lesson 3 2nd grading

7/23/2019 Lesson 3 2nd Grading

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Lesson 3:

INTERNETPROTOCOLS


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Internet Protocols

are sets of rules

governingcommunication within

and betweencomputers on a

network


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require messagesto arrive within a

certain amount oftime so that

computers do notwait indenitely for


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also initiatealternative actions if

the network does nomeet the timing

rules.


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The main functions oprotocols are:

Identifying errors ompressing the

data !eciding how the


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"ddressing thedata

!eciding how toannounce sent and

received data


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COMMONPROTOCOLS:

TCP/IP:TheTransmission ontrol

#rotocol $Internet#rotocol %T#$I#& suite

of rotocols has


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internetworking. T#$I#

represents a set of publicstandards that specify

how packets ofinformation aree'changed betweencomputers over one or


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IPX/SPX: Internetwork

#acket('change$)equenced

#acket ('change is theprotocol suite originallyemployed by *ovellorporation+s network


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It delivers functions

similar to those includedin T#$I#.NetBEUI: *etI/)('tended 0ser Interfaceis a protocol usedprimarily on small


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*et(0I cannot be routed

or used by routers to talkto each other on a large

network.AppleTalk: "ppleTalk isa protocol suite used tonetwork 1acintosh


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It is composed of a

comprehensive set ofprotocols that span the

seven layers of the /pen)ystems Interconnection%/)I& reference model.


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HTTP: 2yperte'tTransfer #rotocol governshow les such as te't,graphics, sound, andvideo are e'changed onthe -orld -ide -eb


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FTP: ile Transfer

#rotocol providesservices for le transfer

and manipulation. T#allows multiplesimultaneousconnections to remote


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SSH: )ecure )hell is

used to securely connectto a remote computer.Telnet: It is anapplication used toconnect to a remotecomputer that lacks


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POP: #ost /4ce

#rotocol is used todownload e5mail from a

remote mail server.IMAP: Internet 1essage"ccess #rotocol is alsoused to download e5mail


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SMTP: )imple 1ailTransfer #rotocol is usedto send e5mail to aremote e5mail server.


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IP A!!ress"n#

"n IP address is anumber that is used toidentify a device on thenetwork. (ach device onnetwork must have aunique I# address to


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"n I# address consists of

a series of 36 binary bits%7s and 8s&. It is very

di4cult for humans toread a binary I# address.or this reason, the 36bits are grouped into four


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"n I# address, even in thi

grouped format, is hardfor humans to read, write,

and remember. Therefore,each octet is presented aits decimal value,separated by a decimal


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This format is called

dotted5decimal notation.-hen a host is congured

with an I# address, it isentered as a dotted5decimal number, such as76.7;9.7.


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The logical 365bit I#

address is hierarchicaland is composed of two

parts:the rst part identiesthe network, and

the second part


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or e'ample, if a host has

an I# address of76.7;9.79.


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This is called hierarchical

addressing, because thenetwork portion indicates

the network on whicheach unique host addressis located.


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ive lasses of I# "ddress:Class A 5 0sed for largenetworks, implementedby large companies andsome countries


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Class B 5 0sed for

medium5si>ed networks,implemented by

universities.Class C 5 0sed for smallnetworks, implementedby I)#s for customer


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Class $ 5 0sed for

special use formulticastingClass E 5 0sed fore'perimental testing


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Class $ 5 0sed for special

use for multicastingClass E 5 0sed for

e'perimental testing


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S%&net MaskThe subnet maskindicates the networkportion of an I# address.Like the I# address, thesubnet mask is a dotted5decimal number.


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!efault subnet masks for

the rst three classes ofI# addresses:'(()*)*)*: lass ",which indicates that therst octet of the I#address is the network


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'(()'(()*)*: lass ,

which indicates that therst two octets of the I#

address are the networkportion

'(()'(()'(()*: lass ,which indicates that the

rst three octets of the I#


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IpCon+#

Ipconfg is a commandused to nd out the I#

address of a certainnetwork you are

connected to


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Ho, to %se t-e

"pcon+# co..an!7& lick on )tart utton,

then type cmd %commandprompt& on the search

bo'.6& " black screen will


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3& Type ipcong and press

enter.


