Dr. Irina Safitri Zen Head of Sustainability Research Unit, Institute Sultan Iskandar (ISI)

Senior Lecturer, Department of Urban and Regional Planning,

Faculty of Built Environment

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)

Leadership & Urban

Sustainability

Presentation Outline

Climate Change and the Effect to the urban environment

The Solution : Approach, Framework & Initiatives

Climate Governance & SDG Agenda 2030

Sustainability Leadership

Quintuple Helix Framework

Global Warming & Climate Change

70 percent of

World Human

Population

located in Urban

Area by 2030

Urbanization and Urban Heat

Since 19779, land

temperatures have

increased about twice

(2x) faster than ocean

temperatures.

Urban Heat Island

(UHI) causes change in

micro climate of urban

areas and leads to

rising trend in rainfall

extremes events and

decrease quality of life

in urban area.

Why should developing countries care

about climate change?

Studies show that some of the most adverse effects of

climate change will be in developing countries, where

populations are most vulnerable and least likely to easily

adapt to climate change.

Changes in temperature, water supply and quality will

impact on agricultural production, human settlement and

health, biodiversity and animal migratory patterns (IPCC,

2001a,b).

The Solution : Approach, Framework & Initiative

URBANISATION &

CLIMATE CHANGE

3 DOMAIN OF APPROACH IN TACKLING

THE CLIMATE CHANGE CHALLENGES

The interrelated concepts address as to response to its impact

to the human systems are VULNERABILITY,

ADAPTATION & MITIGATION (Smit et al. 1999, 2000 and 2001, Adger 2001 and

Huq et al. 2003).

1. Vulnerability defines in the literature of climate change as

- the combined measure of threats to a particular system either

adversely or beneficially.

- the degree to which a system is susceptible to or unable

to cope with the adverse effects of climate change, including

climate variability and extremes (Mc Carthy et al., 2007).

2. Adaptation

‘Adjustment in natural or human systems to a new or changing environment. Adaptation to climate change refers to adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities‘ - IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)

In this context, adaptation occurs in physical, ecological, and human systems where its involves wider spectrum such as changes in social and environmental processes, perceptions of climate risk, practices and functions to reduce risk and exploration of new opportunities to cope with the changed environment.

3. Mitigation

Refers to any strategy or action taken to remove the GHGs

released into the atmosphere, or to reduce their amount.

Defined as 'technological change and substitution that

reduce resource inputs and emissions per unit of output

with respect to climate change. Mitigation means

implementing policies to reduce GHG emissions and

enhance sinks‘ - IPCC

Sustainable Development Goals

Agenda 2030

“action-oriented, concise and easy to communicate, limited in number, aspirational, global in nature and universally applicable to all countries while taking into account different national realities, capacities and levels of development and respecting national policies and priorities”

17 Goals

230 Indicators

169 Targets

in 15 years

Several Related Goals in SDGs

Goals 11. Sustainable cities and communities

Goals 13. Climate Action. Take urgent action to

combat climate change and its impacts

Goals 17. Partnership for the Goals.

Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable

development

How is Global Climate Change Affect

the local government?

i. A high and increasing portion of greenhouse gas (GHG)

emissions is generated in cities – mitigate,

ii. The effects of global climate change have a direct impact on

cities, which need to adapt to the changing situation,

iii. Linkages and synergies between climate policy and

sustainable development become most obvious at the local

level, and motivate cities to generate the social and

technological.

.

Effect Climate Change to Sub-National

States

There is an increasing emphasis on the role of SUB-

NATIONAL STATES play in the global multi-level climate

governance systems.

They are in a well positioned to develop policy and

programmatic solution that best meet specific geographic,

climatic, socio economic condition of the cities (Gupta 2007).

URBAN CLIMATE GOVERNANCE ;

sub-national state

Climate Governance

Recognize as self-governing, governing

through enabling, governing by provision

and governing by regulation, climate

governance requires different approach

and skills for the government response

proactively to the climate challenge.

Multi-Level Climate Governance

The emergence of new types of governance where authority is increasingly shared and shifting between several policy levels and new actor constellations are formed, including both state and non-state actors.

Global warming exemplifies the need for such new types of multi-level governance by changing the relations between higher and lower levels of government as well as redefining them for the sake of greater coherence in policy-making.

Multilevel governance “An action by local governmental authority in areas related to

climate change in legal and institutional frameworks at higher scales” (Corfee-Morlot et al. 2009).

