es es

Reflexive Pronouns1st person 2nd person 3rd person

Nom. — — —

Gen. me tu su

Dat. mihi tibi sibi

Acc. m t s (ss)

Abl. m t s (ss)

Nom. — — —

Gen. nostr vestr su

Dat. nbs vbs sibi

Acc. ns vs s (ss)

Abl. nbs vbs s (ss)

Relative PronounSingular Plural

M F N M F NNom. qu quae quod qu quae quae

Gen. cuius cuius cuius qurum qurum qurum

Dat. cu cu cu quibus quibus quibus

Acc. quem quam quod qus qus quae

Abl. qu qu qu quibus quibus quibus

DEMONSTRATIVESHic, Haec, Hoc

Singular PluralM F N M F N

Nom. hic haec hoc h hae haec

Gen. huius huius huius hrum hrum hrum

Dat. huic huic huic hs hs hs

Acc. hunc hanc hoc hs hs haec

Abl. hc hc hc hs hs hs

93

Ille, Illa, IlludSingular Plural

M F N M F NNom. ille illa illud ill illae illa

Gen. illus illus illus illrum illrum illrum

Dat. ill ill ill ills ills ills

Acc. illum illam illud ills ills illa

Abl. ill ill ill ills ills ills

Is, Ea, IdSingular Plural

M F N M F NNom. is ea id e eae ea

Gen. eius eius eius erum erum erum

Dat. e e e es es es

Acc. eum eam id es es ea

Abl. e e e es es es

dem, Eadem, IdemSingular Plural

M F N M F NNom. dem eadem idem edem eaedem eadem

Gen. eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem erundem erundem erundem

Dat. edem edem edem esdem esdem esdem

Acc. eundem eandem idem esdem esdem eadem

Abl. edem edem edem esdem esdem esdem

Iste, Ista, IstudSingular Plural

M F N M F NNom. iste ista istud ist istae ista

Gen. istus istus istus istrum istrum istrum

Dat. ist ist ist ists ists ists

Acc. istum istam istud ists ists ista

Abl. ist ist ist ists ists ists

IntensiveIpse, Ipsa, Ipsum

Singular PluralM F N M F N

Nom. ipse ipsa ipsum ips ipsae ipsa

Gen. ipsus ipsus ipsus ipsrum ipsrum ipsrum

Dat. ips ips ips ipss ipss ipss

Acc. ipsum ipsam ipsum ipss ipss ipsa

Abl. ips ips ips ipss ipss ipss

94

NUMERALS

Arabic Roman Numeral Cardinal Ordinal

1 I nus, -a, -um prmus, -a, -um

2 II duo, duae, duo secundus, -a, -um

3 III trs, tria tertius, -a, -um

4 IV quattuor qurtus, -a, -um

5 V quinque quntus, -a, -um

6 VI sex sextus, -a, -um

7 VII septem septimus, -a, -um

8 VIII octo octvus, -a, -um

9 IX novem nnus, -a, -um

10 X decem decimus, -a, -um

100 C centum centsimus, -a, -um

200 CC ducent, -ae, -a ducentsimus, -a, -um

300 CCC trecent, -ae, -a trecentsimus, -a, -um

95

CLASSIFIED VOCABULARY

VERBS1st Conjugation

adlig (1), bind, tieam (1), like, loveappell, (1), accost, address, nameappropinqu, (1), approachcant (1), singclm (1), shoutconfrm (1), encourage, strengthencompar (1) , achieve, gather, preparecnor (1), attempt, tryconvoc (1), call togethercre (1), create, electdlber (1), consider, deliberatedplr (1), lament, mourndvor (1), devour, swallowerr (1), make a mistake, wanderexanim (1), exhaustexcit (1), awaken, rouseexistim (1), consider, regard, thinkexpugn (1), stormexspect (1), look outhabit (1), dwell, live inhortor (1), encourageignr (1), have no knowledge of, demandimper (1), order, obtain (by asking)import (1), bring in, carry inincit (1), arouse, urge oniuv, -re, iv, itum, helplaud (1), praiselber (1), free, liberatememor (1), bring up, mentionmror (1), be amazed, be surprised, wonder atmonstr (1), showmt (1), change, transformnrr (1), tell, relatennti (1), announce, reportobsecr (1), beg, beseechoccup (1), seizeopt (1), desireor (1), beg, beseechpar (1), prepareport (1), carry

postul (1), demandpraest, -re, praestit, praestatum, exhibit, showpugn (1), fightputo (1), consider, thinkrog (1), askserv (1), guard, save, watch overspr (1), hopest, -re, stet, statum, standsuper (1), surpasstempt (1), test, tryturb (1), disturb, stir upvet, -re, vetu, vetitum, forbid, order . . . notvt (1), avoid, escapevoc (1), callvol (1), flyvulner (1), hurt, wound

2nd Conjugation

arde, -re, ars, arsrus, be inflamed, blaze, burnauge, -re, aux, auctum, increasecontine, -re, continu, contentum, contain, hold

together, sustaindle, -re, dlv, dltum, destroydoce, -re, docu, doctum, teachdole, -re, dolu, dolitum, grieveexerce, -re, exercu, exercitum, trainfave, -re, fv, fautum (+dat.), favor, supportfle, flre, flv, fltum, weephabe -re, habu, habitum, consider, have, holdiube, iubre, iuss, iussum, bid, command, ordermane, -re, mns, mnsum, remain, staymone, -re, monu, monitum, advise, warnmove, -re, mv, mtum, movenoce, nocre, nocu, nocitum (+dat.), harmobtine, -re, obtinu, obtentum , hold, obtainpre, -re, pru, pritum (+dat), obeypersuade, -re, persuas, persuasum (+dat.), persuadepertine, -re, pertinu, pertentum, extend, pertainplace, -re, placu, placitum (+dat.), be pleasingprohibe, -re, prohibu, prohibitum, deny, keep off,

preventreor, rr, ratus sum, imagine, suppose, thinkresponde, -re, respond, responsum, answer, respond

96

retine, -re, retinu, retentum, hold back, restrainsede, -re, sd, sessum, sitstude, -re, studu, ----, (+dat.) be eager for, desiresustine, -re, sustinu, sustentum, hold (up), sustaintene, -re, tenu, tentum, contain, holdterre, -re, terru, territum, frightentime, timre, timu, -----, be afraid of, feartueor, tur, tuitum, observe, protect, scanvereor, verr, veritus, fear, respectvide, -re, vd, vsum, see, (pass.) appear, be seen,

seem

3rd Conjugation

abscd, -ere, -cd, -csum, cut away, cut offaccd, -ere, access, accessum, approach, come up to,

go towardsaccipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum, receiveaccurr, -ere, accurs, accursum, run toaddc, -ere, addx, adductum, lead to, influenceadmitt, -ere, adms, admissum, admit, allowag, -ere, g, actum, deal with, do, drive, treatmitt, -ere, ms, missum, lose, send awayanimadvert, -ere, animadvert, animadversum, notice,

pay attention toascend, -ere, ascend, ascnsum, ascendcd, -ere, cess, cessum, go, yieldcern, -ere, crv, crtum, decide, discern, perceivecog, -ere, cog, coactum, compel, drive together,

collect, force, gathercolloquor, colloqu, colloctus sum, conversecommitt, -ere, comms, commissum, engage, entrustcomprehend, -ere, -hend, -hensum, grasp, seizeconcd, -ere, concess, concessum, grant, yieldcond, -ere, condid, conditum, bury, found (a city)confd, -ere, confsus sum, (semi-deponent), trustconscrb, -ere, conscrps, conscrptum, enlist, enrollcnsequor, cnsequ, cnsectus sum, follow, gain,

pursuecnsist, -ere, cnstit, cnstitum, stopcnstitu, -ere, cnstitu, cnstittum, decide, determine,

establishcnsul, -ere, cnsulu, cnsultum, consult, resolveconteg, -ere, contx, contctum, covercontend, -ere, contend, contentum, compete, hurry,

make effort, march, strivecrd, -ere, crdid, crditum (dat.), believe, entrust

curr, -ere, cucurr, cursum, hasten, runddc, -ere, ddx, dductum, draw (a weapon), lead

away, removedfend, -ere, dfend, dfnsum, defenddlig, -ere, dlg, dlectum, choosedpn, -ere, dposu, dpositum, put downdscend, -ere, dscend, dscnsum, descenddc, -ere, dx, dictum, say, speak, telldmitt, -ere, dms, dmissum, dismiss, send awaydiscd, -ere, discess, discessum, depart, leave,

withdrawdisc, -ere, didic,----, learndc, -ere, dx, ductum, leadd, -ere, did, ditum, give out, lead out, unsheathrump, -ere, rp, ruptus, break out, burst outexcd, -ere, excess, excessum, depart, go outexcipio, -ere, excp, exceptum, greet, receiveexig, -ere, exg, exactum, collect, demand, drive out,

finish (a life)expn, -ere, exposu, expositum, explain, exposeextrah, -ere, extrx, extrctum, drag outexu, -ere, exu, extum, put off, take offfing, -ere,finx, fictus, compose, fashion, imagine,

make, make upfruor, fru, fructus sum (+abl.), enjoy, profit fromfungor, fung, functus sum (+abl.), performger, gerere, gess, gestum, carry onignosc, -ere, ignv, igntum (+dat.), forgiveincd, -ere, incess, incessum, go inincend, -ere, incend, incensum, burn, outrage, set fire

toincld, -ere, incls, inclsum, enclose, imprison, shut

upincol, -ere, incolu, ----, inhabitindc, -ere, indx, inductum, influence, lead inindu, -ere, indu, indtum, clotheindu, -ere, indu, indtum, put oninrump, -ere, inrp,inruptum, burst inintelleg, -ere, intellg, intellectum, understandintercld, -ere, intercls, interclsum, block, shut off,

stoplbor, lb, lapsus sum, collapse, slipleg, -ere, lg, lctum, choose, pick out, readloquor, loqui, loctus sum, speak, talkmerg, -ere, mers, mersum, plunge, sinkmitt, -ere, ms, missum, sendnanciscor, nancisc, nactus sum, get, obtain

97

nascor, nasc, ntus sum, be bornoblviscor, oblvisc, obltus sum, forgetoffend, -ere, offend, offnsum, offendostend, -ere, ostend, ostentum, stretch out before,

display, showparc, -cere, peperc,----(+dat.), spareperdc, -ere, perdx, perductum, lead throughpet, -ere, petiv, pettum, ask for, seekpn, -ere, posu, positum, place, put, set uppraecipi, -ere, praecp, praeceptum, advise, direct,

order, set outquaer, -ere, quaesv, quaestum, ask, seekrecipi, -ere, recp, receptum, accept, receiveredd, -ere, reddidi, redditum, give backredg, -ere, redg, redactum, drive backreg, -ere, rx, rctum, rulerelinqu, -ere, relqu, relictum, leave, leave behindremitt, -ere, rems, remissum, send backrevert, -ere, revert, ---- (usu, deponent in pres.),

return, turn backscrb, -ere, scrps, scrptum, writesequor, sequ, secutus sum, followsolv, -ere, solv, soltum, release, unbind, loosen,

untiesm, -ere, smps, smpsum, take upsurg, -ere, surrx, surrctum, rise, stretch upward,

swellsuscipi, -ere, suscp, susceptum, support, take up,

undertaketeg, -ere, tx, tctum, conceal, cover, sheltertend, -ere, tetend, tentum, extend, proceed, stretch outtoll, tollere, sustul, subltum, lift, raisetrd, -ere, trdid, trditum, hand across, hand downtrdc, -ere, trdux, trductum, lead acrosstrah, -ere, trx, trctum, dragtransg, -ere, transg, transactum, accomplish, finish,

pierce, run throughtor, t, sus sum (+abl.), enjoy, experience, usevert, -ere, vert, versum, turnvescor, vesc, ---- (+abl.), eat, feed onvinc, -ere, vc, victum, conquer, defeatvv, -ere, vx, vctum, livevolv, -ere, volv, voltum, roll

3rd Conjugation I-stem

affici, -ere, affc, affectum, affect, do to, move, treataggredior, aggred, aggressus sum, approach, attackcapi, -ere, cp, captum, capture, seize, takeconfici, -ere, confc, confectum, accomplish, finish,

make readyconici, -ere, conic, coniectum, cast, hurl, throw,

throw togetherconspici, -ere, conspex, conspectum, catch sight of,

observe, spotcupi, -ere, cupv, cuptum, desire, long for, wishdfici, -ere, dfc, dfectum, fail, fall awaydespici, -ere, despex, despectum, look down oneffici, -ere, effc, effectum, cause, effect, bring aboutgredior, gred, gressus sum, go out, leaveripi, -ere, ripu, reptum, rescue, snatchfaci, -ere, fc, factum, do, makefugi, -ere, fg, fugitrus, avoid, flee, run awayincipi, -ere, incp, inceptum, begininfici, -ere, infc, infectum, dye, staininspici, -ere, inspex, inspectum, look into or uponinterficio, -ere, -fc, -fectum, killmorior, mor, mortuus sum, diepatior, pat, passus sum, endure, experience, sufferperfici, -ere, perfc, perfectum, complete, finish,

perfectperspici, -ere, perspex, perspectum, examine, observeprgredior, prgred, prgressus sum, advance, go

forward, march forwardrefici, -ere, refc, refectum, repair, restore

4th Conjugation

adorior, adorr, adortus sum, attackaperi, re, aperu, apertum, open, reveal, uncoveraudi, -re, audv, audtum, hear, listen toconveni, re, convn, conventum, come together,

convene, meetdormi, - re, dormv, dormitum , sleepexperior, experr, expertus sum, experience, test, tryfini, -re, finv/fini, finitum, define, limitinveni, -re, invn, inventum, come upon, findmentior, mentr, menttus sum, tell a liemni, -re, mnv, mntum, fortify, buildnesci, nescre, nescv/nesci, nesctus, not knoworior, -r, ortus sum, rise, appearperveni, -re, pervn, perventum, arrive, come topotior, -r, pottum sum, gain possession of

98

puni, -re, pnv, pntum, punishreperi, -re, repper, repertum, discover, find (by

looking)sci, -re, scv (or sci), sctum, knowsenti, -re, sns, snsum, feel, perceiveveni, -re, vn, ventum, come

Irregular

abe, abre, abi (-v), abtum,, go awayabsum, abesse, fu, futrus, be awayade, adre, adi (-v), aditum, go toward, go toadsum, adesse, adfu, adfutrus, be presentaffer, afferre, attul, alltum, bring, carry toward,

conveyconfer, conferre, contul, colltum, bring together,

(with s) godsum, desse, dfu, dfutrus (+dat.), be lacking, faildiffer, differre, distul, diltum, defer, differ, scatterdo, dare, ded, datum, givee, re, i(v), itum, goexe, -re, exv/exi, extum, go out, withdrawfer, ferre, tul, ltum, bear, bring, carry, endurefi, fir, factus sum, be made, become, happenine, -re, ini (inv), initum, go in, enter, adopt (plan)ml, mlle, mlu, -----, prefermemin, meminisse, be mindful of, remembernl, nlle, nlu, -----, be unwilling, not to want, not to

wishperfer, perferre, pertul, perltum, endure, reportpossum, posse, potu, -----, be able, canpraetere, -re, preateriv/-i, praeteritum, go past, skiprede, -re, redi (-v), reditum, go back, returnrefer, referre, retul, relatum, bring back, bring back,

carry back, relatesube, -re, subi (subv), subitum, undergosum, esse, fu, futrus, betoll tollere, sustul, subltum, lift, raisevol, velle, volu, -----, want, wish

Impersonals

licet, licre, licuit or licitum est, it is permittednecesse esse, it is necessaryoportet, oportere, oportuit, it is fitting

NOUNS

1st Declension: Feminine

amcitia,-ae, f., friendshipaqua, -ae f., watercausa, -ae f., causecpia, cpiae f., abundance, supply, pl. provisions,

troopscra, -ae f., care, concern, worrydea, -ae f., goddessdiligentia, -ae, f., diligencedextera, -ae, f., right handloquentia,-ae f., eloquenceepistula, -ae f., letterfma, -ae f., glory, reputation, rumorfamilia, familiae f., family, household slavesflia, -ae f., daughterflamma, -ae f., flameforma, formae f., formfortna, -ae f., fortune, luckfuga, -ae f., escape, flightgalea, -ae f., helmetgloria, gloriae f., fame, glorygratia, -ae f., favor (pl.) thankshra, -ae f., hourinimcitia,-ae f., enmity, hostility, unfriendlinessinopia, inopiae f., lackinsula, -ae f., islandinvidia, -ae f., envy, hatred, jealousyra, -ae f., anger, wrathlacrima, -ae f., tearlittera,-ae, f., letter (of the alphabet), (pl.). letter,

literaturememoria, memoriae f., memorymora, -ae f., delayntra,-ae f., character, naturera, -ae f., edge, rim, shorepatria, -ae, native landpecnia,-ae, f., moneypoena, -ae f., punishmentporta, -ae f., gateprvincia,-ae, f., provincepuella, -ae f., girlrgia, -ae f., palacergna, -ae f., queensententia,-ae, f., opinionsilva, -ae f., forest, woodssinistra, -ae f., left hand

