Kingdom Protista

What is a Protist?

unicellular or multicellular

anything except plants, animals, or fungi

65,000 species

Autotrophs, heterotrophs, or both

What is a Protist?

classified according to the way they move

Found in freshwater, marine, and moist habitats

many are free living but some are parasitic

Protist Reproduction

1. binary fission (mitosis) - Amoeba

2. Conjugation – like bacteria

3. Some produce spores

Protist Classification

3 categories1. animal-like2. Fungus-like3. Plant-like

Protist Classification

4 phyla based on movement

1. Sarcodina2. Ciliophora3. Zoomastigina4. Sporozoa

Phylum Sarcodina called sarcodines

Move and obtain food by pseudopods (false foot)

Found in freshwater, marine, & moist soil habitats

reproduce by binary fission

No definite shape

EX. Amoeba

Phylum Sarcodina

Amoeba Video

Phylum Sarcodina

Amoeba Video

Brain-Eating Amoeba

Amoeba Video

Phylum Sarcodina

Paramecium Video

Amoeba pseudopodia engulfing a paramecium

Phylum Ciliphora

Largest group; called ciliates

Move by cilia

Cilia short hairlike projections used to move, get food, and senses

Mostly freshwater; some marine

Phylum Ciliphora

Eating – sweep food into their gullet

Reproduce by binary fission or conjugation

Paramecium

Phylum Zoomastigina

Called zooflagellates

Move by flagella

Freshwater or marine

Usually live inside other organisms –contaminated water

Phylum Zoomastigina

Some are parasites –trypanosome, causes African sleeping sickness

Spread by the bite of the tsetse fly

Chagas Disease – American Trypanosomiasis

Phylum Zoomastigina

some are mutalistic

Mutalistic—> both organisms benefit

Trichonympha lives inside termites & digests cellulose

Phylum Sporozoa

Called sporozoans -parasites

Form spores –reproductive structure

Don’t move; carried from one host to another

Live in the body fluids of hosts

Plant like Protists

algae autotrophsMostly unicellularUnicellular to very large

Plant like Protists

Used to make a variety of products

As a thickening agent in puddings, ice cream

Used as food for animals (processed)

Diatoms

Important food source in oceans

Shells are made of silica –used to make glass

Form diatomaceous earth - abrasive

A Diatom devours a Paramecium

Dinoflagellates

90% marine

photosynthetic

Bioluminescence – produce light

Poisonous red tides which can be harmful to shellfish

Red Tides

Euglena

Freshwater

Animal and plant like – contains chloroplasts

Fungus like Protists

Heterotrophs Reproduce by spores decomposers Not a fungus because

they can move at some point

EX. slime mold and water molds (potato and tomato blight)

Water mold on dead larvae?

Importance of Plantlike protists

Photosynthetic protists form the base of the food chain for much aquatic life.

Carry out approximately 50% of photosynthesis on earth

Feed fish and whales – phytoplankton

Support coral reefs

Provide shelter – kelp

Recycle wastes but can produce algal blooms (red tide)

Protist Diseases

African Sleeping Sickness Caused Trypanosomes Spread and carried by a tsetse fly

Trypanosomes attack the blood and nerve cells

Person loses consciousness and laps into a deep and sometimes fatal sleep

Endemic to sub-Saharan Africa

Tsetse Fly

Death by Tsetse fly

Tsetse Fly

Trypanosome

Sub-Saharan Africa - Green

Protist Diseases

Amoebic Dysentery

caused by an Entamoeba

Spread by poor sanitation

Causes intestinal bleeding and severe diarrhea

Protist Diseases

Giardiasis

Caused by Giardia

Causes severe digestive problems and severe diarrhea

1980s – outbreak in NEPA.

Giardia

Protist Diseases

Malaria

Most serious

1 million die each year; #1 killer 1,300 cases are diagnosed in US each

year

Protist Diseases

Malaria

Caused by the sporozoan Plasmodium

Carried by the female Anophelesmosquito

Africa, child dies every 30 seconds from malaria

Anopheles

Malaria

Malaria video

Kingdom Fungi

What is a Fungus?

multicellular heterotrophs

live on dead organisms - saprophyte

Digest food outside of their bodies

decompose and recycle nutrients

Grow in warm, moist environments

yeast, mushrooms, and molds

Fungus Parts1. Hyphae thin cells of a fungus Grow into food and secrete digestive

chemicals into it2. Mycelium many hyphae tangled

together – the body

3. Fruiting body part that you see growing from the soil

Reproductive structure -contains the spores

Fungus Parts

Fungus Parts

Fungus Reproduction

Can reproduce asexually – spores or budding

Also reproduce sexually

Spores can be dispersed mostly by wind, but also by rain drops, animals, insects, water

Sporangia mold

Eyelash Fungus

Bread Mold

Puffball mushroom releasing spores

Fungus Diversity

100,000 species

4 phyla

All classified on how they reproduce

Club Fungus

Reproduce by spores

Mushrooms and puffballs

Sac Fungus

Reproduce by spores

Truffles, yeast, Penicillium species

Zygomycota

Produce tough spores

Bread molds and fruit molds

Ecology of Fungus

1. Decomposition break down leaves, fruit, and organic matter

2. Parasites cause plant and animal disease

Fungal Diseases

Many are harmless and easy to treat

Fusarium keratitis serious fungal infection of the cornea

Fungal Diseases

Ringworm affects the skin; usually the scalp

Athelete’s foot tinea infection between the toes

Athlete’s Foot

Ringworm

Ringworm