kota samarahan - ir.unimas.my on recycling programs in kuching.pdf · hakmilik kertas projek adalah...
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Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Kota Samarahan
Fk
BORAN6 PENYERAHAN TESIS
Judul: STUDY ON RECYCLING PROGRAMS IN KUCHING
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2002 - 2006
Saya FARINA BINTI UNUS (HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan laporan projek ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Hakmilik kertas projek adalah di bawah nama penulis melainkan penulisan sebagai projek bersama dan dibiayai oleh UNIMAS, hakmiliknya adalah kepunyaan UNIMAS.
2. Naskhah salinan di dalam bentuk kertas atau mikro hanya boleh dibuat dengan kebenaran bertulis daripada
penulis. 3. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, UNIMAS dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk pengajian mereka. 4. Kertas projek hanya boleh diterbitkan dengan kebenaran penulis. Bayaran royalti adalah mengikut kadar
yang dipersetujui kelak. 5. * Saya membenarkan/tidak membenarkan Perpustakaan membuat salinan kertas projek ini sebagai bahan
pertukaran di antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 6. ** Sila tandakan ( )
SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).
ý TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/ badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).
ý TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh
(T NGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Alamat tetap: 2258, Lorong C9,
Kampung Tunku, Petra Jaya, 93050 Kuching. EN. JETHRO HENRY ADAM
( Nama Penyelia)
I s ý'ý Tarikh: I -I 5 u-L-0D (ý Tarikh:
CATATAN * **
Potong yang tidak berkenaan. Jika Kertas Projek ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/
organisasi berkenaan dengan menyertakan sekali tempoh kertas projek. Ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.
PKS/2000
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The following Final Year Project Report:
Title : STUDY ON RECYCLING PROGRAMS IN KUCHING
Author's Name : FARINA BINTI UNUS
Matric No. : 8221
Has been read and approved by:
4 Mr. JMr. Jethro Henry Adam
oý
Date
Supervisor
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P. KHIDMATMAKLUMATAKADEMIK Pusat ? Chi(imat Maklumat AksciemtK UNIMAS UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
illlllli lillllll ililllll I III 1000165981
STUDY ON RECYCLING PROGRAMS IN KUCHING
FARINA BINTI UNUS
This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Bachelor of Engineering with Honours
(Civil Engineering)
Faculty of Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
2006
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"Dedicated to my beloved family and friends... "
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, Most Gracious and Most Merciful
In the completion of this project, the author hereby would like to acknowledge
and express her deepest gratitude to Mr. Jethro Henry Adam, the supervisor for his
guidance, advices, encouragement and experience. Not forgetting also, thank you to Mr.
Lim Kaa Kwan and Mr. Jaris Ting Kaik Hang from Majlis Bandaraya Kuching Selatan
(MBKS), Mr. Affendi Baki and Mr. Tan Lock Kia from Dewan Bandaraya Kuching
Utara (DBKU) for their support in making this final yaer project is working great.
Without their hardworking and point of idea this final year project will not be as good as
now. The author also likes to express her thanks to his family for all the support,
understanding and sacrifices. Last but not least, the author wishes her appreciation to all
her colleagues and the individuals for their shared concern, point of view and advises
with the author in making success of the project. Thank you all.
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Abstract
Nowadays, there is an increase of the generation of waste materials. This will
diminish the life of landfills area. Thus, one of the possible solutions for this matter is by
implementing recycling program which will eventually reduce the amount of waste
materials. This study focuses on the method recycling program available in Kuching area.