99

terra, -ae f., country, earth, landumbra, -ae f., ghost, shadowunda, -ae f., wavevespera,-ae f., eveningvia, -ae f., road, wayvta, -ae f., life

1st Declension: Masculine

agricola, -ae m., farmerincola, -ae m., inhabitantnauta, -ae m., sailorprta, -ae m., piratepota, -ae m., poetscrba, -ae m., secretary, writer

2nd Declension: Masculine

ager, agr m., fieldamcus, - m, friendanimus, - m., spirit, mind (pl.) braveryannus, - m., yearavus, - m., grandfathercampus, - m., field, plain, playing fieldcibus,-, m., fooddeus, - m., goddiscipulus, - m., studentdiscus, m., discusdominus, - m., masterequus, m., horseflius, - m., songladius, - m., swordlgtus,-, m., envoy, legateliber, libr m, booklber,-rum m., childrenlocus, - m (loca, -rum n. pl.), placeldus, - m., game, sportmagister, magistr m., teachermodus, - m., manner, waymrus, - m., wallnumerus,-, m., numbernntius, - m., messengeroculus, - m., eyepopulus,-, m., peoplepuer, puer m, boyservus, - m., slavesocius, - m., ally

somnus, m., sleeptribnus,-, tribuneumerus, - m., shoulderventus, m., windvesper, vesperis m., eveningvcus,-, m., villagevir, vir m., man

2nd Declension: Neuter

arma, -rum n. pl., armsaurum, - n., goldauxilium,-, n., aid, helpbellum, n., warbeneficium,-, n., favor, help, kindness, support,

benefit, servicecaelum, - n., air, heaven, skycastra, -rum n. pl., campcollum, - n., neckcnsilium, - n, plandonum, - n., giftfactum, n., deedftum, - n., fateferrum, - n., iron, swordforum,- n., forum, marketplacegaudium,- n., joy, gladnessimpedmentum,-, m., hindrance, (pl.). baggageimperium, - n., power, ruleingenium,- n., character, innate qualitymonstrum, - n., monsternegtium,- n., businessnimium,- n., excessofficium,- n., duty, officerculum, - n., oracleperculum, - n., danger, perilpraemium,- n., prize, rewardpraesidium,- n., assistance, defense, protectionrgnum, - n., kingdomsaxum, - n., rock, stonesignum,- n., sign,. signal, standardspatium,- n., room, spacestudium,-i n., devotion, eagerness, enthusiasm,

keennesstantum,- n., so muchtlum, n., javelin, weapontergum, - n., backverbum, - n., word

100

vinculum,- n., chain, fetter, bond

3rd Declension: Feminine

aets,-ttis, f., agearbor, arbris, f., treears, artis f., craft, skill, tradearx, arcis,f., citadelauctrits,-ttis, f., , authority, influencecelerits, celerittis, f., speed, swiftnesscvits,-ttis, f., citizenship, statecontinens, continentis f., mainlandcupidits,-ttis, f., desire, greeddifficults,-ttis, f., difficultyfacti, factinis, factionfacults, faculttis f., ability, opportunity, power, skillfalx, falcis, f., sickle, sword (curved)fams, famis f., famine, hungerforte (in abl.), by chancegns, gentis (-ium) f., nation, tribegravits, gravittis f., hardness, seriousness, severity,

weighthiems, hiemis f., winterlaus, laudis f., praiselx, lgis f., lawlberts,-ttis, f., freedomlx, lcis f., lightmter, mtris f., mothermens, mentis (-ium) f., intention, mindmors, mortis (-ium) f., deathmulier, mulieris f., womanmultitd, multitdinis f., crowd, multitudenvis, nvis (-ium) f., shipnox, noctis (-ium) f., nightops, opis f., power, (pl.) resourcesrti, rtinis f., speechpars, partis (-ium) f , direction, partpax, pacis, f., peaceplebs, plebis f., common people, plebspotests,-ttis, f., powerquis, quitis f., quiet, rest, sleeprati, ratinis f., reason, theorysalus, saltis f, safety(personal), well-beingsds, sdis f., abode, seatservits, servittis f., slaverysollicitd, sollicitdinis f., care, worrysoror, sorris f., sister

tells, tellris f., earth, ground, landtempests, tempesttis f., storm, tempest, weatherurbs, urbis (-ium) f., cityuxor, uxris f., wifevirg, virginis f., maidenvirts, virttis f, courage, excellence, strength, virtuevs, vs f. (pl. vrs, vrium), force, power, (pl.)

strengthvx, vcis f., voice

3rd Declension: Masculine

amor, amris, m., loveclmor, clmris, m., noise, shoutcnsul, cnsulis m., consulcusts, custdis, m., guard, guardian, protectordolor, dolris m., grief, paindux, ducis m., leadereques, equitis m., eques, equitis m., horseman, (pl.) cavalryfnis, -is (-ium) m., end, (pl.) territory frter, frtris m., brotherfuror, -ris m., fury, ragehom, hominis m., human, manhonor, honris m., honor, esteem, officehostis, hostis (-ium) m., enemyignis, -is (ium) m., fireiuvenis, -is m., youth, young manlabor, labris m., hardship, labor, workmirs, -um m.,, ancestorsmles, mlitis m., soldiermns, montis (-ium) m., mountainms, mris, custom, (pl.). behavior, characternm, nminis m., no one, nobodyord, ordinis m., order, rankpater, patris m., fatherpavor, pavris m., panic, terrorps, pedis m., footpns, pontis (-ium) m., bridgeprinceps, principis m., chief, leaderrx, rgis m., kingrmor, rmris m., rumorsanguis, sanguinis m., bloodsenex, senis m., old mansl, slis, m, sunspont, (abl. only), of one’s own accord, voluntarilyterror, terrris m., fear, terror

101

timor, timris m., fearvts, vtis m., prophet, seer

3rd Declension: Masculine and Feminine

adulscns, adulscentis m./f., youthanguis, -is m./f., serpent, snakecvis, cvis (-ium) m/f, citizencomes, comitis m./f., companionconiunx, coniugis m./f., spouseinfans, infantis (-ium) m/f, infant

3rd Declension: Neuter

aes, aeris n., bronze, copperagmen, agminis n., column (of men)caput, capitis n., headcarmen, carminis n, songcertmen, certminis n., contest, strugglecorpus, corporis n., bodydecus, decoris n., dignity, glory, honorgenus, -eris n., kind, sortiter, itineris n., journey, road, wayis, iris n., right, lawltus, ltoris n., beach, coast, shorelmen, lminis n., lightmare, maris (ium) n., seamoenia, -ium n. pl., wallsmnus, mneris n., function, task, gift (of the gods)nmen, nminis n., namenmen, nminis n., consent, nod, will (divine)onus, oneris n., burdenopus, operis n., task, works, oris n., mouthpectus, pectoris n., breast, chest, heartpls, plris n., more, too muchrs, rris n., country, countrysidescelus, sceleris n., crimesdus, sderis n., startempus, tempris n., time

4th Declension: Feminine

domus, -s, f, home, householdmanus, -s f, band, hand

4th Declension: Masculine

adventus,-s, m., approach, arrivalcsus, -s m., chance, fall, misfortunecnspectus,-s, m., sightcursus,-s, m., courseexercitus, -s m., armyflctus, -s m., flctus, -s m., wave, flood, seafremitus, -s m., groan, roar, rumblefructus, -s m., benefit, enjoyment, fruitgradus, -s m., stepictus, -s m., blow, strikeimpetus,-s, m., attack, attackmagistrtus,-s, m., magistracy, magistratemetus,-s, m., fearreditus, -s m., returnsentus, -s m., senatesinus, -s m., bosom, embracesus, -s m., application, practice, skill, use

4th Declension: Neuter

corn, -s n, horn, wing (of an army)

5th Declension

dis, - m, dayfids, -e f, faith, loyaltyrs, re f., affair, matter, thing, situationspecis, - f., appearance, sightsps, spe f., hope

Indeclinable

nefs (indecl.) n., evil, wrongnihil (indecl.) n., nothing

Proper Nouns

Aethips, Aethiopis m., EthiopianAqutnia, -ae f, province in S. W. Gaul Asia, -ae f., AsiaBritannia, -ae f, BritainBrundisium, n. BrundisiumCaesar, Caesaris m., Gaius Julius CasearCathg, -inis, CarthageCicer, Ciceronis m., M. Tullius Cicero

102

Diana, -ae f., DianaGorgo(n), Gorgonis f., Gorgontalia, -ae f., ItalyIuppiter, Iovis m., JupiterLivius, Livi m., Titus LiviusMedusa, -ae f., MedusaMinerva, - ae f., MinervaNeptnus, - m., NeptuneOlympus, - m., Mount OlympusPompeius Magnus, Pompei Magn m., Pompey Rma, -ae f., RomeSicilia, -ae f., SicilyValerius Maximus, Valeri Maxim m., Valerius

MaximusVergilius, Vergili m., Publius Vergilius Maro

ADJECTIVES1st and 2nd Declension

aeger, aegra, aegrum, sickaequus, aequa, aequum, even, fair, flat, levelalinus,-a,-um, foreign, unrelatedalius, -a, -um, another, otheralter, altera, alterum, the other ( of 2)altus, -a, -um, deep, high, tallamcus, -a, -um, friendlyangustus,-a,-um,, narrowantquus, -a, -um, ancientaptus,-a,-um, appropriateter, tra, trum, black, darkavidus,-a,-um, eager, greedybetus, -a, -um, blessed, happybellus,-a,-um, fine, handsome, nice, prettybonus, -a, -um, goodcrus, -a, -um, dearcertus, -a, -um, certain, setcter, -ae, -a, the remaining, the restcupidus,-a,-um, eager, greedy, longingdesertus, -a, -um, deserteddexter, dextera, dexterum, rightdignus,-a,-um, worthydvnus,-a,-um, divine, heavenlydvus, -a, -um, divinedoctus,-a,-um, learnedfalsus,-a,-um, mistaken, untruefessus, -a, -um, exhausted, tiredfinitimus,-a,-um, neighboring

firmus,-a,-um, firm, resolute, stronggrtus, -a, -um, pleasingidneus, -a, -um, suitableignvus, -a, -um, idle, lazyimpertus,-a,-um, ignorant, inexperienced, unskilledmus,-a,-um, at the foot of, bottom of, deepest, lowestinimcus,-a,-um, hostile, unfriendlyinquus,-a,-um, uneven, unfairinteger, integra, integrum, untouched, wholeinvtus,-a,-um, unwillingrtus, -a, -um, angrylaetus, -a, -um, happy, joyfullber, lbera, lberum, freeligneus, -a, -um, woodenlongus, -a, -um, longmagicus, -a, -um, magicalmagnus, -a, -um, great, largemalus, -a, -um, bad, evil, wickedmaximus, -a, -um, mostmeritus, -a, -um, deserved, duemeus, -a, -um, mine, myminimus, -a, -um, smallest, very smallmiser, misera, miserum, unhappy, wretchedmultus, -a, -um, many, muchnecessrius,-a,-um, inevitable, necessaryneuter, neutra, neutrum, neithernoster, nostra, nostrum, ournvissimus,-a,-um, last, most recentnovus, -a, -um, newnullus, -a, -um, no, none, not anyoptimus, -a,-um, best, very goodparvus, -a, -um, little, smallpauc, -ae, -a, fewpertus,-a,-um, experienced, skilledpessimus, -a, -um, worstpius, -a, -um, devoted, dutiful, loyalplurimus, -a, -um, most, very manyprvus,-a,-um, crooked, distorted, improperprmus, -a, -um, firstpropinquus,-a,-um, near, neighboringproximus, -a, -um, nextpblicus, -a, -um, publicpulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautifulreliquus,-a,-um, remaining, restsacer, sacra, sacrum, holysalvus,-a,-um, safe, unharmed, wellsecundus, -a, -um, second

103

sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, leftslus, -a, -um, alone, only, solestudisus,-a,-um, devoted, eager, zealoussummus,-a,-um, highest, top oftantus,-a,-um, so greattardus,-a,-um, late, slowttus, -a, -um, whole, entiretranquillus, -a, -um, calm, tranquilttus, -a, -um, safe, safetuus, -a, -um, your, yours (sg.)ullus, -a, -um, anymidus,-a,-um, damp, moistuter, utra, utrum, which (of two)uterque, utraque, utrumque, both, each (of two)vacuus, -a, -um, emptyvrus,-a,-um, truevester, vestra, vestrum, your, yours (pl.)vvus,-a,-um, alive

3rd Declension: 3 Terminations

cer, cris, cre, fierce, keen, sharpceler, celeris, celere, quick, swift

3rd Declension: 2 Termination

brevis, -e, brief, shortcommnis,-e, common, general, shareddifficilis, -e, difficultdissimilis, -e, dissimilar, unlikedulcis, -e, sweetfacilis, -e, easyfidlis,-e, faithful, loyalfortis, -e, brave, stronggracilis, -e, graceful, slendergravis, -e, heavy, serioushorribilis, -e, horriblehumilis, -e, humble, lowincolumis,-e, safe, unharmedinsignis,-e, distinguished, prominentmior, maius, greater, betterminor, minus, smallermrbilis,-e, amazing, remarkable, wonderfulntrlis,-e, by birth, naturalnbilis,-e, nobleomnis, -e, all, everypeior, peius, worse

similis, -e, like, similartlis,-e, suchtrstis, -e, sadturpis, -e, disgraceful, shamefultilis, -e, useful

3rd Declension: 1 Termination

audx, audcis, bolddligns,-ntis,, carefulflx, flcis, happyimmemor, immemoris, forgetful, hugeingens, ingentis, vastmemor, memoris, mindfulpr, paris, equal, likepatien, -entis, hardy, patient, tolerantpotens,-ntis, capable, powerfulprdens,-ntis, prudent, sensiblesapins, sapientis, wisevetus, veteris, old

Reflexive Adjectives

meus, -a, -um, mine, my ownnoster, nostra, nostrum, our ownsuus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their owntuus, -a, -um, your (sg.) ownvester, vestra, vestrum, your (pl.) own

Proper Adjectives

Poenus, -a, -um, Carthaginian, PunicGallus, -a, -um, Gaul, GallicGermnus, -a, -um, GermanRmnus, -a, -um, Roman, Roman

Indeclinable

satis, enoughtot, so many

Interrogative

qulis,-e, what kind of?, what sort of?104

quantus,-a,-um, how great?, how much?qu, quae, quod, which?, what?quot, how many?

PRONOUNSPersonal and Reflexive

ego, Iis, ea, id, he, she, itns, wesu (gen. sg.), himself, herself, itself, themselvest, you (sg.)vs, you (pl.)

Relative

qu, quae, quod, that, which, who

Demonstrative

hic, haec, hoc, this (pl.) thesedem, eadem, idem, sameille, illa, illud, that, (pl.) those is, ea, id, this, thatiste, ista, istud, that (of yours)

Indefinite

aliquis, aliquid, anyqudam, quaedam, quoddam, certainquisque, quaeque, quidque, each

Intensive

ipse, ipsa, ipsum, himself, herself, itself, themselves, myself, yourself, ourselves, yourselves; very

Interrogative

quis, quid, who? what?

ADVERBS

ade, so, to such an extentadhc, still, to this point, yet aegr, painfully, with difficultyaliquand, anytime, sometime

ante, before, formerlyante, previouslyaudacter, boldlybene, wellclam, secretlyconfestim, immediatelycottdi, dailycrs, tomorrowdeinde, from there, next, thendsuper, above, from abovedi, for a long timeditissim, for a very long time, for the longest timeditius, for a longer timee, to that placefer, almost, nearlyfortasse, perhapsforte, accidentlyfrustr, in vaingraviter, seriouslyhaud, not at allheri, yesterdayhc, herehinc, from here, from this placehodi, todayhc, to this place, hitheriam, already, nowib, thereinde, from there, thenceinterim, meanwhileita, so, thusitaque, and soitem, likewiseiterum, againlibenter, freely, willinglylong, farmagis, moremagnopere, greatlymaxim, very greatlymodo, just, only, merelymox, soonmultum, muchnimis, too, very muchnn, notnndum, not yetnumquam, nevernunc, nownper, recently

105

omnn, altogether, entirelypaene, almost, practicallyparum, too littlepaul, a little, somewhatposte, afterwardspraesertim, especiallyprm, at firstquam (+ superlative), as…as possiblequam, thanquondam, at one time, formerly, oncerursus, a second time, backwards, againsaepe, oftensemper, alwayssc, so, thusstatim, at once, immediatelysubit, suddenlytam, sotandem, at length, finallytum, at that time, thentunc, at that time, thenumquam, evern, adv, togetherundique, everywhere, from all sides, on all sidesvelut/velut, even as, just asvix, hardly, scarcely

Interrogative

cur, why?quamdi, how long?quand, when?qu, to where?, whither?quotins, how often?unde, from where?, whence?