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Ass"#n"n# a stat"c IP

A!!ress7. /pen the ontrol

#anel+s *etworkonnections icon.

6. /pen the iconrepresenting your

+


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3. lick the #roperties

button in the )tatusdialog bo'.

?. rom the list of items,choose Internet #rotocol

%T#$I#&.


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< li k h # i


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;.Type the I# address for

your computer. (nter theappropriate I# "ddress in

the I# address section.=. Type a subnet mask.

The value used on a localnetwork is commonly

b t it b di@ t


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but it can be di@erent,

such as 6


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.Type the address for the

preferred !*) server)Theaddress should be

obtained from yourInternet )ervice #rotocol.

It is used to help yourcomputer nd web pages

and other addresses on


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78. Type the address for

the alternate !*) server.The alternate !omain

*ame )ystem %!*)&server+s I# address is

something that your I)#provides.


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77. lick /A to conrm

the settings.76. lose all other open

dialog bo'es andwindows)


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Ass"#n"n# a $0na."c

IP A!!ressDynamic Host

ConfgurationProtocol (DHCP) is a

software utility used todynamically assign I#


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" !2# server can be

set up and the hostscan be congured to

automatically obtainanI# address.


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These are the I# address

information that a !2#server can assign to hosts:I# address)ubnet mask!efault gateway/ptional values, such as a!omain *ame )ystem %!*)&

server address


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The !2# server

receives a requestfrom a host. The

server then selects I#address informationfrom a set of

predened addresses


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If the host accepts the

o@er, the !2# serverleases the I# addressfor a specic period of

time.


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Bou can congure a

computer to acceptan I# address from a!2# server by

clicking the Obtain anIP address

automatically option


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P"n#The ping is aommand #romptcommand used to

test the ability of thesource computer to

reach a s ecied


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The ping command

operates by sendingInternet ontrol1essage #rotocol

%I1#& (cho Cequestmessages to the

destination computer


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2ow many of those

responses arereturned, and howlong it takes for them

to return, are the twomaDor pieces of

information that the


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P"n# Co..an! S0nta1 S0nta1

2t 0sing this option will pingthe target until you force it to

stop using trl5.2a 2 This ping command optionwill resolve, if possible, thehostname of an I# addresstarget.

2n co%nt This option sets the


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2l 0se this option to set the si>e,in bytes, of the echo requestpacket from 36 to ;


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2" TTL This option sets theTime to Live %TTL& value, thema'imum of which is 6


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2s co%nt 0se this option toreport the time, in Internet

Timestamp format, that eachecho request is received and

echo reply is sent.2, t".eo%t )pecifying atimeout value when e'ecuting

the ping command adDusts theamount of time, in milliseconds,

that ping waits for each reply.


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2s co%nt 0se this option toreport the time, in Internet

Timestamp format, that eachecho request is received and

echo reply is sent.2, t".eo%t )pecifying atimeout value when e'ecuting

the ping command adDusts theamount of time, in milliseconds,

that ping waits for each reply.


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2C This option tells the pingcommand to trace the round trippath.2S srca!!r 0se this option to

specify the source address.25 This forces the pingcommand to use I#v? only but isonly necessary if target is ahostname and not an I# address.


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26 This forces the pingcommand to use I#v; only butas with the 25 option, is onlynecessary when pinging a

hostname.target This is the destinationyou wish to ping, which is either

an I# address or a hostname./ 0se the help switch with the

ping command to show detailed


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26 This forces the pingcommand to use I#v; only butas with the 25 option, is onlynecessary when pinging a

hostname.target This is the destinationyou wish to ping, which is either

an I# address or a hostname./ 0se the help switch with the

ping command to show detailed


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Us"n# t-e p"n#

Co..an!7.&lick on )tart utton,

then type cmd %commandprompt& on the search bo'.

6& " black screen willappear as shown in the

gure below


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This output sho s se eral


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This output shows several

things:7) $eco!"n# na.es tonet,ork a!!resses 8 "domain name server%!*)& resolves machinenames to numericaddresses.

' R ! t "


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') Ro%n!2tr"p

response t".eTheparts of the replies that

say things liketimeF78


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) Ro%t"n# -op co%nt 8The part of the replies thatsays TTLF

lesson 3 2nd grading

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