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LEARNINGBy:-

Payal Gagneja Madaan

Asstt Professor

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LEARNING

A change in behaviour as a result of experience.

It refers to acquistion of knowledge, skills,

ability, expertise etc through study, experience,

and practice that results into long-term change

in onesbehaviour.

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Learning

Involves change

Is relatively permanent

Is acquired through experience

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CHARACTERISTICS

Psychological Process

Outcome of past experience

Change in Behaviour

Conscious and Deliberate

Need of Reinforcement

Permanent Change

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DETERMINANTS OF LEARNING

Motive:- Drives, that prompt people to act

Stimuli:- Objects that exist in the environment an

individual lives. It increases the probability of

eliciting a response from a person.

Responses:- The stimuli results in responses.

Reinforcement:- Fundamental conditioning oflearning.

Retention:- Remembrance of learned behaviour over

time.

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The Unconditioned Stimulus

The unconditioned stimulus is one that unconditionally, naturally,and automatically triggers a response.

For example, when you smell one of your favorite foods, you may

immediately feel very hungry. The smell of the food is the

unconditioned stimulus.

The Unconditioned Response

The unconditioned response is the unlearned response that occurs

naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus.

In our example, the feeling of hunger in response to the smell of

food is the unconditioned response.

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The Conditioned Stimulus

The conditioned stimulus is previously neutral stimulus that, after

becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually

comes to trigger a conditioned response.

In our earlier example, suppose that when you smelled your favorite

food, you also heard the sound of a whistle. While the whistle is

unrelated to the smell of the food, if the sound of the whistle was

paired multiple times with the smell, the sound would eventually

trigger the conditioned response.

In this case, the sound of the whistle is the conditioned stimulus.

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The Conditioned Response

Theconditioned responseis the learned response to the previously

neutral stimulus.

In our example, the conditioned response would be feeling hungry

when you heard the sound of the whistle.

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Theories of Learning1) Classical Conditioning Theory :

It isstimulus and response theory of learning.

Developed by Ivan Pavlov, who conducted andexperiment on a dog.

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Key Concepts

Unconditioned stimulus

Unconditioned response

Conditioned response

S R

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Classical Conditioning of Pavlov

Classical conditioning introduces a simple cause and

effect relationship between one stimulus and

response.

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OPERANT CONDITIONING THEORY

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Operant:- It refers to behaviour that produces effect.

It is response-stimulus (R-S) theory of learning.

According to this theory learning occurs as aconsequence of behaviour.

A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary

behaviour leads to reward or prevents a punishment.

Consequences determine the behaviour that results in

learning.

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Skinner introduced a new term into the Law of

Effect- Reinforcement. Behavior which is reinforced

tends to be repeated (i.e. strengthened); behavior

which is not reinforced tends to die out-or be

extinguished (i.e. weakened).

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Response(R)

Persons

Behaviour

Learning-New or

LearnedBehaviourStimulus(B)

Consequenceto personsbehaviourPositiveNegative

ExtinctionPunishment

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OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING THEORY

Also referred to asocial learningtheory.

Learning takes place through observation and

sensorial experiences.

Simply, one observes behaviour of others and acts

accordingly.

People learn from various role models like parents,teachers, peers, superiors and leaders etc.

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COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORY

Cognitive Learning is based on ones emotions, thinking,

perception and motivation.

It is also known as Insightful or perceptual learning .

One can learn by knowing how events and objects, behaviours

and rewards are interrelated.

If an individual is rewarded for the work done, his cues and

expectancy get strengthened and learning occurs.

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