PREPOSITIONSWith the Ablative

, ab, away from ,by, awaycum, along with, withd, about, concerning, down from, ex, from, out ofin, in, onpr, in front of, on behalf ofsine, withoutsub, under

With the Accusative

ad,, at, toad, towardscircum, aroundante, beforeapud, among, at the house of, in the presence ofcontr, opposite, towardin, into, onto, against,inter, among, betweenob , because of, on account ofper , through, bypost, afterpraeter, along, by, in front of, pastprope, nearpropter, on account of, because ofsuper , above, in a higher position, overtrns, across

CONJUNCTIONS

ac/atque, andantequam, beforeat, butaut, oraut…aut, either…orautem, but, however, moreoverdum, whileenim, foret, andetiam, also, evenigitur, thereforenam, fornec/neque, and…not, norneque…neque, neither…nornn modo … sed etiam, not only … but alsopostquam, after-que, andquod, becausesed, buttamen, nevertheless, still, yetubi, when, whereut (+ ind.), as (+ subj.), in order that, so that, with the

result that

NUMERALSCardinal

106

nus, -a, -um, oneduo, duae, duo, twotrs, tria, threequattuor, fourquinque, fivesex, sixseptem, seven octo, eightnovem, ninedecem, tencentum, hundred ducent,-ae,-a, two hundredtrecent,-ae,-a, three hundred

Ordinal

prmus, -a, -um, firstsecundus, -a, -um, secondtertius, -a, -um, third

IDIOMS

aes alinum, debtcausam habre, have a reasoncnsilium capere, adopt a pland… agere, debate about, talk aboutin mtrimnium ducere, marrys ripere, escapefac ut, bring it about thatiter facere, make a journey, marchfds pblica, safe conductbellum gerere, wage wargratis agere (+dat.), give thanks, thankcausam habre, have a reasoniter facere, make a journey, marchin mentem venre, come to mindms mairs, traditionrtionem habre, give a speechpoens dare, pay a penaltyquam prmum, as soon as possiblefds pblica, safe conducts recipere, retreatrs pblica, re pblicae f., stateutor bene, treat wellvtam agere , lead a life

107

VOCABULARY

Nouns: The nominative singular of each noun is given followed by the genitive singular. For regular nouns of the first, second, fourth and fifth declension, only the genitive singular ending is given (e.g. mrus, -). Where the stem cannot be determined from the nominative singular form, as in some second declension nouns and in the third declension, the full form of the genitive singular is given. Third I-stem nouns are indicated in the lists by (-ium).

Adjectives: Adjectives whose stems can be determined from the nominative singular masculine form appear as the nominative masculine singular with the endings for the other genders (e.g., bonus, -a, -um; trstis, -e). Adjectives whose stems cannot be determined from the nominative singular masculine are written out fully: all three genders in the case of the adjectives of three or two terminations (e.g., ter, tris, tre; melior, melius); the nominative and genitive singulars in the case of adjectives of one termination (e.g.,flx, flcis).

Verbs: The first person singular present indicative active of each verb is listed. If the verb is a regular first conjugation verb, a numeral follows to indicate its conjugation (laud (1), I praise). Principal parts of second, third, and fourth conjugation verbs and irregular verbs are given in full, save that only the last three letters of the infinitive are typically written out.

Words introduced in New First Steps In Latin and New Second Steps in Latin are followed by an asterisk (*). Words introduced in New Third Steps in Latin chapters are marked with the lesson number in Roman numerals in square brackets [I].

LATIN – ENGLISH VOCABULARY

A

, ab (+ abl.), away from, by, from*abe, abre, abi (-v), abtum,, go away [XX]abscd, -ere, -cd, -csum, cut away, cut off*absum, abesse, fu, futrus, be away*ac, and*accd, -ere, access, accessum, approach, come up to,

go towards [IX]accipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum, receive*accurr, -ere, accurs, accursum, run to*cer, cris, cre, fierce, keen, sharp*ad (+ acc.), at, to, towards*addc, -ere, addx, adductum, lead to, influence [X]ade, adre, adi (-v), aditum, go toward*ade, adv., to such an extent, so [IV]ade, adre, adi (-v), adtum, go to [XX]adhc, adv., still, to this point, yet *adlig (1), bind, tie*admitt, -ere, adms, admissum, admit, allow [IX]adorior, adorr, adortus sum, attack [XXVII]adsum, adesse, adfu, adfutrus, be present*adulscns, adulscentis m./f., youth*adventus, -s, m, arrival, approach, [I]aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick*aegr, adv., painfully, with difficulty*

aequus, aequa, aequum, even, level, fair, flat [XX]aes, aeris n., copper, bronze [XIII]

aes alinum, debt [XIII]aets, -ttis, f., age, [II]Aethips, Aethiopis m., Ethiopian, affer, afferre, attul, alltum, bring, carry toward,

convey [XXVIII]affici, -ere, affc, affectum, , treat, affect [XXV]ager, agr m., field*aggredior, aggred, aggressus sum, approach, attack

[V]agmen, agminis n., column (of men)*ag, -ere, g, actum, deal with, do, drive, treat*

d … agere , talk about, debate about*gratias agere (+dat), thank, give thanks*vtam agere, lead a life*

agricola, -ae m., farmer*alinus, -a, -um, unrelated, foreign [XX]aliquand, adv., sometime, anytime [XXIII]aliquis, aliquid, anything [XVII]alius, -a, -um, another, other*alter, altera, alterum, the other ( of 2)*altus, -a, -um, deep, high*tall, amcitia, -ae, f., friendshipIIIamcus, -a, -um, friendly*amcus - m., friend

mitt, -ere, ms, missum, send away, lose [IX]am (1), like, love*amor, amris, m., love [XII]Andromeda, -ae f., Andromeda*anguis, -is m./f., serpent, snake*angustus, -a, -um,, narrow [V]animadvert, -ere, animadvert, animadversum, notice,

pay attention to [III]animus, - m., spirit, mind, (pl ) bravery *annus, - m., year*ante (+ acc.), before*ante, adv., formerly, before, previously [XXV]antequam, conj., before*antquus, -a, -um, ancient*aperi, re, aperu, apertum, open, uncover, reveal

[XXIII]appell, (1), accost, address, name [I]appropinqu, (1), approach [XV]aptus, -a, -um, appropriate [XX]apud (+acc.), among, at the house of, in the presence of

[X]Aquitania, -ae f., province in S. W. Gaulaqua, -ae f., water*arbor, arbris, f., tree [XII]arca, -ae f., ark, box, chest*arde, -re, ars, arsrus, be inflamed, blaze, burn*arma, -rum n. pl., arms*ars, artis f., skill, craft, trade [XXIX]arx, arcis,f., citadel [XIII]ascend, -ere, ascend, ascnsum, ascend, Asia, -ae f., Asia, at, conj., but*ter, tra, trum, black, dark*ac/atque, conj., and*auctrits, -ttis, f., authority, influence [II]audacter, adv., boldly*audx, audcis, bold*audi, -re, audv, audtum, hear, listen to*auge, -re, aux, auctum, increase [X]aurum, - n., gold*aut, conj., or*

aut…aut, conj., either…or*autem, conj., but, however, moreover*auxilium, -, n., aid, help [XXII]avidus, -a, -um, eager, greedy [VII]avus, - m., grandfather*

B

betus, -a, -um, blessed, happy*bellum, n., war*

bellus, -a, -um, pretty, handsome, fine, nice [XVIII]bene, adv., well*

tor bene, treat well beneficium, - n., service, benefit, kindness, favor,

help, support [XXIII]bonus, -a, -um, good*brevis, -e, brief, short*

C

caelum, - n., air, heaven, sky*Caesar, Caesaris m., Gaius Julius Casear, campus, - m., field, plain, playing field*cant (1), sing*capi, -ere, cp, captum, capture, seize, take*caput, capitis n., head*carmen, carminis n, song*Cathg, -inis, Carthagecrus, -a, -um, dear*castra, -rum n. pl., camp*csus, -s m., chance, fall, misfortune*causa, -ae f., cause,

causam habre, have a reason, cd, -ere, cess, cessum, yield, go [IX]celer, celeris, celere, quick, swift*celerits, celerittis, f., swiftness, speed [X]centum (indecl.), hundred*cern, -ere, crv, crtum, decide, discern, perceive*certmen, certminis n., contest, struggle*certus, -a, -um, certain, set [VII]cter, -ae, -a, the remaining, the rest*cibus, -, m., food [VIII]Cicer, Ciceronis m., M. Tullius Cicero, circum (+ acc.), around*cvis, cvis (-ium) m/f, citizen*cvits, -ttis, f., state, citizenship [II]clam, adv., secretly [I]clm (1), shout*clmor, clmris, m., noise, shout [IX]cog, -ere, cog, coactum, compel, drive together,

force, collect, gather [XIV]colloquor, colloqu, colloctus sum, converse [VII]collum, - n., neck*comes, comitis m./f., companion*confrm (1), encourage, strengthen [I]committ, -ere, comms, commissum, entrust, engage

[IX]commnis, -e, common, shared, general [XIV]compar (1) prepare, gather, achieve [III]comprehend, -ere, -hend, -hensum, grasp, seize*concd, -ere, concess, concessum, yield, grant [IX]

cond, -ere, condid, conditum, found (a city), bury [XIII]

confer, conferre, contul, colltum , bring together, (with s) go*

confestim, adv., immediately [I]confici, -ere, confc, confectum, finish, accomplish,

make ready [XIX]confd, -ere, confsus sum, (semi-deponent), trust

[XVII]conici, -ere, conic, coniectum, cast, hurl, throw,

throw together*coniunx, coniugis m./f., spouse*cnor (1), attempt, try*conscrb, -ere, conscrps, conscrptum, enlist, enroll

[XIII]cnsequor, cnsequ, cnsectus sum, follow, pursue,

gain [XVII]cnsilium, - n, plan*

cnsilium capere, adopt a plan cnsist, -ere, cnstit, cnstitum, stop*cnspectus, -s, m., sight [I]conspici, -ere, conspex, conspectum, spot, observe,

catch sight of [XVIII]cnstitu, -ere, cnstitu, cnstittum, decide, determine,

establish*cnsul, cnsulis m., consul*cnsul, -ere, cnsulu, cnsultum, consult, resolve*conteg, -ere, contx, contctum, cover*contend, -ere, contend, contentum, compete, hurry,

make effort, march, strive*continens, continentis f., mainland*contine, -re, continu, contentum, contain, sustain,

hold together [II]contr, opposite, facing, toward [XVII]conveni, -re, convn, conventum, meet, come

together, convene [XII]convoc (1), call together [XXIII]cpia, cpiae f., supply, abundance, (pl.) troops,

provisions [XVII]corn, -s n, horn, wing(of an army)*corpus, corporis n., body*cottdi, adv., daily [XXIII]crs, adv., tomorrow*crd, -ere, crdid, crditum, entrust, believe [XV]cre (1), create, elect [X]cum (+ abl.), along with, with*cupidits, -ttis, f., greed, desire [II]cupidus, -a, -um, eager, longing, greedy [XVIII]cupi, -ere, cupv, cuptum, wish, desire, long for

[XXIII]

cur, adv., why? [VIII]cra, -ae f., care, concern, worry*curr, -ere, cucurr, cursum, hasten, run*cursus, -s, m., course [I]custs, custdis, m., guard, guardian, protector

[XXVII]

D

d (+ abl.), about, concerning, down from*d… agere, talk about*dea, -ae f., goddess*decem (indecl.), ten*decus, decoris n., honor, glory, dignity [XVII]ddc, -ere, ddx, dductum, lead away, remove,

draw (a weapon) [X]dfend, -ere, dfend, dfnsum, defend*dfici, -ere, dfc, dfectum, fail, fall away [XXV]deinde, adv., then, next, from there [XXV]dle, -re, dlv, dltum, destroy*dlber (1), consider, deliberate [XVIII]dlig, -ere, dlg, dlectum, choose [III]dplr (1), lament, mourn*dpn, -ere, dposu, dpositum, put down*dscend, -ere, dscend, dscnsum, descend*desertus, -a, -um, deserted*despici, -ere, despex, despectum, look down on

[XVIII]dsum, desse, dfu, dfutrus, be lacking, lack, ,fail

[XV]dsuper, adv., above, from above*deus, - m., god*dvor (1), devour, swallow*dexter, dextera, dexterum, right, (subst.)right hand

[XXVII]Diana, -ae f., Diana, dc, -ere, dx, dictum, say, speak, tell*dis, - m, day*differ, differre, distul, diltum, scatter, defer, differ

[II]difficilis, -e, difficult*difficults, -ttis, f., difficulty [II]dignus, -a, -um, (+ abl.) worthy [V]dligns, -ntis,, careful [I]diligentia, -ae f, diligence*dmitt, -ere, dms, dmissum, send away, dismiss

[IX]discd, -ere, discess, discessum, depart, leave,

withdraw [XVII]discipulus, - m., student*disc, -ere, didic, ----, learn [XVIII]

discus, m., discus*dissimilis, -e, dissimilar, unlike*di, adv., for a long time*ditissim (superl. of di), adv., for the longest time, for

a very long time*ditius (compara. of di), adv., for a longer time*dvnus, -a, -um, divine, heavenly [XXVIII]dvus, -a, -um, divine*do, dare, ded, datum, give*poens dare, pay a penalty*doce, -re, docu, doctum, teach*doctus, -a, -um, learned [XXIX]dole, -re, dolu, dolitum, grieve [XXIII]dolor, dolris m., grief, pain*dominus, - m., master*domus, -s, f, home, household*donum, - n., gift*dormi, - re, dormv, dormitum , sleep*ducent, -ae, -a, two hundred [XXVII]dc, -ere, dx, ductum, lead*

in mtrimnium ducere, marry*dulcis, -e, sweet*dum, conj., while*duo, duae, duo, two*dux, ducis m., leader*

E

, ex (+ abl.), from, out of*d, -ere, did, ditum, give out*dc, -ere, dx, ductum, lead out, unsheath*effici, -ere, effc, effectum, effect, cause, bring about

[XXV]ego, I*gredior, gred, gressus sum, go out, leave [V]loquentia, -ae f., eloquence [XIX]enim, conj., for*e, adv., to that place*e, re, i(v), itum, go*epistula, -ae f., letter*eques, equitis m., horseman, (pl.) cavalry [XIV]equus, m., horse*ripi, -ere, ripu, reptum, snatch, rescue [V]

s ripere, escape [V]err (1), make a mistake, wander*rump, -ere, rp, ruptus, burst out, break out [XIV]et, conj., and*etiam, conj., also, even*ex, (+abl.), from, out of*exanim (1), exhaust*excd, -ere, excess, excessum, depart, go out*

excipio, -ere, excp, exceptum, receive, greet [IV]excit (1), awaken, rouse*exe, -re, exv/exi, extum, go out, withdraw [XX]exerce, -re, exercu, exercitum, train [XXIII]exercitus, -s m., army*exig, -ere, exg, exactum, drive out, demand, collect,

finish (a life) [XIV]existim (1), consider, regard, think [XXIII]experior, experr, expertus sum, experience, test, try

[XXIX]expn, -ere, exposu, expositum, expose, explain

[XIII]expugn (1), storm [XXIII]exspect (1), look out*extrah, -ere, extrx, extrctum, drag out*exu, -ere, exu, extum, put off, take off*

F

facilis, -e, easy*faci, -ere, fc, factum, do, make*

fac ut, bring it about thatiter facere, make a journey, march*

facti, factinis f., faction [IX]factum, n., deed*facults, faculttis f., ability, power, skill, opportunity