A two-way relationships; top - bottom approach between local and national action on climate change can provide interface for policy making which functions as an enabler each other and also defined as policy actors and stakeholders operating across horizontal and vertical levels of social organization and jurisdictional authority around a particular issue (Selin and VanDeveer, 2009).

Emerge in North America and several OECD countries such as Finland, Sweden, Sao Paolo-Brazil, New York City and Barcelona, as a response to climate change challenges.

What type of Leader to address the

uncertainty and risky environment as a

result from climate changes ?

Understanding the

interconnections

of systems – System

Thinking.

GloCal - Think globally and

Act locally

Env-Soc Dynamic Interaction

Protect nature

and people

Transform business

as usual - BAU.

Sustainability Science

- Lead by example

in your actions

Sustainability Leadership

Sustainability

Leadership 5 Principles

Understanding the

interconnections of

systems.

It is vital to recognize how each group of related factors (people,

objects, processes, etc…) are connected and contingency impact.

Think globally and

toward the future

Consider what current and future impacts you are making with each

decision on other countries, society, oceans, animals, communities,

waste, resources, etc…

Protect nature and

people.

Distinguish how actions taken affect people and the environment. Try to

make decisions that will reduce the negative impacts on 2nd and 3rd

levels of people, processes, the environment, and economies.

Transform business as

usual

Do something different within your span of control. Change a habit

which reduces waste such as reading via an e-book or printing double

sided.

Lead by example in

your actions.

Be responsible for yourself, your job, your actions, and your

organization. Hold the organization accountable to lead by example in

its actions. Hold yourself accountable to reduce waste and increase

efficiency. Others will follow.

Defined as

create opportunities for people to come together and generate their own answers – to

explore, learn, and devise a realistic course of action to address sustainability challenges.

Not giving direction but develop and implement actions in collaboration with others,

modifying them as needed to adapt to unforeseen changes in the environment over time.

This approach to leadership does not assume an ability to control activity with any

degree of certainty and predictability.

Embrace the inevitability of continually changing dynamics in everyday life, while

developing reasonable actions with others within an integrated framework that provides

coherent direction, clear accountability, and enough flexibility to allow for mid-course

corrections.

Sustainability

Leadership

Sustainability Leadership

For every action a sustainable leader takes, whether personal or on

behalf of an organization, they might ask:

1. How the action affects the ecosystem, subsystems and super systems

upon which my family, my organization, my community, the people

of the world and myself depend for sustaining life?

2. How the action affects my social well-being and that of others in my

family, my organization, my community and the world?

3. How the action affects the economic stability/growth potential for

my family, my organization, my community, the world and myself?

HOW / WHAT IS THE ROLE OF HIGHER

EDUCATION INSTITUTION IN climate

change & sustainable development?

Improve Interconnection in Sustainability.

• The Triple (3) Helix innovation

model focuses on university-industry-government relations.

• The Quadruple (4) Helix embeds the Triple Helix by adding as a fourth helix the ‘media-based and culture-based public’ and ‘civil society’

Climate Change the Source

for Eco-Innovation and

Knowledge Based Society

The Quintuple (5) Helix

innovation model is even

broader and more

comprehensive by

contextualizing the Quadruple

(4) Helix and by additionally

adding the helix (and

perspective) of the ‘natural

environments of society’.

Knowledge Based Society

“Quintuple Helix outlines what Sustainable Development might mean and imply for ‘eco-innovation’ and ‘eco-entrepreneurship’ in

the current situation and for our future” (Carayannis & Campbell 2010)

The FIVE subsystems (helices) (1) The education system

Refer to ‘academia’, ‘universities’, ‘higher education systems’, and schools. In this helix, the necessary ‘human capital’ eg. students, teachers, scientists/ researchers, academic entrepreneurs, etc. of a state (nation-state) is being formed by diffusion and research of knowledge.

(2) The economic system

Consists of ‘industry/industries’, ‘firms’, services and banks which concentrates and focuses the ‘economic capital’ eg. entrepreneurship, machines, products, technology, money, etc. of a state (nation-state).

(3) The natural environment:

is decisive for a sustainable development and provides people with a ‘natural capital’ (for example: resources, plants, variety of animals, etc.).

(4) The media-based and culture-based public

Integrates and combines two forms of ‘capital’;

i. culture-based public (eg. tradition, values, etc.), a ‘social capital’.

ii. media-based public (eg. television, internet, newspapers, etc.) contains also ‘capital of information’ (eg. news, communication, social networks).

