Lecture 15 - Life -Nutrients-New [Compatibility Mode]
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1 Chapter 13 Life in the Ocean Energy – use of energy to sustain life Ultimate source of energy to planet –sun 1:2000 captured by organisms Light energy to chemical energy-photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Primary Productivity – synthesis of organic matter from inorganic constituents by photo or chemosynthesis Primary Consumers – Feed on Primary Producers
Primary Productivity – synthesis of organicmatter from inorganic constituents by photoor chemosynthesis
Primary Consumers – Feed on Primary Producers
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photosythesizers are producers
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diatoms are photosynthesizers take carbon from the water and combining it with water to make glucose other organism eat diatoms because of glucose
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Diatom - Coscinodiscus
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where you see clorophyll high is where they have the most photosynthesizers the open ocean will have green because of upwelling open ocean doesnt have any photosynthesis nutrients scarce
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productive photosynthetic areas coast has a lot of photosynthesis
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land has more productivity than marine more recycling in the marine environment
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C6H12O6 CO2
C6H12O6 + 6H2O 6CO2 + 24H+ + 24 e-
Stored Chemical energy transferred to electron potential
The electron potential then is used to “charge up” ATP
Aerobic organisms
Electron donor - Simple Carbon Compound (Glucose)
Electron acceptor – Oxygen
Glucose molecule makes ~ 30 ATP
Energy is then lost to space, by heat, movementAutotrophs – can make their own food
Heterotrophs – must consume other organisms
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ATP is the battery of the cell
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glucose
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electrons
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when breaking glucose by oxygen electrons are release charge ATP
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when break down glucose it energizes your cells but any excess that body can not keep is released as heat
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1 ton of Blue Whale
10 tons of fish
100 tons of small fish
1,000 tons of zooplankton
10,000 tons of phytoplankton
300,000
1966 nearly extinct
Today 8,000
150-170 tons, 27 m
Where does a whale eat on the foodchain ?
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?
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Life is composed of 23 of the 107 known elements
C, H, O, N make up 99% of mass of all living things
9 other make up most everything else
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
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need more things at the bottom of the food chain than the top
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when you eat higher on the food chain then you get less of the energy that is at the bottom each step you lose energy from food
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Remarkable amount of recycling, transformations
of elements between living and non living compartments.
Biogeochemistry
Limiting nutrient – how does this limit productivity ?
Carbon is the largest of the cycles
Incorporated for growth 45%
respiration for energy 45%
dissolved organic C 10%
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if you dont have nutrients then its going to limit the primary foods
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carbon is a nutrient
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carbon goes into making cells and cell function : movement
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breathe
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small particles that are dissolved in the water
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showing carbon cycle all the different spots where carbon comes from rocks, dead bodies, burning fossil fuels, peat, water
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Release of C stores, burning fossil fuels – peat miningPeat Mining in Florida –Release of Carbon Stores
Peat Mining in Ireland –Release of Carbon Stores Peat Mining in Ireland –Release of Carbon Stores
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peat is partially decomposed plant matter happens in really specific areas without oxygen can mine peat because it contains carbon
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Peat Mining in the Netherlands –Release of Carbon Stores
Nitrogen Cycle
N2 gas
Nitrogen fixation
Organic N NH4 NO3 N2 gas
Phosphorus and Silica
Organic P, Si
PO4 silicate
ATP, bones, nucleic acids skeletons
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you can burn peat but it releases carbon back into environment
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nitrogen in the ocean tends to limit primary productivity in the ocean
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needs to be transformed before it can be taken up by primary consumers
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nitrogen cycle
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ATP is organic phosphorus phosphorus comes from natural from rocks and not natural fertilizer animals that contained phosphorus will release it when they die
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silica used to make shells nutrients organisms have to take up
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Three loops for P and Si
Short term – days (in surface waters)
Long term – few hundred years (in deep waters)
Geologic – millions of years (in sediments, rocks)
Physical Factors
Light – autotrophs
Light penetration depends on sun’s angle
Particles
Photic Zone – 100 meters at the coast
150 meters at mid latitude
590 meters- deepest
Euphotic zone – good
Disphotic zone - difficult
1%
Open ocean is blue-green
Coastal ocean is green
Temperature
Depth, latitude
Narrow range
Metabolic rate doubles with each 10 C
Child falls through the ice
Two tanks of fish, one heated, one unheated
Fish in warmer tank will eat more, grow faster,
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cycling of phosphate and silica in the water
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photosynthesis to happen
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not enoughlight for photosynthesis
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no sunlight
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shorter wavelengths get absorbed first
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temperature affects how things grow
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temperature changes in depth
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things grow faster in warm water
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Dissolved Nutrients
16 atoms of N for 1 atom of P
Ocean water has 1/10,000 availability of Nthan soil.
Salinity
Salt balance = water balance for most organisms
Dissolved Gases
CO2 and O2
50 ppt vs 6 ppt ocean has more C than air
Acid – Base Balance
7.5 vs 8.5
High productivity raises pH
Hydrostatic Pressure
Pressure in = pressure outDeep sea trawls
Diffusion – solutesOsmosis - water
Diffusion through a membrane = osmosis
Isotonic
Hypertonic
hypotonic
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photosynthesizes have this ratio:
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broken down dead things photosynthesizers use this
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ocean has a lot more CO2 than air because CO2 disolves in water
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top layer of water euphote zone is where photosynthesis happens during the day so area is more basic but at night plants stop photosynthesizing so CO2 goes into water and more acidic the lower PH more acidic
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A B
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low
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high
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diffusions movement of any particle mostly solutes or salts osmosis only for water osmosis is just the diffusion of water the pores of your cells only let certain things in and water can go in more freely solutes this is the reason for difference between diffusion and osmosis
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wants everything to be balanced and the only is for water to move
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water coming in
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water leaving
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water moves both in and out
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equal
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same water and solute same in and ouside the cell
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more water in this area
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more solute than water
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isotonic
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water goes from high to low
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Surface to volume ratio
Surface area increases as the square of the diameter
Volume increases as the cube of the diameter
Classification of the Marine Environment
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no cell can be too big because osmosis cant happen evenly need bigger surface are than inside/ volume
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benethic zone is the floor of the ocean
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pelagic means open ocean
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photic zone broken down by how much sunlight received
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meteros cause extinctions meteroid hits one side of earth but it affects whole earth when they hit smoke clouds appear hindering photosynthesis
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What kingdoms exist in classification of organisms ?
Taxonomy
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2 domains: {pro (before nucleus) karyote (kernal- nucleus)} prokaryotes and eukaryotes know members of both