[X]falsus, -a, -um, untrue, mistaken [XXIV]falx, falcis f., sickle, sword (curved)*fma, -ae f., glory, reputation, rumor*fams, famis f., hunger, famine*familia, familiae f., household slaves, family [XVII]ftum, - n., fate*fave, -re, fv, fautum (+dat.), favor, support [XV]flx, flcis, happy*fer, adv., nearly, almost [II]fer, ferre, tul, ltum, bear, bring, carry, endure*ferrum, - n., iron, sword*fessus, -a, -um, exhausted, tired*fidlis, -e, faithful, loyal [VIII]fids, -e f, faith, loyalty*fds pblica, fde pblicae f., safe conductflia, -ae f., daughter*flius, - m., son*fing, -ere,finx, fictus, compose, fashion, make,

imagine, make up [XXIV]fini, -re, finv/fini, finitum, limit, define [XXIII]fnis, -is (-ium) m., end, (pl.) territory*finitimus, -a, -um, neighboring [VIII]fi, fir, factus sum, be made, become, happen [X]firmus, -a, -um, strong, firm, resolute [IV]

flamma, -ae f., flame*fle, flre, flv, fltum, weep [XXIII]flctus, -s m., flood, sea, wave*forma, formae f., form [XVII]fortasse, adv., perhaps [XXVIII]forte, adv., accidently, by chance [XXIII]fortis, -e, brave, strong*fortna, -ae f., fortune, luck*forum, - n., forum, marketplace [V]frter, frtris m., brother*fremitus, -s m., groan, roar, rumble*fructus, -s m., benefit, enjoyment, fruit*fruor, fru, fructus sum (+abl.), enjoy, profit from

[XIII]frustr, adv., in vain [XX]fuga, -ae f., escape, flight*fugi, -ere, fg, fugitrus, avoid, flee, run away,

escape*fungor, fung, functus sum (+abl.) , perform [XIII]furor, -ris m., fury, rage*

G

galea, -ae f., helmet*Gallus, -a, -um, Gaul, Gallic, gaudium, n., gladness, joy [XXIII]gns, gentis (-ium) f., nation, tribe*genus, -eris n., kind, sort*ger, gerere, gess, gestum, carry on, manage*

bellum gerere, wage war*gladius, - m., sword*gloria, gloriae f, glory, fame [XVII]Gorgo(n), Gorgonis f., Gorgon*gracilis, -e, graceful, slender*gradus, -s m., step*gratia, -ae f., favor, pl. thanks*

gratis agere (+dat.), give thanks, thank*grtus, -a, -um, pleasing*gravis, -e, heavy, serious*gravits, gravittis f., weight, severity, hardness,

seriousness [XXVIII]graviter, adv., seriously,

H

habe -re, habu, habitum, consider, have, hold*rtinem habre, give a speech [IX]causam habre, have a reason, habit (1), dwell, live*harna, -ae f., sand*haud, adv., not at all [I]heri, adv., yesterday*

hic, haec, hoc, this, (pl.) these *hc, adv., here, in this place [XX]hiems, hiemis f., winter [XVIII]hinc, adv., from here, from this place [XX]hodi, adv., today*hom, hominis m, human, man*honor, honris m., honor, esteem, office [V]hra, -ae f., hour*horribilis, -e, horrible*hortor (1), encourage [XXII]hostis, hostis (-ium) m., enemy*hc, adv., hither, to this place [XX]humilis, -e, humble, low*

I

iam, adv., already, now*ib, adv., there*ictus, -s m., blow, strike*dem, eadem, idem, same*idneus, -a, -um, suitable*igitur, adv., therefore, then*ignvus, -a, -um, idle, lazy*ignis, -is (ium) m., fire*ignr (1), have no knowledge of*ignosc, -ere, ignv, igntum (+dat.), forgive [XV]ille, illa, illud, that, (pl.) those*immemor, immemoris, forgetful [XXV]impedmentum, -, n., hindrance, (pl.). baggage [V]impertus, -a, -um, inexperienced, unskilled, ignorant

[XXIX]imperium, - n., power, rule*imper (1), order, demand [XXII]impetr (1), obtain (by asking) [X]impetus, -s, m., attack [I]import (1), bring in, carry in [XXIII]mus, -a, -um, deepest, lowest, bottom of [XVIII]in (+abl.), in, on, (+acc.), into, onto, against*incd, -ere, incess, incessum, go in*incend, -ere, incend, incensum, set fire to, outrage,

burn [III]incipi, -ere, incp, inceptum, begin*incit (1), urge on, arouse [V]incld, -ere, incls, inclsum, enclose, imprison, shut

up*incola, -ae m., inhabitant*incol, -ere, incolu, ----, inhabit [VIII]incolumis, -e, safe, unharmed [XIV]inde, adv., from there, thence [XXV]indc, -ere, indx, inductum, lead in, influence [XII]indu, -ere, indu, indtum, clothe, put on*

ine, -re, ini (inv), initum, go in, enter, adopt (plan) [XX]

infans, infantis (-ium) m/f, infant*infici, -ere, infc, infectum, dye, stain*ingenium, - n., innate quality, character [XIX]ingens, ingentis, huge, vast*inimcitia, -ae f., enmity, unfriendliness, hostility

[XXVIII]inimcus, -a, -um, hostile, unfriendly [VII]inquus, -a, -um, uneven, unfair [XX]inopia, inopiae f., lack [XVII]inrump, -ere, inrp,inruptum, burst in*insignis, -e, distinguished, prominent [XIV]inspici, -ere, inspex, inspectum, look into or upon*insula, -ae, f., island [III]integer, integra, integrum, whole, untouched [XVIII]intelleg, -ere, intellg, intellectum, understand [III]inter (+acc.), among, between*intercld, -ere, intercls, interclsum, shut off, block,

stop [XIII]interficio, -ere, -fc, -fectum, kill*interim, adv., meanwhile [XIV]inveni, -re, invn, inventum, come upon, find [XII]invidia, -ae f., envy, hatred, jealousy*invtus, -a, -um, unwilling [VII]Iove (abl. sg. of Iuppiter), Juppiter, ipse, ipsa, ipsum, -self*ra, -ae f., anger, wrath*rtus, -a, -um, angry*is, ea, id, he, she, it, that, this*iste, ista, istud, that (of yours)*ita, adv., so, thus [IV]talia, -ae f., Italy, itaque, adv., and so [X]item, adv., likewiseIViter, itineris n., journey, road, way*

iter facere, make a journey, march*iterum, adv., again*iube, iubre, iuss, iussum, bid, command, order*Iuppiter, Iovis m., Jupiter*is, iris n., law, right*iuvenis, -is m., youth, young man [XVIII]iuv, -re, iv, itum, help [XIX]

L

labor, labris m., hardship, labor, work*lbor, lb, lapsus sum, collapse, slip*lacrima, -ae f., tear*laetus, -a, -um, happy, joyful*laud (1), praise*

laus, laudis f., praise [XVII]lgtus, - m., legate, envoy, ambassador [VIII]leg, -ere, lg, lctum, choose, pick out, read*lx, lgis f., law*libenter, adv., freely, willingly*lber, lbera, lberum, free*liber, libr m, book*lber, -rum m.pl., children [XXV]lber (1), free, liberate [XIII]lberts, -ttis, f., freedom [II]licet, licre, licuit or licitum est, it is permitted [XXVII]ligneus, -a, -um, wooden*littera, -ae, f., letter (of the alphabet), (pl.) letter,

literature [III]ltus, ltoris n., beach, coast, shore*Livius, Livi m., Titus Livius, locus, - m (loca, -rum n. pl.), place*long, adv., far*longus, -a, -um, long*loquor, loqui, loctus sum, speak, talk [VII]ldus, - m., game, sport*lmen, lminis n., light*lx, lcis f., light*

M

magicus, -a, -um, magical, magis (comp. of magnopere), more*magister, magistr m., teacher*magistrtus, -s, m., magistracy, magistrate [I]magnopere, adv., greatly*magnus, -a, -um, large, great*mior, maius (comp. of magnus), greater*mirs, -um f. pl., ancestors [V]ml, mlle, mlu, -----, prefer*malus, -a, -um, bad, evil, wicked*mane, -re, mns, mnsum, remain, stay*manus, -s f.., band, hand*mare, maris (ium) n., sea*mter, mtris f., mother*maxim (superl. of magnopere), adv., very greatly*maximus, -a, -um (superl. of magnus), most*Medusa, -ae f., Medusa, melior, melius (comp. of bonus), better*memin, meminisse, remember, be mindful of [XXIX]memor, memoris, mindful [XXV]memoria, memoriae f., memory [XVII]memor (1), mention, bring up [XXIV]mens, mentis (-ium) f., mind, intention*in mentem venre, come to mind*mentior, mentr, menttus sum, tell a lie*

merg, -ere, mers, mersum, plunge, sink*meritus, -a, -um, deserved, due*metus, -s, m., fear [I]meus, -a, -um, mine, my*mles, mlitis m., soldier*Minerva, - ae f., Minerva, minimus, -a, -um (superl. of parvus), smallest*minor, minus (comp. of parvus), smaller*mrbilis, -e, remarkable, amazing, wonderful [XXIV]mror (1), be amazed, wonder at, be surprised at

[XXVII]miser, misera, miserum, unhappy, wretched*mitt, -ere, ms, missum, send*modo, adv., just, merely, only [XXII]modus, - m., manner, way*moenia, -ium n. pl., walls*mone, -re, monu, monitum, advise, warn*mns, montis (-ium) m., mountain*monstr (1), show*monstrum, - n., monster*mora, -ae f., delay*morior, mor, mortuus sum, die*mors, mortis f. (-ium), death*ms, mris m., custom, , (pl.) character, behavior [V]

ms mairs, m., tradition [V]move, -re, mv, mtum, move*mox, adv., soon*mulier, mulieris f., woman [XXVII]multitd, multitdinis f., crowd, multitude [IX]multum, adv., much*multus, -a, -um, many, much*mni, -re, mnv, mntum, build, fortify*mnus, mneris n., function, task, gift (of the gods)

[XXVII]mrus, - m., wall*mt (1), change, transform*

N

nam, conj., for*nanciscor, nancisc, nactus sum, get, obtain [VII]narr (1), tell, relate [XII]nascor, nasc, ntus sum, be born [VII]ntra, -ae f., nature, character [XV]ntrlis, -e, natural, by birth [XXVIII]nauta, -ae m., sailor*nvis, nvis (-ium) f., ship*-ne (introduces a question), VIIInec/neque, and…not, nor *necessrius, -a, -um, necessary, inevitable [XXVIII]necesse esse, it is necessary [XXVII]

nefs (indecl.) n., evil, wrong [XXIV]negtium, - n., business [XIII]nm, nminis m., no one, nobody*Neptnus, - m., Neptune*neque/nec, and…not, nor *neque…neque, neither…nor*nesci, nescre, nescv/nesci, nesctus, not know [XII]neuter, neutra, neutrum, neither*nihil (indecl.) n., nothing*nimis, adv., too, very much [XXIX]nimium, - n., excess [XXIX]nbilis, -e, noble [VIII]noce, nocre, nocu, nocitum (+dat.), harm [XV]nl, nlle, nlu, -----, be unwilling, not to want, not to

wish*nmen, nminis n., name*nn, adv., not*

nn modo … sed etiam, not only … but also*nndum, adv., not yet [XXV]nnne (introduces a question expecting “yes” answer),

surely [VIII]ns, we*noster, nostra, nostrum, our*novem (indecl.), nine*nvissimus, -a, -um, most recent, last,novus, -a, -um, new*nox, noctis (-ium) f., night*nullus, -a, -um, no, not any, none*num (introduces a question expecting “no”answer),

surely…not [VIII]nmen, nminis n., nod, consent, will (divine)

[XXVIII]numerus, -, m., number [IV]numquam, adv., never [XXV]nunc, now*nnti (1), announce, report*nntius, - m., messenger*nper, adv., recently [XXV]

O

ob (+acc), because of, on account of*oblviscor, oblvisc, obltus sum, forget [XXIX]obsecr (1), beseech, beg [XXII]obtine, -re, obtinu, obtentum, hold, obtain [II]occup (1), seize*octo (indecl.), eight*oculus, - m., eye*offend, -ere, offend, offnsum, offend*officium, - n., duty, office [XIII]Olympus, - m., Mount Olympus,

omnn, adv., entirely, altogether [VIII]omnis, -e, all, every*onus, oneris n., burden*oportet, oportere, oportuit, it is fitting [XXVII]ops, opis f., power, (pl.)resources [XIII]optimus, -a, -um (superl. of bonus), best*opt (1), desire*opus, operis n., task, work*ra, -ae f., edge, rim, shore*rculum, - n., oracle*rti, rtinis f., speech [IX]

rtionem habre, give a speech [IX]ord, ordinis m., order, rank [XVII]orior, -r, ortus sum, rise, appear [XXVII]or (1), beseech, beg [XXII]s, oris n., mouth*ostend, -ere, ostend, ostentum, stretch out before,

show, display [XV]

P

paene, adv., practically, almost [II]pr, paris, equal, like [XXV]parc, -cere, peperc, ----, spare [XV]pre, -re, pru, pritum (+dat), obey [XV]par (1), prepare*pars, partis (-ium) f , direction, part*parum, too little*parvus, -a, -um, little, small*pater, patris m., father*patien, -entis, tolerant, hardy, patientpatior, pat, passus sum, endure, experience, suffer*patria, -ae f., native land*pauc, -ae, -a, few*paul, adv., a little, somewhat [XXVII]pavor, pavris m., panic, terror*pax, pacis, f., peace [III]pectus, pectoris n., breast, chest, heart*.pecnia, -ae, f., money [III]peior, peius (comp. of malus), worse*per (+ acc.), through, by, perdc, -ere, perdx, perductum, lead through*perfer, perferre, pertul, perltum, endure, report [II]perfici, -ere, perfc, perfectum, finish, complete,

perfect [XXV]perculum, - n., danger, peril [V]pertus, -a, -um, skilled, experienced [XV]Perseus, Perse m., Perseus, perspici, -ere, perspex, perspectum, examine, observe

[XVIII]persuade, -re, persuas, persuasum, persuade [XXII]

pertine, -re, pertinu, pertentum, pertain, extend [II]perveni, -re, pervn, perventum, come to, arrive

[XII]ps, pedis m., foot*pessimus, -a, -um (superl. of malus), worst, very bad*pet, -ere, petiv, pettum, ask for, seek*prta, -ae m., pirate*pius, -a, -um, devoted, dutiful, loyal*place, -re, placu, placitum, be pleasing [XV]plebs, plebis f., plebs, common people [XVII]plurimus, -a, -um (superl. of multus), most, very many*pls, plris n., more, too much [XXIX]poena, -ae f., punishment*poens dare, pay a penalty*Poenus, -a, -um, Carthaginian, Punicpota, -ae m., poet*Pompeius Magnus, Pompei Magn m., Pompey*pn, -ere, posu, positum, place, put, set up*pns, pontis (-ium) m., bridge*populus, -, m., people [IV]porta, -ae f., gate*port (1), carry*possum, posse, potu, -----, be able, can*post (+acc.), after*poste, adv., afterwards [XXVII]postquam, conj., after*postul (1), demand [XXII]potens, -ntis, capable, powerful [I]potests, -ttis, f., power [II]potior, -r, pottum sum, gain possession of [XIII]praecipi, -ere, praecp, praeceptum, direct, advise,

order [IV]praemium, - n., prize, reward [XXIII]praesertim, adv., especially [XIV]praesidium, - n., protection, assistance, defense [V]praest, -re, praestit, praestatum, exhibit, show*praeter (+acc.), past, by, along, in front of [XII]praetere, -re, preateriv/-i, praeteritum, go past, skip

[XX]prvus, -a, -um, distorted, crooked, improper [XXIX]prm, adv., at first*quam prmum, as soon as possibleprmus, -a, -um, first*princeps, principis m., leader, chief [XVII]pr (+abl.), in front of, on behalf of*proficiscor, proficisc, profectus sum, set out [VII]prgredior, prgred, prgressus sum, advance, go

forward, march forward*prohibe, -re, prohibu, prohibitum, keep off, prevent,

deny [XIII]

prope (+acc.), near [XXV]propinquus, -a, -um, near, neighboring [V]propter (+acc.), on account of , because of*prvincia, -ae, f., province [III]proximus, -a, -um, next*prdens, -ntis , prudent, sensible [I]pblicus, -a, -um, public*fds pblica, fde pblicae f., safe conductpuella, -ae f., girl*puer, puer m, boy*pugn (1), fight*pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful*pni, -re, pnv, pntum, punish*puto (1), consider, think*

Q

quaer, -ere, quaesv, quaestum, ask, seek*qulis, -e, what sort of?, what kind of? [VIII]quam (+ superlative), as…as possible*quam, adv., than*quam prmum, as soon as possiblequamdi, adv., how long? [VIII]quand, adv., when? [VIII]quantus, -a, -um, how great?, how much? [VIII]quattuor (indecl.), four*-que, and*qu, quae, quod (rel. pron), that, which, who*qudam, quaedam, quoddam, a certain [XIX]quis, quitis f., quiet, rest, sleep*quinque (indecl.), five*quis, quid (interr. pron.), who?, what? [VIII]quisque, quaeque, quidque, each [XIV]qu, adv., to where?, whither? [VIII]quod, conj,., because*quondam, adv., at one time, formerly, once*quot (indecl. adj.), how many? [VIII]quotins, adv., how often? [VIII]