(5) The political system

Formulates the ‘will’, where to the state (nation-state) is heading toward in the present and future, thereby also defining, organizing as well as administering the general conditions of the state (nation-state). Therefore, this helix has a ‘political and legal capital’ (for example: ideas, laws, plans, politicians, etc.).

Quintuple Helix innovation model Use as a framework for trans-disciplinary (and

interdisciplinary) analysis of sustainable development and social ecology.

A model which grasps ad specializes on the sum of the social interactions and the academic exchanges in a state (nation-state) in order to

promote and visualize a cooperation system of knowledge, know-how, innovation for more sustainable development

How do knowledge, innovation and the environment (natural environment) relate each other?

(Carayannis and Campbell 2010)

Why Higher Education Institution (HEI) need to take the leading role in developing the Knowledge Based Society ?

IHE as “the scientific community now needs to strengthen further international collaboration, and take a leading role in providing the knowledge needed for societal transformations to a sustainable world. The challenge remains to lift the role of science, both natural and social, to develop a thorough understanding of the complex global challenges, to identify, validate and monitor new approaches and technologies and to introduce new green economic models”.

Institutional

Sustainability Leadership

http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002219/221907E.pdf

COPENHAGEN: CARBON MEASUREMENT & PLANNING

Copenhagen scooped up the Carbon Measurement & Planning award for its

ambitious 2025 Climate Plan—an attempt to make the city

completely carbon neutral by 2025. If it succeeds in cutting emissions to

400,000 tons, Copenhagen will be the first carbon neutral capital city in the

world.

Initiative: Increase Green Area and

Plant More Trees

Produce more fuel-efficient vehicles

Reduce vehicle use

Improve energy-efficiency in buildings

Develop carbon capture and storage

processes

Increase solar power

Decrease deforestation/plant forests

Improve soil carbon management

strategies

What next—what can we do?

Collaboratively designing each study, generating and exchanging knowledge, and planning for implementation. The approach proved useful in the development of shared knowledge on the sizable contribution of ecosystem services to disaster risk reduction.

This knowledge was used by stakeholders to design and implement several actions to enhance ecosystem services :

i. new investments in ecosystem restoration,

ii. institutional changes in the private and public sector, and

iii. innovative partnerships of science, practice, and policy.

By bringing together multiple disciplines, sectors, and stakeholders to jointly produce the knowledge needed to understand and manage a complex system, knowledge coproduction approaches offer an effective avenue for the improved integration of ecosystem services into decision making.

Malaysia: Towards Developed Nation Status

Source: PEMANDU

New Economic Model

Sustainable Development

Voluntary Low Carbon Comitment

Malaysia Commitment Speech by YAB Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak, Prime Minister “… Malaysia is proposed a voluntary reduction up to 40% in terms of carbon emission intensity of GDP by the year 2020 compared to 2005 levels.” 17th December 2009

Global Citizens + Responsibilities For the Earth, for our future generation

Green Sustainability as New Consumer - Sustainable Culture, New Market, New Growth

Money Saving Energy conservation and renewable energy

Figure 1 : Smart City Multiplier Effect Under City Development in 11th Malaysia Plan

(MIGHT 2014)

Malaysia Climate Change Profile Major sources of CO2 emission :

- 35% energy industries.

- 21% transport

- 16 % manufacturing industries and construction

- 14% forest and greenhouse gas, GHG conversion

- 6 % mineral production.

Urbanization annual rate of change 2.66%,

the Malaysia urban population achieve 74.7% of total population.

The contribution of CO2 emission to an increase of outdoor air pollution - leading cause of cancer (IARC 2013), its create an urgency for an improvement of urban environment.

The statistic justifies the needs on climate change mitigation and adaptation in the city.

Urban Climate Governance in Melaka

Championing the Integrated Urban

Development

Melaka has shown LEADERSHIP with successful implementation of integrated urban development Pursuing an integrated approach towards urban development is not new for Melaka.

The state has successfully begun the transformation of the Melaka River from a backyard drainage channel to a popular and highly successful cultural amenity.

An integrated effort and nearly a decade to construct wastewater infrastructure, adopt historic preservation and placemaking measures, and pursue economic development strategies to create a an urban waterfront with a riverwalk and river cruise experience that has become a popular tourist attraction.

Terima Kasih. Thank You.

If you want to go fast, go alone.

If you want to go far, go together.

(African proverb).