LECTURE 2LECTURE 2

Old English:Old English:language (I)language (I)

Lei ZHUShanghai International Studies

University

ISTORY OF ENGLISHISTORY OF ENGLISH

1 History and dialects: a panoramac500 BC Arrival of Celtic speakers

Scottish

Brito-Welsh

Pictish

1 History and dialects: a panoramac500 BC Arrival of Celtic speakers

c 45–c410 Britain becomes part of the Roman Empire, forming the Roman colony ‘Britannia’.

c 410 Collapse of Roman Empire; Romans leave Britain.

Scottish Brito-Welsh

Pictish

Latin

1 History and dialects: a panoramac500 BC Arrival of Celtic speakers

c 45–c410 Britain becomes part of the Roman Empire, forming the Roman colony ‘Britannia’.

c 410 Collapse of Roman Empire; Romans leave Britain.

449 Traditional date for the invasion of Britain by the Angles, Saxons, andJutes. (Teutonic Conquest)

1 History and dialects: a panorama

1 History and dialects: a panorama

Scottish

Brito-Welsh

Pictish

Latin

Kentish

West Saxon

Northumbrian

Anglian

Mercian

Old English dialects

1 History and dialects: a panoramaAfter the Teutonic Conquest

597 Arrival of Roman mission in England and introduction of Christianity.

Re-entry of Latin

601 Augustine becomes the first Archbishop of Canterbury

c700-20 Lindisfarne Gospelswritten in Latin

731 Bede completes his Ecclesiastical History of the English People in Latin

1 History and dialects: a panoramaAfter the Teutonic Conquest

597 Arrival of Roman mission in England and introduction of Christianity.

780s Period of Scandinavian invasion begins.870s Scandinavian settlement in England.

Scandinaviansettlements

1 History and dialects: a panoramaAfter the Teutonic Conquest

597 Arrival of Roman mission in England and introduction of Christianity.

780s Period of Scandinavian invasion begins.870s Scandinavian settlement in England.

871–899 Reign of Alfred (849-901) as King of Wessex.878 Battle of Edington, in which Alfred triumphs

over Vikings and agrees on areas of Scandinavian settlement (later to b

e known as the ‘Danelaw’).

Revival of Old English

871-99 Translations of, e.g. Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, Boethius’s Consolation of Philo

sophy, Gregory’s Pastoral Care

c890-1154 The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

c1000 Copying of Beowulf (written c700)

Ælfric (c955-c1020)

Wulfstan (?-1023)

1 History and dialects: a panoramaAfter the Teutonic Conquest

597 Arrival of Roman mission in England and introduction of Christianity.

780s Period of Scandinavian invasion begins.870s Scandinavian settlement in England.

871(–99) Reign of Alfred as King of Wessex.878 Battle of Edington, in which Alfred triumphs

over Vikings and agrees on areas of Scandinavian settlement (later to b

e known as the ‘Danelaw’).

1066 Battle of Hastings; William I (the Conqueror) reigns over England (until 1087).

1 History and dialects: a panorama

Celtic

Latin

Scandinavian (Old Norse)

Kentish

West Saxon

Northumbrian

Anglian

Mercian

OE

2 Orthography and pronunciation• Runes (Futhorc)

2 Orthography and pronunciation• Latin alphabet

半安色尔体

海岛体

Vowels 元音 : Monophthongs单元音

Manuscript Modern IPA examples printing

Vowels 元音 : Diphthongs双元音

Manuscript Modern IPA examples printing

Consonants辅音 : Plosives 爆破音 and affricates塞擦音

Manuscript Modern IPA examples printing

V+g+V

g+i/e; i/e/æ+g

c+i/e; i/e/æ+c

Consonants辅音 : Fricatives擦音

Manuscript Modern IPA examples printing

V+f+V

V+s+V

V+þ/ð+V

i/e/y+h

a/o/u/æ+h

Consonants辅音 : Nasals鼻音 , liquids 流音 and semi-vowels半元音

Manuscript Modern IPA examples printing

Abbreviations简写形式

and/ond (and)

þæt (that)

þer (there)

omission of m or n

3 Grammar

The Old English Hexateuch(London, British Library, MS. Cotton Claudius B. iv)

3 Grammar

Adam ða cwæð þis is nu ban of∙

minum banum & flæsc of minum flæsce beo heo ge∙ ∙

ciged fæmne for ðan ðe heo is of hyre were genume∙n.

Ādam ðā cwæð: “þis is nū bān of mīnum bānum, & flæ;sc<Nom.sg. Nom.sg. Nom.sg. Dat.pl. Nom.sg.

of mīnum flæ;sc<e. Bēo hēo g<ec<īg<ed fæ;mne, for ðan ðe Dat.sg. Nom.sg. Nom.sg.

hēo is of hyre were g<enumen.”Nom.sg. Gen.sg. Dat.sg.

And Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and fleshof my flesh: she shall be called Woman, becauseshe was taken out of Man.

sg. pl.Nom. Gen. Dat. Dat.Ādamþisbān bānumflæ;sc< flæ;sc<e mīnum mīnumhēo hyre were

3 Grammar

m.

Declension of nouns

n. f.

n-declension (weak declension)mutation declension

‘stone’ ‘ship’ ‘tale’

‘man’ ‘foot’

3 GrammarDeclension of adjectives

definite‘blind’ indefinite

3 GrammarDeclension of demonstratives

Instr. þӯ þӯ

3 GrammarDeclension of interrogative and indefinite pronouns

m./f. n.Nom. hwā hwætAcc. hwone, hwæne hwætGen. hwæs hwæsDat. hwæ;m, hwām hwæ;m, hwāmInstr. hwī, hwon hwī, hwon, hwan

3 GrammarDeclension of personal pronouns

Ādam ðā cwæð: “þis is nū bān of mīnum bānum, & flæ;sc< preterite3sg. present3sg. (g<e)cweþan bēon

of mīnum flæ;sc<e. Bēo hēo g<ec<īg<ed fæ;mne, for ðan ðe future3sg. past participle bēon (g<e)c<īeg<an

hēo is of hyre were g<enumen.” present3sg. past participle bēon (g<e)niman

And Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and fleshof my flesh: she shall be called Woman, becauseshe was taken out of Man.

3 GrammarConjugation of verbs

Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Participle Infinitive

Pres. Pret.Pres. Pret. Pres. Pres. Pret.Simple Inflected

Weak

verbs

Strong

verbs

IIIIIIIVVVIVII

IIIIII

3 GrammarWeak verbs

lufian ‘love’

3 GrammarWeak verbs

dēman ‘deem’

3 GrammarWeak verbs

habban ‘have’

3 GrammarStrong verbs

drīfan ‘drive’

3 GrammarStrong verbs: the seven classes

3 GrammarBēon-wesan ‘be’

Present. PreteriteIndicativeSg. 1 eom bēo wæs 2 eart bist wæ;re 3 is biþ wæsPl. sind(on), sint bēoþ wæ;ron

SubjunctiveSg. sīe bēo wæ;rePl. sīen bēon wæ;ren

ImperativeSg. wes bēoPl. wesaþ bēoþ

Participle wesende bēonde g<ebēon

Ādam ðā cwæð: “þis is nū bān of mīnum bānum, & flæ;sc< then now and

of mīnum flæ;sc<e. Bēo hēo g<ec<īg<ed fæ;mne, for ðan ðe because

hēo is of hyre were g<enumen.”

And Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and fleshof my flesh: she shall be called Woman, becauseshe was taken out of Man.

3 Grammar

3 Grammar

3 GrammarFor ðan forlæ;t se man fæder & mōdor, & g<eðēot hine

to his wīfe, & hī bēoð būta on ānum flæ;sce. Hī wæ;ron ðā

būta ādam & his wīf nacode. & him ðæs ne sc<eamode.forlæ;t: (he/she/it) leaves

g<eðēot: (he/she/it) joins

būta: both n.nacode: naked n.pl.sc<eamode: (it) caused shame

Gloss and translate the passage!

3 GrammarFor ðan forlæ;t se man fæder & mōdor, & g<eðēot hinetherefore leaves the man father and mother and joins him(self) Ind.pres.3sg. Nom.sg.m. Acc.sg.m. Acc.sg.f. Ind.pres.3sg. Acc.sg.m.

to his wīfe, & hī bēoð būta on ānum flæ;sce. Hī wæ;ron ðāto his wife and they shall-be both in one flesh they were then Dat.sg.n. Nom.pl.Ind.fut.3pl.Nom.n. Dat.sg.n. Dat.sg.n. Nom.pl.Ind.pt.3pl.

būta ādam & his wīf nacode. & him ðæs ne sceamode. both Adam and his wife naked and to-them of-that not caused-shameNom.n. Nom.sg.m. Nom.sg.n.Nom.pl.n. Dat.pl. Gen.sg. Ind.pt.3sg.

3 GrammarFor ðan forlæ;t se man fæder & mōdor, & g<eðēot hine

to his wīfe, & hī bēoð būta on ānum flæ;sce. Hī wæ;ron ðā

būta ādam & his wīf nacode. & him ðæs ne sceamode.

Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh. And they were both naked, the man and his wife, and were not ashamed. (KJV=King James Version)

Therefore shall the man leave his father and mother, and shall join himself with his wife, and they shall be both in one flesh. They were then, both Adam and his wife, naked. And to them there was no shame of it.

4 Reading practice (I)

Peterborough Chronicle for AD 595

(The first sentence is in Latin.)

4 Reading practice (I)Vocabularybrytene Britainengla Anglesgodes god’sgodspellodon gospelled (=preached)gregorius Gregoryher here; in this yearmanengum many (scribal mis-spelling)mid withmunucum monkspapa Popesende sentþe who (relative pronoun)þeoda nation, peoplewel well (=very)word word