R

rati, ratinis f., reason, theory [IX]recipi, -ere, recp, receptum, receive, accept [IV]

s recipere, retreat [IV]redd, -ere, reddidi, redditum, give back*rede, -re, redi (-v), reditum, go back, return

[XXIX]redg, -ere, redg, redactum, drive back*reditus, -s m., return*refer, referre, rettul, reltum, bring back, carry back,

relate [XIX]refici, -ere, refc, refectum, repair, restore [XXV]

rgia, -ae f., palace*rgna, -ae f., queen*rgnum, - n., kingdom*reg, -ere, rx, rctum, rule*relinqu, -ere, relqu, relictum, leave, leave behind*reliquus, -a, -um, rest, remaining [V]remitt, -ere, rems, remissum, send back [IX]reor, rr, ratus sum, think, suppose, imagine [XXVII]reperi, -re, repper, repertum, find (by looking),

discover [XIX]rs, re f., affair, matter, thing, situation*rs pblica, re pblicae f., state*responde, respondre, respond, responsum, answer,

respond [XXIII]retine, -re, retinu, retentum, hold back, restrainIIrevert, -ere, revert, ---- (usu, deponent in pres.), turn

back, return [XIV]rx, rgis m., king*rog (1), ask*Rma, -ae f., Rome, Rmnus, -a, -um, Roman, rmor, rmris m., rumor [XII]rrsus, adv., again, backwards, a second time [XXVII]rs, rris n., countryside, country [VII]

S

sacer, sacra, sacrum, holy*saepe, adv., often*sals, saltis f., safety(personal), well-being [XXII]salvus, -a, -um, well, safe, unharmed [XXIX]sanguis, sanguinis m., blood*sapins, sapientis, wise*satis (indecl. adj.), enough [XIV]saxum, - n., rock*saxum, - n., stone*scelus, sceleris n., crime*sci, -re, scv (or sci), sctum, know [XIX]scrba, -ae m., secretary, writer*scrb, -ere, scrps, scrptum, write*s (acc./abl. of su), -self*secundus, -a, -um, second*sed, conj., but*sede, -re, sd, sessum, sit*sds, sdis f., abode, seat*semper, adv., always*sentor, ris m., senatorsentus, -s m., senate*Seneca, -ae, m., Seneca, senex, senis m., old man [XIX]sententia, -ae, f., opinion [III]

senti, -re, sns, snsum, feel, perceive*septem (indecl.), seven*sequor, sequ, secutus sum, follow*servits, servittis f., slavery [IX]serv (1), guard, save, watch over*servus, - m., slave*sex (indecl), six*sibi (dat. of reflexive su), -self*sc, adv., so, thus (modifies verbs only)[IV]Sicilia, -ae f., Sicily, sdus, sderis n., star*signum, - n., sign, standard, signal [V]silva, -ae f., forest, woods*similis, -e, like, similar*sine (+abl.), without*sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, left, (subst) left hand

[XXVII]sinus, -s m., bosom, embrace*socius, - m., ally*sl, slis, m, sun [XIII]sollicitd, sollicitdinis f., worry, care [IX]slus, -a, -um, alone, only, sole*solv, -ere, solv, soltum, release, unbind, loosen,

untie [XIV]somnus, m., sleep*soror, sorris f., sister*spatium, - n., space, room [XXIII]specis, - f., appearance, sight*speculum, - n., looking glass, mirror*spr (1), hope [III]sps, spe f., hope*spont (abl. only), voluntarily, of one’s own accord [X]statim, adv., at once, immediately*st, -re, stet, statum, stand*stude, -re, studu, ----, be eager for, desire [XV]studisus, -a, -um, eager, zealous, devoted [XVIII]studium, -i n., keenness, eagerness, enthusiasm,

devotion [XXVIII]sub (+abl.), under, at the foot of*sube, -re, subi (subv), subitum, undergo*subit, adv., suddenly*su (gen. sg.), -self*sum, esse, fu, futrus, be*summus, -a, -um, highest, top of [XV]sm, -ere, smps, smpsum, take up [XIV]super (+acc), above, in a higher position, over*super (1), surpass [XIII]surg, -ere, surrx, surrctum, rise, stretch upward,

swell*

suscipi, -ere, suscp, susceptum, support, take up, undertake [IV]

sustine, -re, sustinu, sustentum, sustain, hold (up) [II]

suus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their own*

T

tlis, -e, such [IV]tam, adv., so (modifies adj. and adv. only)[IV]tamen, adv., nevertheless, yet, still*tandem, adv., at length, finally*tantum, - n., so much, tantus, -a, -um, so great [IV]tardus, -a, -um, slow, late [XVIII]teg, -ere, tx, tctum, conceal, cover, shelter*tells, tellris f., earth, ground, land [XXVII]tlum, n., javelin, weapon*tempests, tempesttis f., storm, tempest, weather*tempt (1), test, try [I]tempus, tempris n., time*tend, -ere, tetend, tentum, extend, proceed, stretch

out*tene, -re, tenu, tentum, contain, hold*tergum, - n., back*terra, -ae f., country, earth, land*terre, -re, terru, territum, frighten*terror, terrris m., fear, terror*tertius, -a, -um, third*time, timre, timu, -----, be afraid of, fear*timor, timris m., fear*toll, tollere, sustul, subltum, lift, raise [XVIII]tot, adj. (indecl.), so many [IV]ttus, -a, -um, entire, whole*trd, -ere, trdid, trditum, hand across, hand down *trdc, -ere, trdux, trductum, lead across [XII]trah, -ere, trx, trctum, drag*tranquillus, -a, -um, calm, tranquil*trns (+acc.), across*transg, -ere, transg, transactum, accomplish, finish,

pierce, run through*trecent, -ae, -a, three hundred [XXVII]trs, tria, three*tribnus, -, tribune [VIII]

tribnus mlitum, military tribunetrstis, -e, sad*t, you (sg.)*tueor, tur, tuitum, scan, observe, protect [XXVII]tum, adv., at that time, then*tunc, adv., at that time, then*turb (1), disturb, stir up*

turpis, -e, disgraceful, shameful [XIV]ttus, -a, -um, safe [XVIII]tuus, -a, -um, your, yours*

U

ubi, , adv., when, where*ullus, -a, -um, any*umbra, -ae f., ghost, shadow*umerus, - m., shoulder*midus, -a, -um, moist, damp [XXIV]umquam, adv., ever [VII]n, adv, together [XIV]unda, -ae f., wave*unde, adv., from where, whence [VIII]undique, adv, everywhere, on all sides, from all sides

[III]nus, -a, -um, one*urbs, urbis (-ium) f., city*sus, -s m., application, practice, skill, use*ut (+ subj.), so that, in order that, with the result that

[II] (+ ind.), as*fac ut, bring it about that,

uter, utra, utrum, which (of two)*uterque, utraque, utrumque, each (of two), both

[XXIX]tilis, -e, useful*tor, t, sus sum (+abl.), use, enjoy, experience [XIII]

tor bene, treat well,utrum, conj., whether [VIII]utrum … annn, whether…or not [VIII]utrum … an, whether…or [VIII]uxor, uxris f., wife*

V

vacuus, -a, -um, empty*Valerius Maximus, Valeri Maxim m., Valerius

Maximus, vts, vtis m., prophet, seer*velut/velut, adv., just as, even as [XXIV]

veni, -re, vn, ventum, come*in mentem venre, come to mind*

ventus, m., wind*verbum, - n., word*vereor, verr, veritus, fear, respect*Vergilius, Vergili m., Publius Vergilius Maro, vert, -ere, vert, versum, turn*vrus, -a, -um, true [XII]vescor, vesc, ---- (+abl.), feed on, eat [XIII]vesper, vesperis m., evening [XVIII]vespera, -ae f., evening [XVIII]vester, vestra, vestrum, your, yours*vet, -re, vetu, vetitum, forbid, order . . . not*vetus, veteris, old [XXIV]via, -ae f., road, way*vcus, -, m., village [IV]vide, -re, vd, vsum, see, (pass.) be seen, seem,

appear *vinc, -ere, vc, victum, conquer, defeat*vinculum, - n., bond, chain, fetter [V]vir, vir m., man*virg, virginis f., maiden*virts, virttis f, courage, strength, excellence, virtue

[IX]vs, vs f. (pl. vrs, vrium), violence, force, (pl.)

strength [VII]vta, -ae f., life*vtam agere , lead a life*vt (1), avoid, escape*vv, -ere, vx, vctum, live*vvus, -a, -um, alive [VIIvix, adv., hardly, scarcely*voc (1), call*vol (1), fly*vol, velle, volu, -----, want, wish*volv, -ere, volv, voltum, roll*vs, you (pl.)*vx, vcis f., voice*vulner (1), hurt, wound*

ENGLISH - LATIN VOCABULARY

A

ability, facults, faculttis f. [X]abode, sds, sdis f., *about, d (+ abl.), *above, dsuper, adv., super (+acc), *abundance, cpia, cpiae f. [XVII]accept, recipi, -ere, recp, receptum [IV]accidently, forte, *accomplish, confici, -ere, confc, confectum [XIX],

transg, -ere, transg, transactum, *accost, appell, (1) [I]achieve, compar (1) [III]across, trns (+acc.), address, appell, (1) [I]admit, admitt, -ere, adms, admissum [IX]adopt (plan), ine, -re, inv/ini, initum [XX],

cnsilium capere, advance, prgredior, prgred, prgressus sum, *advise, mone, -re, monu, monitum, * praecipi, -ere,

praecp, praeceptum [IV]affair, rs, re f., *affect, affici, -ere, affc, affectum [XXV]after, post (+acc.), *postquam, adv. *afterwards, poste, adv. [XXVII]again, iterum, adv. * rrsus, adv. *against, in (+acc.), *age, aets,-ttis, f. [II]aid, auxilium,-, n. [XXII]air, caelum, - n., *alive, vvus,-a,-um [VII]all, omnis, -e, *allow, admitt, -ere, adms, admissum [IX]ally, socius, - m., *almost, fer, adv. [II], paen, adv. [II]alone, slus, -a, -um, *along, praeter (+acc.) [XII], (with), cum (+ abl.), *already, iam, adv., *also, etiam, *altogether, omnn, adv. [VIII]always, semper, *amazing, mrbilis,-e [XXIV]among, apud (+acc.) [X], inter (+acc.), *ancestors, mirs, -um, ancient, antquus, -a, -um, *and, ac/atque, *et, *-que, *and so, itaque, adv. [X]and…not, nec/neque, *Andromeda, Andromeda, -ae f., anger, ra, -ae f., *

angry, rtus, -a, -um, *announce, nnti (1), *another, alius, -a, -um, *answer, responde, respondre, respond, responsum

[XXIII]any, ullus, -a, -um, *anything, aliquis, aliquid [XVII]anytime, aliquand, adv. [XXIII]appear, orior, -r, ortus sum [XXVII], vide, -re, vd,

vsum, (pass.) *appearance, specis, - f., *application, sus, -s m., *approach (noun), adventus,-s, m. [I]approach (verb), accd, -ere, access, accessum, *

aggredior, aggred, aggressus sum [V], appropinqu, (1) [XV]

appropriate, aptus,-a,-um [XX]ark, arca, -ae f., *arms, arma, -rum n. pl., *army, exercitus, -s m., *around, circum (+ acc.), *arouse, incit (1) [V]arrival, adventus,-s, m [I]arrive, perveni, -re, pervn, perventum [XII]as, ut (+ ind.), *as soon as possible, quam prmum, as…as possible, quam (+ superlative), *ascend, ascend, -ere, ascend, ascnsum, Asia, Asia, -ae f., ask, quaer, -ere, quaesv, quaestum, *rog (1), *ask for, pet, -ere, petiv, pettum, *assistance, praesidium,- n. [V]at, ad (+ acc.), *at first, prm, *at length, tandem, *at once, statim, *at one time, quondam, *at that time, tum, *tunc, *at the foot of, mus,-a,-um [XVIII]at the house of, apud (+ acc.) [X]attack(noun), impetus,-s, m. [I]attack(verb), adorior, adorr, adortus sum [XXVII],

aggredior, aggred, aggressus sum [V]attempt, cnor (1), *authority, auctrits,-ttis, f., [II]avoid, fugi, -ere, fg, fugitrus, * vt (1), *awaken, excit (1), *away, ab, (+ abl.), *away from, , ab (+ abl.), *

B

back, tergum, - n., *backwards, rursus [XXVII]bad, malus, -a, -um, *baggage, impedmentum,-, n. (pl.) [V]band, manus, -s f.., *be, sum, esse, fu, futrus, *be able, possum, posse, potu, -----, *be afraid of, time, timre, timu, -----, *be amazed, mror (1) [XXVII]be away, absum, abesse, fu, futrus, *be born, nascor, nasc, ntus sum [VII]be eager for, stude, -re, studu, ---- [XV]be inflamed, arde, -re, ars, arsrus, *be lacking, dsum, desse, dfu, dfutrus [XV]be made, fi, fir, factus sum [X]be mindful of, memin, meminisse [XXIX]be pleasing, place, -re, placu, placitum [XV]be present, adsum, adesse, adfu, adfutrus, *be seen , vide, -re, vd, vsum, *be surprised, mror (1) [XXVII]be unwilling, nl, nlle, nlu, -----, *beach, ltus, ltoris n., *bear, fer, ferre, tul, ltum, *beautiful, pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, *because, quod, *because of, ob (+acc), * propter (+acc.), *become, fi, fir, factus sum [X]before, ante (+ acc.), * ante, adv. [XXV], antequam,

conj.*beg, obsecr (1) [XXII], or (1) [XXII]begin, incipi, -ere, incp, inceptum, *behavior, ms, mris (pl.) [V]believe, crd, -ere, crdid, crditum [XV]benefit, beneficium, - n., * fructus, -s m., *beseech, obsecr (1) [XXII], or (1) [XXII]best, optimus, -a,-um (superl. of bonus), *better, melior, melius (comp. of bonus), *between, inter (+acc.), *bid, iube, iubre, iuss, iussum, *bind, adlig (1), *black, ter, tra, trum, *blaze, arde, -re, ars, arsrus, *blessed, betus, -a, -um, *block, intercld, -ere, intercls, interclsum [XIII]blood, sanguis, sanguinis m., *blow, ictus, -s m., *body, corpus, corporis n., *bold, audx, audcis, *boldly, audacter,

bond, vinculum, - n., *book, liber, libr m, *bosom, sinus, -s m., *both, uterque, utraque, utrumque [XXIX]bottom of, mus,-a,-um [XVIII]box, arca, -ae f., *boy, puer, puer m, *brave, fortis, -e, *bravery (pl.), animus, - m., *break out, rump, -ere, rp, ruptus [XIV]breast, pectus, pectoris n., *bridge, pns, pontis (-ium) m., *brief, brevis, -e, *bring, affer, afferre, attul, alltum [XXVIII], fer,

ferre, tul, ltum, *bring about, effici, efficere, effc, effectum [XXV]bring back, refer, referre, rettul, reltum [XIX]bring in, import (1) [XXIII]bring it about that, fac ut, bring together, confer, conferre, contul, colltum , *bring up, memor (1) [XXIV]bronze, aes, aeris, n. [XIII]brother, frter, frtris m., *build, mni, -re, mnv, mntum, *burden, onus, oneris n., *burn, arde, -re, ars, arsrus, * incend, -ere, incend,

incensum [III]burst in, inrump, -ere, inrp,inruptum, *burst out, rump, -ere, rp, ruptus [XIV]bury, cond, -ere, condid, conditum [XIII]business, negtium,- n. [XIII]but, at*but, autem, * sed, *by, , ab (+ abl.), * per, praeter (+acc.) [XII]by birth, ntrlis,-e [XXVIII]by chance, forte [XXIII]

C

call, voc (1), *call together, convoc (1) [XXIII]calm, tranquillus, -a, -um, *camp, castra, -rum n. pl., *can, possum, posse, potu, -----, *capable, potens,-ntis [I]capture, capi, -ere, cp, captum, *care, cra, -ae f., * sollicitd, sollicitdinis f. [IX]careful, dligns,-ntis, [I]carry, fer, ferre, tul, ltum, * port (1), *carry back, refer, referre, rettul, reltum [XIX]carry in, import (1) [XXIII]

carry on, ger, gerere, gess, gestum, *carry toward, affer, afferre, attul, alltum [XXVIII]Carthage, Cathg, -inis, f.Carthaginian, Poenus, -a, -um, cast, conici, -ere, conic, coniectum, *catch sight of, conspici, -ere, conspex, conspectum