Through this method, the community will be able to recognize recyclable items. There
are two types of recycling programs could be identify from the Local Councils (MBKS
and DBKU) such as school recycling program and awareness program (exhibition,
campaign and talk) . Others recycling program that organize both of Local Councils are
`Buy Back' program and `Green Barter Trade'. Buy Back program is a recycling program
conducted by MBKS which use the concept coupon-based redemption system while
DBKU introduce the Green Barter Trade as a program where recyclable material can be
exchange with the recycled products. Besides that, MBKS and DBKU provide the
recycling program centre under their areas to collect the recyclable items such as papers,
plastic and aluminum can. All the data that has been collected from MBKS and DBKU
has been analyzed. The comparison of recycling program method used by both councils
in implementing their recycling program is recognized. Consequently, it can be
concluded that MBKS is the most effectiveness method of recycling program because
they are conducted that program actively based on their promoting recycling program.
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Abstrak
Semakin hari jumlah sampah yang dibuang semakin meningkat. Ini akan
mengakibatkan berlakunya kekurangan tempat pelupusan terutamanya bandaraya yang
semakin pesat membangun. Oleh yang demikian, program kitar semula adalah salah satu
cara yang telah dijalankan bagi membantu pengurangan sampah. Projek ini merupakan
kajian tentang kaedah program kitar semula yang dijalankan di sekitar Kuching. Melalui
kaedah ini, masyarakat dapat mengenal pasti bahan kitar semula yang dapat dikumpul.
Majlis Perbandaran Tempatan (MBKS dan DBKU) diberi tanggungjawab untuk
menjalankan aktiviti program kitar semula dan antara aktiviti-aktiviti yang telah
dijalankan adalah program kitar semula di sekolah dan program kesedaran di kalangan
masyarakat (pameran, kempen dan ceramah). Selain itu, program seperti `Buy Back'
centre yang dijalankan oleh MBKS merupakan program yang menggunakan konsep
kupon sebagai pertukaran keperluan rumah manakala DBKU pula memperkenalkan
program `Green Barter Trade' melalui kaedah pertukaran dengan barangan kitar semula
daripada jumlah bahan kitar semula. Di samping itu, MBKS dan DBKU telah
menyediakan kemudahan pusat kitar semula di kawasan masing-masing seperti kertas,
plastik dan tin aluminum sebagai tempat pengumpulan. Semua data yang diperolehi dari
MBKS dan DBKU telah dianalisis. Perbezaan kaedah program kitar semula yang
digunakan di antara kedua-dua Majlis Perbandaran Tempatan dapat di kenalpasti.
Kesimpulannya, kaedah program kitar semula yang dilakukan oleh MBKS paling efisien
kerana program ini bergiat dengan aktif dalam promosi berbanding DBKU.
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Pusat K hidruat Makluruat Ahademit UNIVERSI'I1 MALAYSIA SARAWAK.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
APPROVAL LETTER
APPROVAL SHEET
TITLE PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
LIST OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
ABBREVIATIONS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.0 General
1.1 Recycling Program
1.2 Objective
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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Solid Waste
2.1 Solid Waste Sources
2.2 Solid Waste Management
2.3 Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM)
2.3.0 Source Reduction
2.3.1 Recycling/Composting
2.3.2 Waste Transformation
2.3.3 Landfilling
2.4 Recycling Program
2.4.0 Recycling
2.4.1 Recyclable Waste Material
2.4.1.0 Plastics
2.4.1.1 Aluminum cans
2.4.1.2 Paper
2.4.1.3 Glass
2.4.1.4 Scrap metal
2.4.2 Recycling Process
2.4.2.0 Recycling (3Rs)
2.4.3 Advantages of Recycling Program
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CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction 23
3.1 Study field 24
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3.2 Data Collection 24
3.3 Procedure of Collecting Data 25