[XVIII]cause(noun), causa, -ae f., cause(verb), effici, -ere, effc, effectum [XXV]cavalry, eques, equitis m. [XIV]certain, qudam, quaedam, quoddam [XIX], certus,-a,-

um [VII]chain, vinculum,- n. [V]chance, csus, -s m., *change, mt (1), *character, ingenium,- n. [XIX], ntra,-ae f. [XV],

ms, mris (pl.) [V]chest(box), arca, -ae f., *chest(breast), pectus, pectoris n., *.chief, princeps, principis m. [XVII]children, lber,-rum m. [XXV]choose, dlig, -ere, dlg, dlectum [III], leg, -ere,

lg, lctum, *Cicero, M. Tullius Cicero, Cicer, Ciceronis m., citadel, arx, arcis,f. [XIII]citizen, cvis, cvis (-ium) m/f, *citizenship, cvits,-ttis, f. [II]city, urbs, urbis (-ium) f., *clothe, indu, -ere, indu, indtum, *coast, ltus, ltoris n., *collapse, lbor, lb, lapsus sum, *collect, cog, -ere, cog, coactum [XIV], exig, -ere,

exg, exactum [XIV]column (of men), agmen, agminis n., *come, veni, -re, vn, ventum, *come to, perveni, -re, pervn, perventum [XII]come to mind, in mentem venre, *come together, conveni, re, convn, conventum [XII]come up to, accd, -ere, access, accessum, *come upon, inveni, -re, invn, inventum [XII]command, iube, iubre, iuss, iussum, *common, commnis,-e [XIV]common people, plebs, plebis f. [XVII]companion, comes, comitis m./f., *compel, cog, -ere, cog, coactum, *compete, contend, -ere, contend, contentum, *complete, perfici, -ere, perfc, perfectum [XXV]compose, fing, -ere,finx, fictus [XXIV]conceal, teg, -ere, tx, tctum, *concern, cra, -ae f., *

concerning, d (+ abl.), *conquer, vinc, -ere, vc, victum, *consent, nmen, nminis n. [XXVIII]consider, dlber (1) [XVIII], existim (1) [XXIII],

habe -re, habu, habitum, * puto (1), *consul, cnsul, cnsulis m., *consult, cnsul, -ere, cnsulu, cnsultum, *contain, contine, -re, continu, contentum [II], tene, -

re, tenu, tentum, *contest, certmen, certminis n., *convene, conveni, re, convn, conventum [XII]converse, colloquor, colloqu, colloctus sum [VII]convey, affer, afferre, attul, alltum [XXVIII]copper, aes, aeris n., *country(versus city), rs, rris n.[VII]country, terra, -ae f., *countryside, rs, rris [VII]courage, virts, virttis f, *course, cursus,-s, m. [I]cover, conteg, -ere, contx, contctum, * teg, -ere,

tx, tctum, *craft, ars, artis f. [XXIX]create, cre (1) [X]crime, scelus, sceleris n., *crooked, prvus,-a,-um [XXIX]crowd, multitd, multitdinis f. [IX]custom, ms, mris [V]cut away, abscd, -ere, -cd, -csum, *cut off, abscd, -ere, -cd, -csum, *

D

daily, cottdi, adv. [XXIII]damp, midus,-a,-um [XXIV]danger, perculum,- [V]dark, ter, tra, trum, *daughter, flia, -ae f., *day, dis, - m, *deal with, ag, -ere, g, actum, *dear, crus, -a, -um, *death, mors, mortis f. (-ium), *debate about, d … agere , *debt, aes alinum [XIII]decide, cern, -ere, crv, crtum, * cnstitu, -ere,

cnstitu, cnstittum, *deed, factum, n., *deep, altus, -a, -um, *deepest, mus,-a,-um [XVIII]defeat, vinc, -ere, vc, victum, *defend, dfend, -ere, dfend, dfnsum, *defense, praesidium,- n. [V]

defer, differ, differre, distul, diltum [II]define, fini, -re, finv/fini, finitum [XXIII]delay, mora, -ae f., *deliberate, dlber (1) [XVIII]demand, exig, -ere, exg, exactum [XIV], imper (1)

[XXII], postul (1) [XXII]deny, prohibe, -re, prohibu, prohibitum [XIII]depart, discd, -ere, discess, discessum, * excd, -

ere, excess, excessum, *descend, dscend, -ere, dscend, dscnsum, deserted, desertus, -a, -um, deserved, meritus, -a, -um, *desire(noun), cupidits,-ttis, f. [II]desire(verb), cupi, -ere, cupv, cuptum [XXIII], opt

(1), * stude, studre, studu, ---- [XV]destroy, dle, -re, dlv, dltum, *determine, cnstitu, -ere, cnstitu, cnstittum, *devoted, pius, -a, -um, * studisus,-a,-um [XVIII]devotion, studium,-i n. [XXVIII]devour, dvor (1), *Diana, Diana, -ae f., die, morior, mor, mortuus sum, *differ, differ, differre, distul, diltum [II]difficult, difficilis, -e, *difficulty, difficults,-ttis, f. [II]dignity, decus, decoris n. [XVII]diligence, diligentia, -ae, direct, praecipi, -ere, praecp, praeceptum [IV]direction, pars, partis (-ium) f , *discern, cern, -ere, crv, crtum, *discover, reperi, -re, repper, repertum [XIX]discus, discus, m., *disgraceful, turpis,-e [XIV]dismiss, dmitt, -ere, dms, dmissum [IX]display, ostend, -ere, ostend, ostentum [XV]dissimilar, dissimilis, -e, *distinguished, insignis,-e [XIV]distorted, prvus,-a,-um [XXIX]disturb, turb (1), *divine, dvnus,-a,-um [XXVIII], dvus, -a, -um, *do, ag, -ere, g, actum, * faci, -ere, fc, factum, *do to, adfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum, *down from, d (+ abl.), *drag, trah, -ere, trx, trctum, *drag out, extrah, -ere, extrx, extrctum, *draw (a weapon), ddc, -ere, ddx, dductum [X]drive, ag, -ere, g, actum, *drive back, redg, -ere, redg, redactum, *drive out, exig, -ere, exg, exactum [XIV]drive together, cog, -ere, cog, coactum, *

due, meritus, -a, -um, *dutiful, pius, -a, -um, *duty, officium,- n. [XIII]dwell, habit (1), *dye, infici, -ere, infc, infectum, *

E

each, quisque, quaeque, quidque [XIV]each (of two), uterque, utraque, utrumque [XXIX]eager, avidus,-a,-um [VII], cupidus,-a,-um [XVIII],

studisus,-a,-um [XVIII]eagerness, studium,-i n. [XXVIII]earth, tells, tellris f. [XXVII], terra, -ae f., *easy, facilis, -e, *eat, vescor, vesc, ---- (+abl.) [XIII]edge, ra, -ae f., *effect(verb), effici, -ere, effc, effectum [XXV]eight, octo, *either…or, aut…aut, *elect, cre (1) [X]eloquence, loquentia,-ae f. [XIX]embrace, sinus, -s m., *empty, vacuus, -a, -um, *enclose, incld, -ere, incls, inclsum, *encourage, confrm (1) [I], hortor (1) [XXII]end, fnis, -is (-ium) m., *endure, fer, ferre, tul, ltum, * patior, pat, passus sum,

* perfer, perferre, pertul, perltum [II]enemy, hostis, hostis (-ium) m., *engage, committ, -ere, comms, commissum [IX]enjoy, fruor, fru, fructus sum (+abl.) [XIII], tor, t,

sus sum (+abl.) [XIII]enjoyment, fructus, -s m., *enlist, conscrb, -ere, conscrps, conscrptum [XIII]enmity, inimcitia,-ae f. [XXVIII]enough, satis [XIV]enroll, conscrb, -ere, conscrps, conscrptum [XIII]enter, ine, -re, inv/ini, initum [XX]enthusiasm, studium,-i n. [XXVIII]entire, ttus, -a, -um, *entirely, omnn, *entrust, committ, -ere, comms, commissum [IX],

crd, -ere, crdid, crditum [XV]envoy, lgtus,- [VIII]envy, invidia, -ae f., *equal, pr, paris [XXV]escape(noun), fuga, -ae f., *escape(verb), s ripere [V], vt (1), *especially, praesertim, adv. [XIV]establish, cnstitu, -ere, cnstitu, cnstittum, *

esteem, honor, honris m [V]Ethiopian, Aethips, Aethiopis m., even, aequus, aequa, aequum [XX]even, etiam, adv.*even as, velut/velut, adv. [XXIV]evening, vesper, vesperis m. [XVIII], vespera,-ae f.

[XVIII]ever, umquam, adv. [VII]every, omnis, -e, *everywhere, undique, adv [III]evil(adj.), malus, -a, -um, *evil(noun), nefs (indecl.) n. [XXIV]examine, perspici, -ere, perspex, perspectum [XVIII]excellence, virts, virttis f. [IX]excess, nimium,- n. [XXIX]exhaust, exanim (1), *exhausted, fessus, -a, -um, *exhibit, praest, -re, praestit, praestatum, *experience, experior, experr, expertus sum [XXIX],

patior, pat, passus sum, * tor, t, sus sum (+abl.) [XIII]

experienced, pertus,-a,-um [XV]explain, expn, -ere, exposu, expositum [XIII]expose, expn, -ere, exposu, expositum [XIII]extend, pertine, -re, pertinu, pertentum [II], tend, -

ere, tetend, tentum, *eye, oculus, - m., *

F

faction, facti, factinis [IX]fail, dfici, -ere, dfc, dfectum [XXV], dsum,

desse, dfu, dfutrus [XV]fair, aequus, aequa, aequum [XX]faith, fids, -e f, *faithful, fidlis,-e [VIII]fall, csus, -s m., *fall away, dfici, dficere, dfc, dfectum [XXV]fame, gloria, gloriae f [XVII]family, familia, familiae f. [XVII]famine, fams, famis f., far, long, *farmer, agricola, -ae m., *fashion(verb), fing, -ere,finx, fictus [XXIV]fate, ftum, - n., *father, pater, patris m., *favor(noun), beneficium,-, n. [XXIII], gratia, -ae f., *favor(verb), fave, -re, fv, fautum (+dat.) [XV]fear(noun), metus,-s, m. [I], terror, terrris m., timor,

timris m.,

fear(verb), time, timre, timu, -----, * vereor, verr, veritus, *

feed on, vescor, vesc, ---- (+abl.) [XIII]feel, senti, -re, sns, snsum, *fetter, vinculum,- n. [V]few, pauc, -ae, -a, *field, ager, agr m., * (plain) campus, - m., *fierce, cer, cris, cre, *fight, pugn (1), *finally, tandem, *find, inveni, -re, invn, inventum [XII] (by looking),

reperi, -re, repper, repertum [XIX]fine, bellus,-a,-um [XVIII]finish, confici, -ere, confc, confectum [XIX], perfici,

-ere, perfc, perfectum [XXV], transg, -ere, transg, transactum, * (a life), exig, -ere, exg, exactum [XIV]

fire, ignis, -is (ium) m., *firm, firmus,-a,-um [IV]first, prmus, -a, -um, *five, quinque, *flame, flamma, -ae f., *flat, aequus, aequa, aequum [XX]flee, fugi, -ere, fg, fugitrus, *flight, fuga, -ae f., *flood, flctus, -s m., *fly, vol (1), *follow, cnsequor, cnsequ, cnsectus sum [XVII],

sequor, sequ, secutus sum, *food, cibus,-, m. [VIII]foot, ps, pedis m., *for, enim, conj., * nam, adv. *for a long time, di, *for a longer time, ditius (compara. of di), *for a very long time, ditissim (superl. of di), *for the longest time, ditissim (superl. of di), *forbid, vet, -re, vetu, vetitum, *force (noun), vs, vs f. (pl. vrs, vrium) [VII]force(verb), cog, -ere, cog, coactum [XIV]foreign, alinus,-a,-um [XX]forest, silva, -ae f., *forget, oblviscor, oblvisc, obltus sum [XXIX]forgetful, immemor, immemoris [XXV]forgive, ignosc, -ere, ignv, igntum (+dat.) [XV]form, forma, formae f. [XVII]formerly, ante, adv. [XXV], quondam, adv.*fortify, mni, -re, mnv, mntum, *fortune, fortna, -ae f., *forum, forum,- n. [V]found (a city), cond, -ere, condid, conditum [XIII]

four, quattuor, *free, lber, lbera, lberum, *free, lber (1) [XIII]freedom, lberts,-ttis, f. [II]freely, libenter, *friend, amcus, - m, friendly, amcus, -a, -um, *friendship, amcitia,-ae, f. [III]frighten, terre, -re, terru, territum, *from, , ab (+ abl.), *, , ex (+ abl.), *from above, dsuper, *from all sides, undique, adv [III]from here, hinc, adv. [XX]from there, deinde, adv. [XXV], inde, adv. [XXV]from this place, hinc, adv. [XX]from where, unde, adv. [VIII]fruit, fructus, -s m., *function, mnus, mneris n. [XXVII]fury, furor, -ris m., *gain, cnsequor, cnsequ, cnsectus sum [XVII]gain possession of, potior, -r, pottum sum [XIII]

G

Gaius Julius Casear, Caesar, Caesaris m., Gallic, Gallus, -a, -um*game, ldus, - m., *gate, porta, -ae f., *gather, cog, -ere, cog, coactum [XIV], compar (1)

[III]Gaul, Gallus, -a, -um*general, commnis,-e [XIV]get, nanciscor, nancisc, nactus sum [VII]ghost, umbra, -ae f., *gift, donum, - n., * (of the gods), mnus, mneris n.

[XXVII]girl, puella, -ae f., *give, do, dare, ded, datum, *give a speech, rtinem habre [IX]give back, redd, -ere, reddidi, redditum, *give out, d, -ere, did, ditum, *give thanks, gratias agere (+dat), *gladness, gaudium, n., *glory, decus, decoris n. [XVII], fma, -ae f., *gloria,

gloriae f [XVII]go, confer, conferre, contul, colltum , * cd, -ere,

cess, cessum [IX], e, re, i(v), itum, *go away, abe, abre, abi (-v), abtum, [XX]go back, rede, -re, redi (-v), reditum [XXIX]go forward, prgredior, prgred, prgressus sum, *go in, incd, -ere, incess, incessum, *

go in, ine, -re, ini (inv), initum, *go out, gredior, gred, gressus sum [V], excd, -ere,

excess, excessum, * exe, -re, exv/exi, extum [XX]

go past, praetere, -re, preateriv/-i, praeteritum [XX]go to, ade, adre, adi (-v), adtum [XX]go toward, ade, adre, adi (-v), aditum, * accd, -

ere, access, accessum [IX]god, deus, - m., *goddess, dea, -ae f., *gold, aurum, - n., *good, bonus, -a, -um, *Gorgon, Gorgo(n), Gorgonis f., graceful, gracilis, -e, *grandfather, avus, - m., *grant, concd, -ere, concess, concessum [IX]grasp, comprehend, -ere, -hend, -hensum, *great, magnus, -a, -um, *greater, mior, maius (comp. of magnus), *greatly, magnopere, *greed, cupidits,-ttis, f. [II]greedy, avidus,-a,-um [VII], cupidus,-a,-um [XVIII]greet, excipio, -ere, excp, exceptum [IV]grief, dolor, dolris m., *grieve, dole, -re, dolu, dolitum [XXIII]groan, fremitus, -s m., *ground, tells, tellris f. [XXVII]guard(noun), custs, custdis, m. [XXVII]guard(verb), serv (1), *guardian, custs, custdis, m. [XXVII]

H

hand, manus, -s f.., *hand across, trd, -ere, trdid, trditum, *hand down , trd, -ere, trdid, trditum, *handsome, bellus,-a,-um [XVIII]happen, fi, fir, factus sum [X]happy, betus, -a, -um, * flx, flcis, * laetus, -a, -um, *hardly, vix, *hardness, gravits, gravittis f. [XXVIII]hardship, labor, labris m., *hardy, patien, -entis, harm, noce, nocre, nocu, nocitum (+dat.) [XV]hasten, curr, -ere, cucurr, cursum, *hatred, invidia, -ae f., *have, habe -re, habu, habitum, *have a reason, causam habre, have no knowledge of, ignr (1), *he, she, it, is, ea, id, *head, caput, capitis n., *

hear, audi, -re, audv, audtum, *heart, pectus, pectoris n., *.heaven, caelum, - n., *heavenly, dvnus,-a,-um [XXVIII]heavy, gravis, -e, *helmet, galea, -ae f., *help(noun), auxilium,-, n. [XXII], beneficium,-, n.

[XXIII]help(verb), iuv, -re, iv, itum [XIX]here, hc, adv. [XX]high, altus, -a, -um, *highest, summus,-a,-um [XV]hindrance, impedmentum,-, n. [V]his, her, its, suus, -a, -um, *hither, hc, adv., *hold, habe -re, habu, habitum, * obtine, -re,

obtinu, obtentum [II], tene, -re, tenu, tentum, *

hold (up), sustine, -re, sustinu, sustentum [II]hold back, retine, -re, retinu, retentum [II]hold together, contine, -re, continu, contentum [II]holy, sacer, sacra, sacrum, *home, domus, -s, f, *honor, decus, decoris n. [XVII], honor, honris m., hope(noun), sps, spe f., *hope(verb), spr (1) [III]horn, corn, -s n, *horrible, horribilis, -e, *horse, equus, m., *horseman, eques, equitis m. [XIV]hostile, inimcus,-a,-um [VII]hostility, inimcitia,-ae f. [XXVIII]hour, hra, -ae f., *household, domus, -s, f, *household slaves, familia, familiae f. [XVII]how great?, quantus,-a,-um [VIII]how long?, quamdi, adv. [VIII]how many?, quot [VIII]how much?, quantus,-a,-um [VIII]how often?, quotins, adv. [VIII]however, autem, *huge, ingens, ingentis, *human, hom, hominis m, *humble, humilis, -e, *hundred, centum, *hunger, fams, famis f., hurl, conici, -ere, conic, coniectum, *hurry, contend, -ere, contend, contentum, *hurt, vulner (1), *

I

I, ego, *idle, ignvus, -a, -um, *ignorant, impertus,-a,-um [XXIX]imagine, fing, -ere,finx, fictus [XXIV], reor, rr, ratus

sum [XXVII]immediately, confestim, adv. [I], statim, *imprison, incld, -ere, incls, inclsum, *improper, prvus,-a,-um [XXIX]in, in (+abl.), *in a higher position, super (+acc), *in front of, praeter (+acc.) [XII]in front of, pr (+abl.), *in order that, ut (+ subj.) [II]in the presence of, apud (+ acc.) [X]in vain, frustr, adv. [XX]increase, auge, -re, aux, auctum [X]inevitable, necessrius,-a,-um [XXVIII]inexperienced, impertus,-a,-um [XXIX]infant, infans, infantis (-ium) m/f, *influence(noun), auctrits,-ttis, f., [II]influence(verb), addc, -ere, addx, adductum, [X],

indc, -ere, indx, inductum [XII]inhabit, incol, -ere, incolu, ---- [VIII]inhabitant, incola, -ae m., *innate quality, ingenium,- n. [XIX]intention, mens, mentis (-ium) f., *into, in (+acc.), *iron, ferrum, - n., *island, insula,-ae, f. [III]it is fitting, oportet, oportere, oportuit [XXVII]it is necessary, necesse esse [XXVII]it is permitted, licet, licre, licuit or licitum est [XXVII]Italy, talia, -ae f.,

J

javelin, tlum, n., *jealousy, invidia, -ae f., *journey, iter, itineris n., *joy, gaudium,- n. [XXIII]joyful, laetus, -a, -um, *Jupiter, Iuppiter, Iovis m., *Juppiter, Iove (abl. sg. of Iuppiter), just, modo, *just as, velut/velut, adv. [XXIV]

K

keen, cer, cris, cre, *keenness, studium,-i n. [XXVIII]keep off, prohibe, -re, prohibu, prohibitum [XIII]

kill, interficio, -ere, -fc, -fectum, *kind, genus, -eris n., *kindness, beneficium,-, n. [XXIII]king, rx, rgis m., *kingdom, rgnum, - n., *know, sci, -re, scv (or sci), sctum,

L

labor, labor, labris m., *lack, inopia, inopiae f. [XVII]lament, dplr (1), *land, tells, tellris f. [XXVII], terra, -ae f., *large, magnus, -a, -um, *Larisa, Larisa, -ae f., last, nvissimus,-a,-um,late, tardus,-a,-um [XVIII]law, is, iris n., * lx, lgis f., *lazy, ignvus, -a, -um, *lead, dc, -ere, dx, ductum, *lead a life, vtam agere, *lead across, trdc, -ere, trdux, trductum [XII]lead away, ddc, -ere, ddx, dductum [X]lead in, indc, -ere, indx, inductum [XII]lead out, dc, -ere, dx, ductum, *lead through, perdc, -ere, perdx, perductum, *lead to, addc, -ere, addx, adductum, [X]leader, dux, ducis m., * princeps, principis m. [XVII]learn, disc, -ere, didic,---- [XVIII]learned, doctus,-a,-um [XXIX]leave, discd, -ere, discess, discessum, * gredior,

gred, gressus sum [V], relinqu, -ere, relqu, relictum, *

leave behind, relinqu, -ere, relqu, relictum, *left, sinister, sinistra, sinistrum [XXVII]left hand, sinister, sinistra, sinistrum [XXVII]legate, lgtus,- [VIII]letter, epistula, -ae f., * littera,-ae, f. (pl.) [III] (of the

alphabet), littera,-ae, f. [III]level, aequus, aequa, aequum [XX]liberate, lber (1) [XIII]life, vta, -ae f., *lift, toll tollere, sustul, subltum [XVIII]light, lmen, lminis n., * lx, lcis f., *like(verb), am (1), *like(adj.), pr, paris [XXV], similis, -e, *likewise, item, adv. [IV]limit, fini, -re, finv/fini, finitum [XXIII]listen to, audi, -re, audv, audtum , *literature, littera,-ae, f. (pl.) [III]little (a), paul, adv. [XXVII]

little, parvus, -a, -um, *live(inhabit), habit (1), *live, vv, -ere, vx, vctum, *Livy, (Titus Livius), Livius, Livi m., long, longus, -a, -um, *long for, cupi, -ere, cupv, cuptum [XXIII]longing, cupidus,-a,-um [XVIII]look down on, despici, -ere, despex, despectum

[XVIII]look into or upon, inspici, -ere, inspex, inspectum, *look out, exspect (1), *loosen, solv, -ere, solv, soltum [XIV]lose, mitt, -ere, ms, missum [IX]love(noun), amor, amris, m. [XII]love(verb), am (1), *low, humilis, -e, *lowest, mus,-a,-um [XVIII]loyal, fidlis,-e [VIII], pius, -a, -um, *loyalty, fids, -e f, *luck, fortna, -ae f., *

M

magical, magicus, -a, -um, magistracy, magistrtus,-s, m. [I]magistrate, magistrtus,-s, m. [I]maiden, virg, virginis f., *mainland, continens, continentis f., *make, faci, -ere, fc, factum, * fing, -ere,finx, fictus

[XXIV]make a journey, iter facere, *make a mistake, err (1), *make effort, contend, -ere, contend, contentum, *make ready, confici, -ere, confv, confectum [XIX]make up, fing, -ere,finx, fictus [XXIV]man, hom, hominis m, * vir, vir m., *manner, modus, - m., *many, multus, -a, -um, *march, contend, -ere, contend, contentum, * iter

facere, *march forward, prgredior, prgred, prgressus sum, *marketplace, forum,- n. [V]marry, in mtrimnium ducere, *master, dominus, - m., *matter, rs, re f., *meanwhile, interim, adv. [XIV]Medusa, Medusa, -ae f., meet, conveni, -re, convn, conventum [XII]memory, memoria, memoriae f. [XVII]mention, memor (1) [XXIV]merely, modo, adv. [XXII]

messenger, nntius, - m., *mind, animus, - m., * mens, mentis (-ium) f., *mindful, memor, memoris [XXV]mine, meus, -a, -um, *Minerva, Minerva, - ae f., misfortune, csus, -s m., *mistaken, falsus,-a,-um [XXIV]moist, midus,-a,-um [XXIV]money, pecnia,-ae, f. [III]monster, monstrum, - n., more(adv.), magis (comp. of magnopere), *more(noun), pls, plris n. [XXIX]moreover, autem, *most, maximus, -a, -um, (superl. of magnus) *most, plurimus, -a, -um (superl. of multus), *most recent, nvissimus,-a,-um, Cmother, mter, mtris f., *Mount Olympus, Olympus, - m., mountain, mns, montis (-ium) m., *mourn, dplr (1), *mouth, s, oris n., *move, adfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum, * move, -re, mv,

mtum, *much(adv.), multum, *much(adj.), multus, -a, -um, *multitude, multitd, multitdinis f. [IX]my, meus, -a, -um, *

N

name(noun), nmen, nminis n., *name(verb), appell, (1) [I]narrow, angustus,-a,-um, [V]nation, gns, gentis (-ium) f., *native land, patria, -ae, *natural, ntrlis,-e [XXVIII]nature, ntra,-ae f. [XV]near(prep.), prope (+acc.) [XXV]near(adj.), propinquus,-a,-um [V]nearly, fer, adv. [II]necessary, necessrius,-a,-um [XXVIII]neck, collum, - n., *neighboring, finitimus,-a,-um [VIII], propinquus,-a,-

um [V]neither, neuter, neutra, neutrum, *neither…nor, neque…neque, *Neptune, Neptnus, - m., never, numquam, adv. [XXV]nevertheless, tamen, *new, novus, -a, -um, *next(adv.), deinde, adv. [XXV]

next(adj.), proximus, -a, -um, *nice, bellus,-a,-um [XVIII]night, nox, noctis (-ium) f., *nine, novem, *no, nullus, -a, -um, *no one, nm, nminis m., *noble, nbilis,-e [VIII]nobody, nm, nminis m., *nod, nmen, nminis n. [XXVIII]noise, clmor, clmris, m. [IX]none, nullus, -a, -um, *nor, nec/neque, *not, nn, *not any, nullus, -a, -um, *not at all, haud, adv. [I]not know, nesci, nescre, nescv/nesci, nesctus [XII]not only … but also, nn modo … sed etiam, *not to want, nl, nlle, nlu, -----, *not to wish, nl, nlle, nlu, -----, *not yet, nndum [XXV]nothing, nihil (indecl.) n., *notice, animadvert, -ere, animadvert, animadversum, ,

[III]now, iam, adv., *nunc, adv. *number, numerus,-, m. [IV]

O

obey, pre, -re, pru, pritum (+dat) [XV]observe, tueor, tur, tuitum [XXVII], conspici, -cere,

conspex, conspectum [XVIII], perspici, -ere, perspex, perspectum [XVIII]

obtain, nanciscor, nancisc, nactus sum [VII], obtine, -re, obtinu, obtentum [II]

obtain (by asking), impetr (1) [X]of one’s own accord, spont [X]offend, offend, -ere, offend, offnsum, *office, honor, honris m [V], officium,- n. [XIII]often, saepe, *old, vetus, veteris, [XXIII]old man, senex, senis m. [XIX]on, in (+abl.), *on account of, ob (+acc), * propter (+acc.), *on all sides, undique, adv [III]on behalf of, pr (+abl.), *once, quondam, *one, nus, -a, -um, *only(adv.), modo, adv. [XXII]only(adj.), slus, -a, -um, *onto, in (+acc.), *open, aperi, re, aperu, apertum [XXIII]

opinion, sententia,-ae, f. [III]opportunity, facults, faculttis f. [X]opposite, contr (+acc.) [XVII]or, aut, *oracle, rculum, - n., *order(noun), ord, ordinis m. [XVII]order(verb), imper (1) [XXII], iube, iubre, iuss,

iussum, * praecipi, -ere, praecp, praeceptum [IV]

order . . . not, vet, -re, vetu, vetitum, *other, alius, -a, -um, * ( of 2), alter, altera, alterum, *our, noster, nostra, nostrum, *out of, , ex (+ abl.), *outrage, incend, -ere, incend, incensum [III]over, super (+acc), *

P

pain, dolor, dolris m., *painfully, aegr, *palace, rgia, -ae f., *panic, pavor, pavris m., *part, pars, partis (-ium) f , *past, praeter (+acc.) [XII]patient, patien, -entis, pay a penalty, poens dare, *pay attention to, animadvert, -ere, animadvert,

animadversum, , [III]peace, pax, pacis, f. [III]people, populus,-, m. [IV]perceive, cern, -ere, crv, crtum, * senti, -re, sns,

snsum, *perfect, perfici, -ere, perfc, perfectum [XXV]perform, fungor, fung, functus sum (+abl.) [XIII]perhaps, fortasse, adv. [XXVIII]peril, perculum,- n. [V]Perseus, Perseus, Perse m., persuade, persuade, -re, persuas, persuasum [XXII]pertain, pertine, -re, pertinu, pertentum [II]pick out, leg, ere, lg, lctum, *pierce, transg, -ere, transg, transactum, *pirate, prta, -ae m., *place(noun), locus, - m (loca, -rum n. pl.), *place(verb), pn, -ere, posu, positum, *plain, campus, - m., *plan, cnsilium, - n, *playing field, campus, - m., *pleasing, grtus, -a, -um, *plebs, plebs, plebis f. [XVII]plunge, merg, -ere, mers, mersum, *poet, pota, -ae m., *

Pompey , Pompeius Magnus, Pompei Magn m., power, facults, faculttis f. [X], imperium, - n., * ops,

opis f. [XIII], potests,-ttis, f. [II],powerful, potens,-ntis [I]practically, paene, *practice, sus, -s m., *praise(noun), laus, laudis f. [XVII]praise(verb), laud (1), *prefer, ml, mlle, mlu, -----, *prepare, compar (1) [III], par (1), *pretty, bellus,-a,-um [XVIII]prevent, prohibe, -re, prohibu, prohibitum [XIII]previously, ante, adv. [XXV]prize, praemium,- n. [XXIII]proceed, tend, -ere, tetend, tentum, *produce, effici, -ere, effc, effectum [XXV]profit from, fruor, fru, fructus sum (+abl.) [XIII]prominent, insignis,-e [XIV]prophet, vts, vtis m., *protect, tueor, tur, tuitum [XXVII]protection, praesidium,- n. [V]protector, custs, custdis, m. [XXVII]province, prvincia,-ae, f. [III]provisions, cpia, cpiae f. (pl.) [XVII]prudent, prdens,-ntis [I]public, pblicus, -a, -um, *Punic, Poenus, -a, -um, punish, puni (4), *punishment, poena, -ae f., *pursue, cnsequor, cnsequ, cnsectus sum [XVII]put, pn, -ere, posu, positum, *put down, dpn, -ere, dposu, dpositum, *put off, exu, -ere, exu, extum, *put on, indu, -ere, indu, indtum, *

Q

queen, rgna, -ae f., *quick, celer, celeris, celere, *quiet, quis, quitis f., *

R

rage, furor, -ris m., *raise, toll tollere, sustul, subltum [XVIII]rank, ord, ordinis m. [XVII]read, leg, -ere, lg, lctum, *reason, rati, ratinis, f. [IX]receive, accipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum, * excipio, -ere,

excp, exceptum [IV], recipi, -ere, recp, receptum [IV]

recently, nper, adv. [XXV]

regard, existim (1) [XXIII]relate, narr (1) [XII], refer, referre, rettul, reltum

[XIX]release, solv, -ere, solv, soltum, *remain, mane, -re, mns, mnsum, *remaining, cter, -ae, -a, * reliquus,-a,-um [V]remarkable, mrbilis,-e [XXIV]remember, memin, meminisse [XXIX]remove, ddc, -ere, ddx, dductum [X]repair, refici, -ere, refc, refectum [XXV]report, nnti (1), * perfer, perferre, pertul, perltum

[II]reputation, fma, -ae f., *rescue, ripi, -ere, ripu, reptum [V]resolute, firmus,-a,-um [IV]resolve, cnsul, -ere, cnsulu, cnsultum, *resources, ops, opis f. [XIII]respect, vereor, verr, veritus, *respond, responde, -re, respond, responsum [XXIII]rest(noun), quis, quitis f., *rest(adj.), reliquus,-a,-um [V] cter, -ae, -a, *restore, refici, -ere, refc, refectum [XXV]restrain, retine, -re, retinu, retentum [II]retreat, s recipere [IV]return(noun), reditus, -s m., *return(verb), rede, -re, redi (-v), reditum [XXIX],

revert, -ere, revert, ---- (usu, deponent in pres.) [XIV]

reveal, aperi, re, aperu, apertum [XXIII]reward, praemium,- n. [XXIII]right(adj.), dexter, dextera, dexterum [XXVII]right(noun), is, iris n., *right hand, dexter, dextera, dexterum [XXVII]rim, ra, -ae f., *rise, orior, -r, ortus sum [XXVII], surg, -ere, surrx,

surrctum, *road, iter, itineris n., * via, -ae f., *roar, fremitus, -s m., *rock, saxum, - n., *roll, volv, -ere, volv, voltum, *Roman, Rmnus, -a, -um, Rome, Rma, -ae f., room, spatium,- n. [XXIII]rouse, excit (1), *rule(noun), imperium, - n., *rule(verb), reg, -ere, rx, rctum, *rumble, fremitus, -s m., *rumor, fma, -ae f., * rmor, rmris m. [XII]run, curr, -ere, cucurr, cursum, *run away, fugi, -ere, fg, fugitrus, *

run through, transg, -ere, transg, transactum, *run to, accurr, -ere, accurs, accursum, *