CHAPTER 4 : RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.0 Introduction
4.1 Case Studies
4.2 Majlis Bandaraya Kuching Selatan (MBKS)
4.2.1 Organization Chart
4.2.2 Recycling Program
4.2.2.1 Buy Back Program
4.2.2.1.1 Buy Back Recycling Centre
4.2.2.2 School Recycling Program
4.2.2.2.1 School Recycling Centre
4.2.2.3 Awareness Program
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28
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35
38
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41
4.2.3 Others Recycling Program Centre 43
4.2.3.1 Recycling Centre
4.2.3.2 Recycling Depot
4.2.3.3 Petrol Kiosk Recycling Centre
4.2.4 Analysis
4.2.5 Recycling Processing
4.3 Dewan Bandaraya Kuching Utara (DBKU)
4.3.1 Organization Chart
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4.3.2 Recycling Program 54
4.3.2.1 Green Barter Trade Program 55
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4.3.2.1.1 Green Barter Trade Centre
4.3.2.2 School Recycling Program
4.3.2.2.1 School Recycling Centre
4.3.2.3 Awareness Program
4.3.2.4 Composting
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60
4.3.3 Others Recycling Program Centre 62
4.3.3.1 Residential Centre
4.3.3.2 Commercial and Factory Recycle
Centre
4.3.3.3 Hotel and Resort Centre
4.3.3.4 Government and Corporate
Department
4.3.4 Recycling Processing
4.3.5 Analysis
4.4 Data Analysis
4.5 Discussion
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND
RECONINIENDATION
5.0 Conclusion
5.1 Recommendation
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REFERENCES 78
APPENDIX
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE DESCRIPTION PAGE
1.0 A hierarchy of Solid Waste Management. 3
2.0 Code designation used for various types of 13
plastics.
2.1 Show the distribution structure for recycleable. 20
2.2 Show three types of recycle bin (paper, bottle 20
and plastic/steel/ aluminum)
2.3 Show the logo of 3Rs 21
4.0 Map of Kuching District (the area encompassed by 27
solid waste baseline study)
4.1 Majlis Bandaraya Kuching Selatan 28
4.2 Organization Chart for Public Health Division 29
4.3 Coupon are given for the recyclable items 31
4.4 Exchange of Household Items 33
4.5 Recycling Buy Back Centre 35
4.6 Types of recyclable items collected 37
4.7 Kindergarten recycling program talk 38
4.8 (a) A joint recycling project with 9 Chung Hua 39
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schools in South Kuching
(b) The certification of Malaysian Book Record 39
4.9 (a) the drawing competition 40
(b) Head of South Kuching municipal give support 40
on recycling drawing competition program
4.10 MBKS recycling campaign 41
4.11 Recycling Project at Kpg Tabuan/Lot 42
4.12 Recycling center in MBKS area 44
4.13 Bormill Estate 45
4.14 Segregation at Depot
(a) RORO Containers for storage/segregation 46
(b) Depot which need redevelopment & setting up 46
of recycling resource centre.
4.15 Collections at Buy Back Centre and Drop-off 47
Centre.
4.16 Recyclable Items at different location for the 48
December 2004
4.17 Recyclable Items
(a) 2004 49
(b) 2005 50
4.18 Depo Dewan Bandaraya Kuching Utara 52
4.19 Organisation Chart for Promotion & Recycling 53
Section (DBKU)
4.20 Green Barter Trades at the Depo DBKU 56
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4.21 (a) Primary School Talk
(b) Secondary School Talk.
4.22 School Recycling Centre
4.23 (a) An activity `new things from old'
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57
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59
(b) Exhibition & Promotion Recycling Program. 59
4.24 Promotions and Competition on Recyclable Items 60
4.25 Composting
(a) Green Waste collect from landscape trimming 60
(b) Dry Green Waste. 60
4.26 (a) Suggestion for DBKU composting site at 61
Demak Laut
(b) composting processing. 61
4.27 Composting Year 2002-2005 62
4.28 Residential Drop-off Centres 64
4.29 Commercial Recycle Centre 65
Recyclable Items with different collection centre 69
4.30 (Jan-July 2005).
4.31 Graph Total Recyclable Items for Year 2003- 70
2005.