S

sad, trstis, -e, *safe, incolumis,-e [XIV], salvus,-a,-um [XXIX], ttus,-

a,-um [XVIII]safe conduct, fds pblica, safety(personal), salus, saltis [XXII]sailor, nauta, -ae m., *same, dem, eadem, idem, *sand, harna, -ae f., *save, serv (1), *say, dc, -ere, dx, dictum, *scan, tueor, tur, tuitum [XXVII]scarcely, vix, *scatter, differ, differre, distul, diltum [II]sea, flctus, -s m., * mare, maris (ium) n., *seat, sds, sdis f., *second, secundus, -a, -um, *second time, rursus [XXVII]secretary, scrba, -ae m., *secretly, clam, adv. [I]see, vide, -re, vd, vsum, *seek, pet, -ere, petiv, pettum, *seek, quaer, -ere, quaesv, quaestum, *seem (pass.), vide, -re, vd, vsum, *seer, vts, vtis m., *seize, capi, -ere, cp, captum, * (understand)

comprehend, -ere, -hend, -hensum, *(military) occup (1), *

-self (intensive), ipse, ipsa, ipsum, *-self(reflexive), su (gen. sg.), *senate, sentus, -s m., *send, mitt, -ere, ms, missum, *send away, mitt, -ere, ms, missum [IX], dmitt, -

ere, dms, dmissum [IX]send back, remitt, -ere, rems, remissum [IX]Seneca, Seneca, -ae, m., sensible, prdens,-ntis [I]serious, gravis, -e, *seriously, graviter, seriousness, gravits, gravittis f. [XXVIII]service, beneficium, - n., *set, certus,-a,-um [VII]set fire to, incend, -ere, incend, incensum [III]set out, proficiscor, proficisc, profectus sum [VII]set up, pn, -ere, posu, positum, *seven, septem, *severity, gravits, gravittis f. [XXVIII]

shadow, umbra, -ae f., *shameful, turpis,-e [XIV]shared, commnis,-e [XIV]sharp, cer, cris, cre, *shelter, teg, -ere, tx, tctum, *ship, nvis, nvis (-ium) f., *shore, ltus, ltoris n., * ra, -ae f., *short, brevis, -e, *shoulder, umerus, - m., *shout(noun), clmor, clmris, m. [IX]shout(verb), clm (1), *show, monstr (1), * ostend, -ere, ostend, ostentum

[XV], praest, -re, praestit, praestatum, *shut off, intercld, -ere, intercls, interclsum [XIII]shut up, incld, -ere, incls, inclsum, *Sicily, Sicilia, -ae f., sick, aeger, aegra, aegrum, *sickle, falx, falcis, f., *sight, cnspectus,-s, m. [I], specis, - f., *sign, signum,- [V]signal, signum,- [V]similar, similis, -e, *sing, cant (1), *sink, merg, -gere, mers, mersum, *sister, soror, sorris f., *sit, sede, -re, sd, sessum, *situation, rs, re f. *six, sex, *skill, ars, artis f. [XXIX], facults, faculttis f. [X],

sus, -s m., *skilled, pertus,-a,-um [XV]skip, praetere, -re, preateriv/-i, praeteritum [XX]sky, caelum, - n., *slave, servus, - m., *slavery, servits, servittis f. [IX]sleep(noun), quis, quitis f., * somnus, m., *sleep(verb), dormi, - re, dormv, dormitum , *slender, gracilis, -e, *slip, lbor, lb, lapsus sum, *slow, tardus,-a,-um [XVIII]small, parvus, -a, -um, *smaller, minor, minus (comp. of parvus), *smallest, minimus, -a, -um (superl. of parvus), *snake, anguis, -is m./f., *snatch, ripi, -ere, ripu, reptum [V]so, ade, adv. [IV], ita, adv. [IV], (with verbs only) sc,

adv. [IV], (with adj. and adv. only) tam [IV]so great, tantus,-a,-um [IV]so many, tot, adv [IV]so much, tantum,- n.,

so that, ut (+ subj.) [II]soldier, mles, mlitis m., *sole(only), slus, -a, -um, *sometime, aliquand, adv. [XXIII]somewhat, paul, adv. [XXVII]son, flius, - m., *song, carmen, carminis n, *soon, mox, *sort, genus, -eris n., *space, spatium,- n. [XXIII]spare, parc, -cere, peperc,---- [XV]speak, dc, -ere, dx, dictum, * loquor, loqui, loctus

sum [VII]speech, rti, rtinis, f. [IX]speed, celerits, celerittis, f. [X]spirit, animus, - m., *sport, ldus, - m., *spot, conspici, -ere, conspex, conspectum [XVIII]spouse, coniunx, coniugis m./f., *stain, infici, -ere, infc, infectum, *stand, st, -re, stet, statum, *standard, signum,- [V]star, sdus, sderis n., *state, cvits,-ttis, f. [II], rs pblica, re pblicae f., *stay, mane, -re, mns, mnsum, *step, gradus, -s m., *still, adhc, adv.* tamen, adv.*stir up, turb (1), *stone, saxum, - n., *stop, cnsist, -ere, cnstit, cnstitum, * intercld, -ere,

intercls, interclsum [XIII]storm(noun), tempests, tempesttis f., *storm(verb), expugn (1) [XXIII]strength, vs, vs f. (pl. vrs, vrium) [VII], virts,

virttis f. [IX]strengthen, confrm (1) [I]stretch out, tend, -ere, tetend, tentum, *stretch out before, ostend, -ere, ostend, ostentum, *stretch upward, surg, -ere, surrx, surrctum, *strike(noun), ictus, -s m., *strive(verb), contend, -ere, contend, contentum, *strong, firmus,-a,-um [IV], fortis, -e, *struggle, certmen, certminis n., *student, discipulus, - m., *such, tlis,-e [IV]suddenly, subit, *suffer, patior, pat, passus sum, *suitable, idneus, -a, -um, *sun, sl, slis, m [XIII]supply, cpia, cpiae f. [XVII]

support(noun), beneficium,-, n. [XXIII]support(verb), fave, -re, fv, fautum (+dat.) [XV],

suscipi, -ere, suscp, susceptum [IV]suppose, reor, rr, ratus sum [XXVII]surely, nnne (introduces a question expecting “yes”

answer) [VIII]surely…not, num (introduces a question expecting

“no”answer) [VIII]surpass, super (1) [XIII]sustain, contine, -re, continu, contentum [II],

sustine, -re, sustinu, sustentum [II]swallow, dvor (1), *sweet, dulcis, -e, *swell, surg, -ere, surrx, surrctum, *swift, celer, celeris, celere, *swiftness, celerits, celerittis, f. [X]sword, ferrum, - n., * gladius, - m., *sword (curved), falx, falcis, f., *

T

take, capi, -ere, cp, captum, *take off, exu, -ere, exu, extum, *take up, sm, -ere, smps, smpsum [XIV], suscipi, -

ere, suscp, susceptum [IV]talk, loquor, loqui, loctus sum [VII]talk about, d … agere , *tall, altus, -a, -um, *task, mnus, mneris n. [XXVII]task, opus, operis n., *teach, doce, -re, docu, doctum, *teacher, magister, magistr m., *tear, lacrima, -ae f., *tell, dc, -ere, dx, dictum, * narr (1) [XII]tell a lie, mentior, mentr, menttus sum, *tempest, tempests, tempesttis f., *ten, decem, *territory fnis, -is (-ium) m (pl.)., *terror, pavor, pavris m., * terror, terrris m., test, experior, experr, expertus sum [XXIX], tempt

(1) [I]than, quam, *thank, gratias agere (+dat), *thanks, gratiae, -rum f., (pl.) *that, ille, illa, illud, * is, ea, id, *that(relative), qu, quae, quod, *that (of yours), iste, ista, istud, *their own, suus, -a, -um, *then, deinde, adv. [XXV], tum, * tunc, *thence, inde, adv. [XXV]theory, rati, ratinis [IX]

there, ib, adv., *therefore, igitur, *these (pl.), hic, haec, hoc, *thing, rs, re f., *think, existim (1) [XXIII], puto (1), * reor, rr, ratus

sum [XXVII]third, tertius, -a, -um, *this, hic, haec, hoc, * is, ea, id, *those (pl.), ille, illa, illud, *three, trs, tria, *three hundred, trecent,-ae,-a [XXVII]through, per (+ acc.), *throw, conici, -ere, conic, coniectum, *throw together, conici, -ere, conic, coniectum, *thus, ita, adv. [IV], sc (modifies verbs only)[IV]tie, adlig (1), *time, tempus, tempris n., *tired, fessus, -a, -um, *to, ad (+ acc.), *to such an extent, ade, adv. [IV]to that place, e, *to this place, hc, adv. [XX]to this point, adhc, *to where?, qu, adv. [VIII]today, hodi, adv., *together, n, adv [XIV]tolerant, patien, -entis, tomorrow, crs, *too, nimis, adv. [XXIX]too little, parum, *too much, pls, plris n. [XXIX]top of, summus,-a,-um [XV]toward, contr (+acc.) [XVII], ad (+ acc.), *trade, ars, artis f. [XXIX]tradition, ms mairs [V]train, exerce, -re, exercu, exercitum [XXIII]tranquil, tranquillus, -a, -um, *transform, mt (1), *treat, affici, -ere, affc, affectum, [XXV], ag, -ere,

g, actum, *treat well, utor bene, tree, arbor, arbris, f. [XII]tribe, gns, gentis (-ium) f., *tribune, tribnus,- [VIII]troops, cpia, cpiae f. (pl.) [XVII]true, vrus,-a,-um [XII]trust, confd, -ere, confsus sum, (semi-deponent)

[XVII]try, cnor (1), * experior, experr, expertus sum

[XXIX], tempt (1) [I]

turn, vert, -ere, vert, versum, *turn back, revert, -ere, revert, ---- (usu, deponent in

pres.) [XIV]two, duo, duae, duo, *two hundred, ducent,-ae,-a [XXVII]

U

unbind, solv, -ere, solv, soltum, *uncover, aperi, re, aperu, apertum [XXIII]under, sub (+abl.), *undergo, sube, -re, subi (subv), subitum, *understand, intelleg, -ere, intellg, intellectum [III]undertake, suscipi, -ere, suscp, susceptum [IV]uneven, inquus,-a,-um [XX]unfair, inquus,-a,-um [XX]unfriendliness, inimcitia,-ae f. [XXVIII]unfriendly, inimcus,-a,-um [VII]unhappy, miser, misera, miserum, *unharmed, incolumis,-e [XIV], salvus,-a,-um [XXIX]unlike, dissimilis, -e, *unrelated, alinus,-a,-um [XX]unsheath, dc, -ere, dx, ductum, *unskilled, impertus,-a,-um [XXIX]untie, solv, -ere, solv, soltum [XIV]untouched, integer, integra, integrum [XVIII]untrue, falsus,-a,-um [XXIV]unwilling, invtus,-a,-um [VII]urge on, incit (1) [V]use(noun), sus, -s m., *use(verb), tor, t, sus sum (+abl.) [XIII]useful, tilis, -e, *

V

Valerius Maximus, Valerius Maximus, Valeri Maxim m.,

vast, ingens, ingentis, *Vergil (Publius Vergilius Maro), Vergilius, Vergili m., very greatly, maxim, *very many, plurimus, -a, -um (superl. of multus), *very much, nimis, adv. [XXIX]village, vcus,-, m. [IV]violence, vs, vs f. (pl. vrs, vrium) [VII]virtue, virts, virttis f. [IX]voice, vx, vcis f., *voluntarily, spont [X]

W

wage war, bellum gerere, *wall, mrus, - m., *walls, moenia, -ium n. pl., *

wander, err (1), *want, vol, velle, volu, -----, *war, bellum, n., *warn, mone, -re, monu, monitum, *watch over, serv (1), *water, aqua, -ae f., *wave, flctus, -s m., * unda, -ae f., *way(route), iter, itineris n., * (road) via, -ae f., *way, modus, - m., *we, ns, *weapon, tlum, n., *weather, tempests, tempesttis f., *weep, fle, flre, flv, fltum [XXIII]weight, gravits, gravittis f. [XXVIII]well(adv.), bene, *well(adj,), salvus,-a,-um [XXIX]well-being, salus, saltis [XXII]what kind of?, qulis,-e [VIII]what sort of?, qulis,-e [VIII]what?, quis, quid [VIII]when, ubi, *when?, quand, adv. [VIII]whence, unde, adv. [VIII]where, ubi, *whether…or, utrum … an [VIII]whether…or not, utrum … annn [VIII]which, qu, quae, quod, * (of two), uter, utra, utrum, *while, dum, *whither?, qu, adv. [VIII]who (relative pron.), qu, quae, quod, *who? (interrogative pron.), quis, quid [VIII]whole, integer, integra, integrum [XVIII], ttus, -a, -um, *why?, cur, adv. [VIII]wicked, malus, -a, -um, *wife, uxor, uxris f., *will (divine), nmen, nminis n. [XXVIII]willingly, libenter, *wind, ventus, m., *winged sandals, tlria, -ium n. pl., *winter, hiems, hiemis f. [XVIII]wise, sapins, sapientis, *wish, cupi, -ere, cupv, cuptum [XXIII], vol, velle,

volu, -----, *with, cum (+ abl.), *with difficulty, aegr, *with the result that, ut (+subj) [II]withdraw, discd, -ere, discess, discessum [XVII],

exe, -re, exv/exi, extum [XX]without, sine (+abl.), *woman, mulier, mulieris f. [XXVII]

wonder at, mror (1) [XXVII]wonderful, mrbilis,-e [XXIV]wooden, ligneus, -a, -um, *woods, silva, -ae f., *word, verbum, - n., *work, labor, labris m., * opus, operis n., *worry, cra, -ae f., * sollicitd, sollicitdinis f. [IX]worse, peior, peius (comp. of malus), *worst, pessimus, -a, -um (superl. of malus), *worthy, dignus,-a,-um (+ abl.) [V]wound, vulner (1), *wrath, ra, -ae f., *wretched, miser, misera, miserum, *write, scrb, -ere, scrps, scrptum, *writer, scrba, -ae m., *wrong, nefs (indecl.) n. [XXIV]

Y

year, annus, - m., *yesterday, heri, *yet , adhc, * tamen, *yield, cd, -ere, cess, cessum [IX], concd, -ere,

concess, concessum [IX]you (sg.), t, * (pl.), vs, *young man, iuvenis,-is m. [XVIII]your(sg.), tuus, -a, -um, * (pl.), vester, vestra, vestrum, *yours(sg.), tuus, -a, -um, * (pl.), vester, vestra, vestrum, *youth, adulscns, adulscentis m./f., * iuvenis,-is m.

[XVIII]

Z

zealous, studisus,-a,-um [XVIII]

INDEX

Ablative Absolute: 28Ablative

Description: 26Review of uses: 26, 32Separation: 26Specification: 26with special verbs: 26

Certiorem facere: 20Commands

Direct: 18Indirect: 44Negative: 18

ConditionsFuture Less Vivid: 34Future More Vivid: 34Past Contrary to Fact: 34Present Contrary to Fact: 34Simple: 34

Correlatives: 14Cum clauses: 10Dative

Agent (with passive periphrastic): 40Double dative: 30Interest with special verbs: 30Possession: 30Purpose: 30Reference: 30Review of uses: 30Domus: 14

Fearing: clauses of: 56Fi: 20Genitive

Description: 58Forgetting: 58Partitive: 58Objective: 58

Gerunds: 36Gerundives: 38Hortatory Subjunctive: 2Imperative Mood: 18Impersonal Constructions: 54

with Passive Periphrastics: 40Interrogative Particles: 16Jussive Subjunctive: 2

Locative Case: 14Memin: 58Obviscor: 58Passive Periphrastics: 40

Impersonal Constructions in: 54Purpose

ClausesPrimary Sequence: 4Secondary/Historical Sequence: 6

Relative Clauses: 4, 46Supines: 48Review of: 48

QuestionsDirect: 16Indirect: 24

Quin: 56Result

Clauses: 8Relative Clause of: 46

Relative ClausesCharacteristic: 46in Indirect Discourse: 50Purpose: 4, 46Result: 46

Review Lessons: 12, 22, 32, 42, 52, 60Rs: 14Sequence of Tenses: 6Subjunctive Mood:

Cum Clauses: 10Hortatory/Jussive: 2Imperfect Tense: 6Indirect Commands: 44Indirect Questions: 24Irregular Verbs:4Perfect Tense: 8Pluperfect Tense: 10Present Tense: 2Purpose Clauses: 4, 6Result Clauses: 8Subordinate Clauses in Ind. Discourse: 50uses of: 12

Supines: 48Vs: 14Vocative Case: 18