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE DESCRIPTION PAGE
2.0 Classifications, identification codes and uses for 13
common plastics
2.1 Classification for common paper. 15
2.2 Scrap metal breakdown by common products and 17
materials
2.3 The Recyclables of Household Batteries. 32
4.1 Buy Back Recycling Campaign 2005 33
4.2 Point System for MBKS Recyclable Buy Back 34
Centre
4.3 Exchange Points to the house Hold Items. 37
4.4 Colour of bin with recyclable items 51
4.5 Contractor collect the recyclable items 55
4.5 Exchange recycling materials "Green Barter 67
Trade
4.6 List of the vendor 68
4.7 List each recyclable items and prices
4.8 Similarities and Differences of recycling 73
activities conducted by MBKS and DBKU
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ABBREVIATIONS
B/W
CPU
DBKU
HDPE
ISWM
kg
kmZ
Kpg
KPKT
LDPE
MBKS
MP
MSW
NREB
OCC
ONP
P. E. T. E
PP
PVC
RORO
SK
SMK
Black or White
Computer Processor Unit
Dewan Bandaraya Kuching Utara
- High-density polyethylene
Integrated solid waste management kilogram
kilometer
Kampung
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan
Low-density polyethylene4 Majlis Bandaraya Kuching Selatan
Mixed Paper
Municipal Solid Waste
Natural Resources and Environmental Board
Old Corrugated Carton Box
Old Newspaper
Polyethylene terephtalate
Polyproplene5
Vinyl/polyvinyl chloride3
roll on roll off Sekolah Kebangsaan
Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 General
Malaysia is among the country that has a high rate of waste generation. Each
Malaysian throws away about 0.8 kg of waste daily. Our country generates more than
15,000 tonnes of waste every day. If we put them all together, we have enough waste
to fill up the KL Twin Towers in just 9.5 days. In fact, the amount of waste is
expected to increase by 2% every year, depending on our population, economic
activity and waste disposal methods (Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan
Tempatan (KPKT), 2005). All of this must be prevented before it became more aware
to society and environmental life.
Solid waste can be define as the discarded material from municipal, industrial
and agricultural activities(Kaseva M. E & Gupta S. K., 1996). It means waste that is
produce by human activities product. The waste we generate must go through a
disposal process and the usual method is via landfills and incinerators. It also includes
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composting as the smaller methods through disposal process. There are also illegal
ways of waste disposal such as illegal ways of waste disposal such as open burning
and some people dump their waste into rivers and prohibited areas. However,
majority of the waste goes to the open and sanitary landfills.
Open landfills are not equipped to protect the environment from pollution.
Sanitary landfills, on the other hand, have facilities to minimize pollution. One of
them is a treatment panel for leachate (liquid waste) to avoid it from contaminating
our water supply. They also have protective layers to prevent leachate from leaking
out of the site.
Solid waste management is a complex process because it involves many
technologies and disciplines. These include technologies associated with the control
of generation, handling, storage, collection, transfer, transportation, processing and
disposal of solid wastes. All of these processes must be carried out within existing
legal and guidelines to protect the public health and the environment and also
aesthetically and economically accepted able.
Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) can be defined as the selection and
application of suitable techniques, technologies and management programs to achieve
specific waste management objectives and goals (Tchobanoglous G., Theisen H. &
Vigil S. A., 1993). Figure 1.0 shows the solid waste management hierarchy such as
waste minimization, re-use, material recycling including composting, energy
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recovery, incineration (without energy recovery) and landfill. White P. R., Franke M.
& Hindle P. (1995)
Waste Minimisation
Re-Use
Materials Recycling including Composting
Energy Recovery
Incineration
(without energy recovery)
Landfill
Figure 1.0 A hierarchy of Solid Waste Management. Source: White P. R., Franke
M. &C Hindle P., (1995)
In Malaysia, we have about 230 landfills where 90% are open landfills and the
remaining 10% are sanitary landfills. About 80% of these landfills are about to expire
two years from now (KPKT, 2005). When this happens, where will our ever-
increasing waste go? Are we willing to let waste encroach our homes and affect our
quality of life?
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Consequently, the society is trying to find a better method of managing solid
waste material by reducing the amount of waste thrown to be disposal. Recycling
program is one of the best systems discovered by a group of environmentalist today
in managing solid waste disposal.
1.1 Recycling Program
In conjunction with limited resources and landfill, recycling is considered the
best way to minimize the clearing of landfill. Recycling means solid or scrap waste
that goes through manufacturing processes which transform them into another
product or the same product (KPKT, 2005). "Recycling means separating, collecting,
processing, marketing and ultimately using a material that was thrown away"(Duston
T. E , 1993). It means all the solid waste material had to go steps such as separating,
collecting, processing and marketing and ultimately before it can be reuse through
manufacturing processes. On the other hand, through this manufacturing process the
solid waste material will be transform into another new product or the same product.
For example, used paper can be processed into new paper or boxes. Like wise with
glass, plastic, aluminum and steel, cans and others.
Recycling programs offer to towns, hospital, businesses, office buildings,
schools and other institutions and any other producer of solid waste an opportunity to
reduce disposal costs and do something good for environment. This recycling
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program is an activity that involves the community. This program is to conserve
natural resources and protect the environment for example school recycling program
or awareness program.
1.2 Objective
The aim of this project is to study the recycling program available in Kuching.
From the study of recycling program, the best method to ensure the effectiveness is
identified. The objectives of this research are:
a) To compare the method use in recycling program conducted by local councils
in Kuching.
b) To identified which local council promote the most effective method in
recycling in Kuching.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Solid Waste
Solid waste is any solid material in the material flow pattern that is rejected by
society (Pfeffer, 1992). Just like a flowing stream of water, food, paper and plastics
waste as well as thousands of other items, are constantly on the move. A stream of
water ultimately flows into rivers, lakes and oceans. Solid waste ultimately flows on,
in or above the earth for disposal.
2.1 Solid Waste Sources
Solid waste sources divided into five categories such as domestic/residential
solid waste, commercial and institutional solid waste, municipal solid waste,
industrial solid waste and agricultural residues. Domestic/residential solid waste
would be category as the rejected solid material that originates from single and
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multifamily household units such as garbage, rubbish/trash, ashes and bulky waste.
For commercial and institutional solid waste, the refuse that originates from offices,
banks, retail stores, restaurants, schools, hospitals and others. There are two
additional categories that are associated with the commercial and institutional wastes
like construction and demolition waste and special wastes.
Meanwhile for municipal solid waste would be found from street refuse, dead
animals, abandoned vehicles, water and sewage plant residues, park and beach refuse
and landscape waste. This solid waste has as same as in domestic/residential solid
waste but different type of place. Industrial solid wastes have two general sources of
refuse generated at industrial sites, the commercial/institutional component and the
process solid waste. The refuse from the agricultural residues would be found at
confined animal feeding and crop residues.
2.2 Solid Waste Management
Solid waste management involves into many technologies associated with the
control of generation, handling, storage, collection, transfer, transportation,
processing and disposal of solid wastes. All this processes have their own operation.
The best principles of solid waste management manner as public health, economics,
engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental consideration and also
that responsive public attitudes.
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Solid waste management also includes all administrative, financial, legal,
planning and engineering functions involved in solutions to all problems of solid
wastes. The solutions may involve complex interdisciplinary relationships among
such fields as political science, city and regional planning, geography, economics,
public health, sociology, demography, communications and conservation, as well as
engineering and materials science (Tchobanoglous G., Theisen H. & Vigil S. A
1993).
2.3 Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM)
Integrated solid waste management is managed through four ways which are
source reduction, recycling or composting, waste transformation and lanfilling.
According to Rainbow (1994), integrated waste management should be supported
through national and plans within which energy recycling should play a key role.
2.3.0 Source Reduction
Source reduction is the highest rank of the ISWM hierarchy where it involves
reducing the amount and/or toxicity of the wastes. It is the first in hierarchy because
the most effective way to reduce the quantity of waste, the cost associated with its
handling and its environmental impacts. Waste reduction may occur through the
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